...by the empires, and the conclusion of the war resulted in the destruction of the empires, particularly the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary Empire. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire allowed many Middle East countries to be self-governed, while the West such as Great Britain and France had more interest in Europe than in the Middle East enabled the former to play a dominant role of colonization in the region. This seeded confrontation between two different civilizations, resulting in chaos later and to a large extent helping shape the Middle East in today's world. This paper attempts to examine this history arguing how the Ottoman Empire declined and eventually dissolved at the end of WWI. It shows that the internal problems of the Empire, such as its backward political and economic system, failed to compete with the increasing influence of the Western European countries, whose government was more efficient and more industrialized than the former, in the Middle East. The paper starts with a discussion of the contemporary situation in the Empire, and then deals with the problems that led to the conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers over the Middle East during WWI. It finally analyzes how the defeat of the Ottomans and the increasing British and French dominance in the Middle East laid the ground for today's conflicts in the region between the Arabic states and the Jewish nation, which is supported by the West. Since 1600s the Ottoman Empire had controlled...
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...The Ottoman Empire: The Rise, Fall and Influence in Today's Middle East By: Robert Rosen M01 A1 Written Assignment Throughout history, there have been many empires. Some of them lasted years, some lasted decades. But one stands alone as the longest running empire. The Ottoman Empire ruled from 1280-1922. The Empire saw 37 Sultans and an expansion of power and control over most of the Middle East and parts of Europe and Africa. The Empire had a slow, but sudden burst of growth. That burst was immediately followed by their undoing. But it left behind a long legacy which is still felt to this day in the Middle East. During this period, the Mongols were running rampant. In order to avoid certain death, the Turkic Kayi tribe fled. The Byzantines were being fought by the Rum Seljuk. Kayi tribe chief Ertogrul offered his stable of 444 horse soldiers to aid in fighting the Byzantines. In exchange, he was given land. When Ertogrul died, his son Osman (1280-1326) took power. He was given a sword and he would go on to fight against the Byzantines, just as his father had before him. The basis of this war was religion, with the Byzantines Christian and Osman Islamic. Osman would raid Byzantine land, overtaking it in the name of Islam. Osman refused to make peace and finally took the city of Bursa, which became the very first capital of the Ottomans. (Goldschmidt Jr & Davidson, 2010, p. 131-132) Osman's eventual death opened the door to his son to become ruler. Orhan (1288-1360)...
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...September 25 1396 there was a military engagement between the Ottoman Empire and European crusaders. The battle was a large international effort intended to bring a halt to rapid Turkish expansion into the Balkans but ultimately failed. But what if the Ottoman Empire lost the battle of Nicopolis? If they did we would see very big changes on world history. The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman the first. The Ottoman empire had a great impact on history if it was not for them most of World War 1 would not have happened. The Ottoman empire also created the Muslim population in Europe. The Ottoman Empire also is a Muslim country so the population was mainly Muslim. The Ottoman Empire was disbanded in 1923 because of a revolution...
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...dynasties in the Middle East according to Ibn Khaldun?- According to Ibn Khaldun the rise and fall of the dynasties in the middle east can be directly correlated to the different social structures that tribes would embrace. Which will lead to a better military structure. Compare and contrast the organization of the Arabian tribes with that of the Turko-mongolian tribes of inner asia? The Arabian and turk0- monoglian had some similarities but they also had many differences I will first start with their similarities. Both the Arabian tribes and turko-mongolian consisted of nomadic people, they were a stateless society, with no formal government. Now let me talk about their differences the Arabian tribes were endxomous meaning they were intermarried this made the tribe very cohesive and insulated. Through this intermarriage created their social stricter which was called egalitarian meaning there was little difference among people no matter rich or poor everyone was on the same level. This made it very difficult to have a ranking system in the military. The Turko-Monoglian tribes were exgoumous meaning they married outside of the family this was very important especially with building political alliances. There social structure was hierarchical which made a ranking system in the army very important. How did this difference affect the patter of state formation in pre modern middle east-? These difference affect the pattern of state formation in the pre modern middle east because...
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...Would you like it if someone came into your homeland and started to take over? Well that is what happened here. There were many things that changed due to imperialism in Africa and in the Middle East. Some of these things helped the empires grow and expand and some of these things caused some problems within the empires. Many tried to resist imperialism but did not get very far from doing so. Some places did resist imperialism, but even then they had to make great changes and sacrifices. Imperialism had great effect on Africa and the Middle East. Africa was under the rule of the declining Ottoman Empire. This made Africa a place that Europe saw as a good place to divide up to make it into European Colonies. It all started when European explorers...
