...School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 erikb@mit.edu • yuhu@mit.edu • mds@cmu.edu Erik Brynjolfsson • Yu (Jeffrey) Hu • Michael D. Smith W e present a framework and empirical estimates that quantify the economic impact of increased product variety made available through electronic markets. While efficiency gains from increased competition significantly enhance consumer surplus, for instance, by leading to lower average selling prices, our present research shows that increased product variety made available through electronic markets can be a significantly larger source of consumer surplus gains. One reason for increased product variety on the Internet is the ability of online retailers to catalog, recommend, and provide a large number of products for sale. For example, the number of book titles available at Amazon.com is more than 23 times larger than the number of books on the shelves of a typical Barnes & Noble superstore, and 57 times greater than the number of books stocked in a typical large independent bookstore. Our analysis indicates that the increased product variety of online bookstores enhanced consumer welfare by $731 million to $1.03 billion in the year 2000, which is between 7 and 10 times as large as the consumer welfare gain from increased competition and lower prices in this market. There may also be large welfare gains in other SKU-intensive consumer goods such as music, movies, consumer electronics...
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...that many students of science learn of, born in 1877 Walter began by studying grasshopper chromosomes and in 1902 Sutton made a discovery and deduced that chromosomes were the base of heredity. His paper drew the connection between Mendel’s laws of heredity and chromosomes. While conducting his research Walter would have been limited by technology and ideas of the time for example during this time period religion was very powerful and manipulated and shamed many discoveries during this time period that disagreed with their beliefs in this case it meant that a person was not created by god but by DNA. Another limitation that Walter had while researching was the technology available at the time the high tech microscopes needed to assist his research were unavailable. Another great scientist is Thomas Hunt Morgan. American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan, (1866-1916) is credited with confirming the relationship between chromosomes and heredity in 1910. As well as the discovery of a pair of chromosomes called the sex chromosomes that determine the sex of offspring, Morgan’s fruit fly breeding experiment showed that the information carried is in the form of genes. He was the first geneticist to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome. Morgan’s research team carried out experiments with white-eyed male fruit flies and red-eyed females flies. After a multitude of mating’s Morgan’s team concluded that white eyes were a characteristic that the male chromosome possessed. Therefore...
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...vs Barnes and Noble Kristofer Rato Panther ID 1947207 FIN 6644 Global Financial Markets Dr. Krishnan Dandapani Abstract In the paper, we will focus heavily on measuring prices and price competition online between the two leading bookstores, Amazon and Barnes and Noble. You will see a comparison of publicly available data on the ranking of sales of approximately 20,000 books. By matching this information to prices, we can directly measure the demand facing both companies as well as create a price comparison for online books. As you will see throughout the paper, the results will show that the demand at Barnes and Noble to change in its price is much more than is the demand at Amazon. Background and Data Amazon began selling books online in 1995 and are considered one of the first electronic commerce firms. Only 4 years thereafter, books were the second largest retail segment sold over the internet (BCG, 2000). According to Forrester, online book sales grew from essentially nothing in 1995 to more than $2 billion in 2000 (Forrester, 2001). In the US today, online book sales make up between 7.5% and 10% of total book sales (American Booksellers Association, 2002). The two most dominant competitors in today’s online book sales are Amazon and Barnes and Noble. These firms account for more than 85% of online book sales. We are not going to mention that Amazon’s book, music, and DVD sales are approximately four times the amount of Barnes and Noble because we are...
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...his contributions to science were completed. Linus was a shy but curious child, he collected insects and minerals in the woods. He also never stopped reading. He first became interested in science because of his friend Lloyd Jeffress. Lloyd kept a small chemistry labratory in his bedroom. Linus was fascinated by these experiments, so he chose to become a chemical engineer. During high school Linus pursued his intrest in science by borrowing metal from an abandoned metal company, to complete experiments. Pauling then went off to college at Oregon Agricultural College, which is now called Oregon Stae University. In college he mainly studied how the chemical and physical properties of substances are like to the structures of atoms...
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...|Objectives | | |By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: | | |describe the scientific method and its effect on Western Europe | | |distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that...
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...produce electricity, which powers the car. The only byproduct is water – unlike gasoline combustion, which emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. (SHWARTZ, 2014) The implications of this are vast, one of the areas that this will change in the next 20 years is that we will have a clean zero emissions way of producing gases that can be burn within automobiles. The Technology The proton exchange membrane electrolyzer also works in exactly the same way, by decomposing water with an electric current. The distinctive feature is a proton-permeable polymer membrane. An external voltage is applied to its electrodes, which are coated with noble metal. The coating acts as a catalyst and the water is therefore decomposed on the anode side. This results in the production of oxygen, free electrons, and positively charged H+ ions. (unknow, n.d.) In the experiment that was done at Stanford, they use nickel/nickel-oxide which greatly reduces the voltage required, in this case it was 1.5 volts. They have further gone...
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...The Renaissance was a period of monumental change in European history from the period prior. It was a time of knowledgeable excitement with substantial developments in art, literature and science from. A time after the Middle Ages and when the Roman Catholic Church ruled. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Renaissance changed the views of the world from the Middle Ages. The Art of the late 13th century depicts stiff 2D, emotionless, gothic styled and chiaroscuro-less pieces. Though there is also a lack of perspective, it can be interpreted that the Byzantine style dominates, making it nearly totally religious and patronized mostly by the church. (Document A, Madonna Enthroned Between Two Angels by Duccio di Buoninsegna). Contra...