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...The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The rise of the Ottoman Empire started in Turkey and spread through most of the Middle East. Their military practice and successful transition to the use of gun powder made them one of the most successful ruling bodies in the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire which ruled until modern times had great influence on the Middle Eastern world. Their political and economic abilities astonished the western world. Their religious views and fears were instilled into any non-Muslim and helped the western world to find new trade. The rise of Christianity in the western world provided new ways to preserve the dead and ended the need for frankensence, the main export of the Ottoman Empire. This was a blow to their economy and their inability to change their polocies and find new trade left them behind economically which aided in the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Crusades in Turkey which began in 1097 with the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuks lasted for many years (Pitman III). The Western crusaders took the side of the Byzantine Empire and assured defeats (Pitman III). However these winning streaks would not last for the Byzantine Empire. In the 1140’s Turks revolted and caused great damage to the Byzantine Empire (Pitman III). The French and Italian allies had to step in (Pitman III). Count Baldwin was named as emperor of the Latin Empire by the crusaders in 1204 (Pitman III). In 1261 the Latin Empire was on the run from Michael...
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...Essay #1: Outline the reforms initiated in the Ottoman Empire by Selim III and how they were related to the reforms followed during the reign of Mahmud II? The reign of Selim III was a period of time of state-sponsored reforms. Some of the most important reforms was military reforms in which the Ottoman Empire tried to transform their armed forces in the image of many of the European countries. This was because when Selim became the sultan, the Ottoman Empire was fighting another losing war with Austria and Russia. For the sultan and his advisers, the lessons from the war was, if the military doesn’t improve the Ottoman Empire will crumble. Thus Selim III started a “series of reforms designed to reorganize the existing armed forces along European lines”. However one group was suspicious of the reforms, the Janissaries. The Janissaries were the most efficient military unit in the empire. The Janissaries were a slave army that numbered around 40,000 troops. They are known for their discipline, morale, and professionalism. And during times of peace they were used to maintain domestic law and order. So to appease the Janissaries and convince them to accept the new methods, Selim raised their salaries and rebuilt their barracks. However, that just made them more suspicious, and they “successfully resisted his moves toward reform”. Frustrated by this, the sultan tried to sidestep them by creating a new military unit called the Nazam-i Jedid to replace the Janissaries. They were trained...
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...Contemporary world power, and the shift from the East to the West during what historian’s term, Medieval/Renaissance Europe, shifted the roles of two vastly different empires – the Ming and Ottoman. Both empires had different types of leadership and core goals – military and social. The Ming Empire was led by brilliant philosophical scholars, concerned not only with the external world but the development of the internal consciousness; the Ottoman based on a new monotheistic religion that stratified society, but also allowed numerous mathematical, scientific, and medical advances, copied by the Europeans after the Crusades. Islam began about 700 AD in the Saudi Peninsula, which at the time, was composed mostly of nomadic tribes, a few trade cities, and a disparate population. Through religion, the Arab peoples were united, so that by the years of 900-1200 AD, the Ottoman Empire could be called a state unto itself. It quickly proved to be a military strength and threat to its neighbors, at its height growing from the Iberian Peninsula through India and into Southeast Asia. The Turks expanded their empire through brilliant military tactics, horse archery, and new technologies in battle. Coupled with this more practical sense, the idea of spreading Islam, and the uniting of cultures through culture and religion, proved to be equally as powerful (Goodwin, 2003). The Ming Empire, on the other hand, had no central religion or cultural basis, unless one considers the philosophies...
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...and celebrate ALL the countries that fought in the war! Come and see historical displays that commemorate the impacts of areas including Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, Middle East, China, Japan, India, Pakistan and Africa! We want this party to emphasize that World War 1 was a GLOBAL event, and it impacted areas more than just Europe! Here is a sneak peak of what you will see about Africa…Over 100,000 men in East Africa and 65,000 men from French North/West Africa lost their lives. Caused by World War 1, Africa subsequently had stronger political tensions and frustrations, which led to mutinies and uprisings. A primary political result of World War 1 was the passing of control of German East Africa to Britain and Belgium. Africa saw rising inflation while trade with Europe was disrupted, causing sharp effects on their economic state. It was believed that Africans earned independence through wartime sacrifices, which led to growth of nationalism. World War 1 brought an end to German colonial rule in Africa. Many major public works projects such as construction of roads and buildings in Africa were postponed. A large amount of African civilians were used as porters, who carried weapons and provisions. 100,000 porters died, which shows that many African civilians were negatively affected. Over 100,000 men in East Africa and 65,000 men from French North/West Africa lost their lives. Caused by World War 1, Africa subsequently had stronger political tensions...
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...willing to stand and be slaughtered, but what if they are not? What if the enemy refuses to fight unless it is when and where they deem it tactically advantageous? Moreover, what if the enemy refuses to fight outright at all, and instead favors materializing out of thin air, taking or destroying a target, then vanishing without a trace? The Arabians, under T.E. Lawrence, favored this latter tactic and it worked well for them. Utilizing guerilla warfare, Lawrence was able to defeat the Ottomans during WW1. While this helped secure Allied control of the Middle East, Lawrence unwittingly helped create a serious problem as the Europeans...
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...The Ottomans sprang out of Anatolia in the West of Turkey around the end of the 13 century. At the time, the Byzantine Empire, which rose from the fall of the Roman Empire hundreds of years, was in controlled the region. The Ottomans after the came into existence started to continuous expand, during which they spread from the small northwestern to cover most of Anatolia and southeastern Europe The Seljuk Turks controlled the Anatolia and the Middle East at the time, a more vast area than what the Ottomans controlled. However, an army led by Osman I went ahead and expanded into the vast majority of Anatolia, In 1299, Osman announced himself sultan, becoming the first ruler of the Ottoman Empire The defeat of the Seljuqs in 1293 by the Mongols, Osman became the first ruler of the Ottomans where he went to war and and expanded by taking over Byzantine Bithynia in Anatolia, commanding islam warriors referred to...
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...What were the military successes of the Ottoman-Turk? In creating a third (non-Arab) Islamic Empire Modern Middle East 31 May 2012 Introduction The Ottoman success was largely due to the more advanced weaponry systems they had, because of the better equipment they had improved their battlefield success greatly. The Ottomans ruled a large area and let non-Muslims practiced their own religions long as they paid their taxes and obeyed the law. Summary The Ottoman Empire was a success because the military is made up of two distinct groups, the kapti kallari forces and the locals. The ghazis, which were the Turkish warriors, were largely responsible for the conquest of Anatolia. The first twelve sultans enjoyed long reigns, this was necessary because instability at the top is sure to force decline in any empire. Body One of the reasons was because of nationalism and a notion that a state and ethnic nation are very similar; early on the Ottoman Empire was defined by his ruler, by its faith, as well as its military, all acting in sync. The empire emerged from a number of Turkey smaller states in Anatolia that was left behind from the devastating Mongol Victory at Kose Dagh (1243) over the Sultanate, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66). The reign of this great king represented the acme of Ottoman power. This was one of the finest states in the Western World, a universal empire unmatched in size, wealth and military power. Obviously, other...
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...made out of POW. Cultures: Development and Interaction Ziggurats, a multistory, mud-brick, pyramid-shaped tower was built, yet scholars still wonder its function and symbolic meaning. Economic Systems: Creation, Expansion, Interaction Evidence of seagoing vessels that carried wood, metals, stone from foreign lands were exchanged with wool. cloth, barley, and vegetable oil. This trade helped boom the economy of Mesopotamia and other nearby countries such as Lebannon, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. Unit 2 600 BCE-600 CE Cultures: Development and Interaction The Parthians, a people originally from east of the Caspian Sea, had their threshold of Central Asia and shared customs with the steppe nomads farther to the east which helped foster the Silk Road. Economic Systems: Creation, Expansion, Interaction During the Sasnid Empire, the Silk Road brought many new crops to Mesopotamia. Sasanid farmers pioneered in planting cotton, sugar cane,...
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...Israel and the Effects on the Middle East Michael Hanners Axia College of University of Phoenix The United States' support of Israel started immediately after Israel's declaration of independence in 1948, both financially and with military arms. With other Middle Eastern countries being Arab, and Israel being Jewish, there has been a religiously motivated conflict in this region of the world for more than 60 years. Many Middle Eastern countries have not nor do they believe that Israel has a right to exist. This has been a problem for the United States since its recognition of Israel. Why is this region of the world so important to the United States? The majority of the worlds oil supply comes from this region. Peace in this region is a must for the United States, however; since most Arab countries do not recognize Israel’s right to exist; it puts the United States in the sensitive position. The United States is Israel’s biggest supporter, when the United States changes policy with Israel; it puts other Middle Eastern countries in a state of uncertainty. What is now considered the Middle East; was once known as the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia. As one of the most powerful states in the world, the empire spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922 after WW I. The Empire was replaced by states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire included most of southeastern...
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...The Turks are one of three major ethnic groups that dominate the Middle East, the two others are the Arabs and Persians. The Turks originated from Central Asia and by the middle of the 11th century Seljuk Turks had descended into Iran and conquered much of that territory and ruled it. They had moved up into Anatolia which is where modern day Turkey resides. This was the heartland of the Byzantine Empire. The Turks transformed Anatolia from a Greek speaking, Christian land into a Turkish Islamic land. They had excellent horsemen and warriors which gave them an edge in most conflicts. Osman the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty and was able to consolidate a large amount of lands around 1300. By the 16th Century the Ottoman Empire had reached...
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