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...Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. ) HISTORY Behaviourism is derived from the belief that free will is an illusion. According to a pure behaviourist, ( John B. Watson (1878-1958)) human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. Alter a person's environment, and you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Provide positive reinforcement whenever someone perform a desired behaviour, and soon they will learn to perform the behaviour on their own. (Ivan Pavlov: 1891) The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was established with the publication of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913). The origins of behaviorism grew out of the ideology of the American...
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...The Numerical Impact & History Of A Materialistic Society University Author Note Abstract This paper utilizes four published research articles and six online renowned articles that contain relevant information and reports on how various materialistic spending and reasoning has impacted numerous societies over different times in history. The piece will compare and contrast the benefits of unnecessary spending on an economy as well as one’s state of mind. It’ll also delve in to the common practice of obtaining material for impression purposes and the benefits or lack thereof of doing so. The paper will also draw common correlation between jewelry and society all over history to modern daytime to find the more significant aspect to a society between living and impression. Centuries of historical documents suggest that a materialistic society causes a population to be more unhappy, divided and non-beneficial because of its emphasis on overvaluing items in the process of finding happiness. The emphasis on earning our peers acceptance through materials would lead us to achieve further happiness but statistics prove other wise. In ancient Rome, Asia and Africa along with medieval Europe there has been recorded history of how excess goods and jewelry were used to accentuate their self-importance and status to others. In modern time we find ourselves shopping, adding unnecessary expenses to our lives during the holiday seasons to reach a level of acceptance...
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...are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human subjects involved in...
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...SYLLABUS Cambridge IGCSE® Combined Science 0653 For examination in June and November 2015 Cambridge Secondary 2 Changes to syllabus for 2015 This syllabus has been updated. Significant changes to the syllabus are indicated by black vertical lines either side of the text. Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. ® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science? Cambridge ICE (International Certificate of Education) How can I find out more? 2. Teacher support.............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Support materials 2.2 Resource lists 2.3 Training 3. Syllabus content at a glance ........................................................................................... 6 4. Assessment at a glance ........................................................
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...established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human...
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...Collection Paper (MLB) Laura L. Mason, Becky Matlock, and Nichole Noble RES/341 June 8, 2011 David Morrisson Data Collection Paper (MLB) Data collection is an important part of research and it requires that the right information be collected. Because of many types of data research it is imperative to make sure the data collected is present in the final analysis. This data can be shown in different formats such a graphical or tabular. Team A has chosen the Major League Baseball (MLB) data set and feels the population and the type of data collected will provide good resources for surveys to make informed decisions. Team A will review the types of ways data can be shown as well as some of the ethical issues that researchers may run into. Our research involves looking at the 30 MLB teams in how the statistics vary. The data set is a accumulation of information that includes what league they are in, the year of erection of each stadium, capacity of each stadium, salary of the team, wins for the season, batting average, attendance, earned run average (ERA), stolen bases (SB), and home runs (HR). The sample for this research topic is very sufficient. It includes all the teams in the league and portrays the same information for all of the teams. The population (teams) and the categories listed in the data set will provide Team A the information to complete our research into whether...
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...perspective | | | | Ahmad Ismail | 3/31/2013 | | DBA - Thesis Proposal Table of Contents: * Introduction * Literature Review * Research Hypothesis and Design * Data Analysis and Testing Hypothesis * References Introduction O mankind! Eat and drink all that is Halal (lawful) and Tayyib (wholesome and pure) (Al-Qur'an 2: 168) Muslims today form a majority or significant populations in 57 countries; at 1.8 billion consumers, creating a largely untapped global opportunity. The concept of halal in foods seems to capture an appetite for purity which goes well beyond a religious franchise. in 2010, Muslim market was viewed as a critically important playground for marketers, with the halal segment worth $2.1 trillion, and growing by $500 billion annually due to the growth of the global Muslim population. In 2008, Gallup conducted a poll across 143 countries and territories asking whether religion was an important part of daily life. Those who said religion is important in their daily lives were 82%. Several authors agree that consumers evaluate a brand through a wide variety of perceptual judgments; for example its reliability, or how comfortable they feel with it, or whether it is better than some other brand. Recent research has demonstrated that the characteristics of brand names cognitively affect product evaluations (Argo, Popa, and Smith, 2010). Interest in ethical consumerism...
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...The Communication Process - communication : the sharing of messages - intrapersonal communication within oneself - interpersonal direct sharing of experience between two people - group communication small group organizational - mass communication communication from one person of group of persons through a transmitting device (a medium or channel) to large, diverse audiences Mass Media Definitions - mass media are industries or businesses that create and distribute the following to large numbers of people: songs, novels, newspapers - MM are key institutions in society that affect our culture, buying habits, politics, etc - MM are profit-centered businesses making money is priority #1 concentration of ownership The media are good and bad - At their worst the median can erode out quality of life - at their best help us understand events and trends facilitate connections with others shape our identity - media literacy is crucial we can have a say in the role media play in our lives Media Convergence - convergence refers to the appearance of older media forms on the ewes media channels - convergence also refers to newspaper, broadcast, and internet outlets existing under one corporate roof Models of Mass Communication - linear model : sender -- message -- mass media channel -- (gate keepers) -- receivers media messages - cultural model: culture: the symbols of expression that people use to make sense...
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