...The Nuremberg Trials by R. D. A student essay from Dr. Elliot Neaman's History 210 class (historical methods - fall 1996) © Elliot Neaman / PHDN Reproduction interdite par quelque moyen que ce soit / no reproduction allowed ________________________________________ The Nuremberg Trials took place during the immediate aftermath of World War II. They were the first trials in history to indict an entire regime for aggressive war crimes. These crimes included invading other nations, violating the Treaty of Versailles and most significantly, "crimes against humanity". These crimes were what later became known as the Holocaust, in which millions of innocent victims were deported, enslaved and systematically executed. The victims were primarily Jewish however many other victims suffered at the hands of the Nazis such as: Poles, Gypsies, the handicapped and the elderly. The Nuremberg Charter "defined war crimes as violations of the laws or customs of war"(Rosenbaum p, 30). Including killing of hostages, ill-treatment of civilians, use of forced labor and looting of public and private property and racial persecution. The International Military Tribunal, the prosecutors consisting of lawyers and judges from the United States, France, England and the Soviet Union had countless evidence of these crimes committed by the Nazis, however to serve justice to every individual for their inhumane actions was impossible. The Nuremberg Trials prosecuted twenty one defendants (all of whom were...
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...Jerold Maxwell Mr. Rzyski English 2 2 May 2014 After World War II the Nuremberg trials lasted from 1946 through 1949. The Nuremberg trials was one of the biggest events during the mid 1940s . The Nuremburg trials attempted to bring many Nazi leaders to justice but some of the officers of the Third Reich were not catch until many years later. Including these two major leaders Hermann Goering and Rudolph Hess. The Nuremberg trials was took place in Nuremberg, Germany. It involved twenty – four top ranking survivors of the National Socialist German Workers Party. “The subsequent trials were held throughout Germany and involved approximately two hundred additional defendants, including Nazi physicians who performed vile experiments on human...
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...belief that the Jews would take over the world so he planned to get rid of the Jews and the other inferior races. His plan was not fully completed even though he killed so many innocent people. In the end, Hitler killed himself before he was captured. All of the other Nazi leaders were sent to trial commonly known as “The Nuremberg Trials.” The trials lasted about three years. (Carter) The most important part of the Nuremberg Trials was when the Nazi leaders were in trial. In Britannica’s article explains that the trials took place in the mid 1900’s and lasted for about 3-4 years. The Nuremberg Trials were first held in Nuremberg, Germany. According to Britannica, “The tribunal was given the authority to find any individual guilty of the commission of war crimes and to declare any group or organization to be criminal in character.” This means that any group that commited a crime during the war could be sentenced for prison time or sent on death row the most common criminal group was the Nazi. The Trials had rules or guidelines that all of the accusing countries agreed on so that it is a mix of several different governments. 22 out of...
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...significant bearing on his career in the SS. Eichmann was adept at learning practical skills on the job, under the tutelage of seniors he respected. While he continued to live at home, he ranged over Upper Austria selling oil products, locating sites for petrol stations, and setting them up. He also arranged kerosene deliveries. On Saturday he conscientiously completed his paperwork and reported to his superiors. Eichmann did well and was transferred to the Salzburg district. But by 1933 he had tired of the job and, anyway, was laid off. He had learned a lot, though: how to identify prime sites at communication junctions, how to timetable and organise deliveries, how to sell a product and persuade people to do your bidding. During his trial he pretended to be apolitical, but Eichmann came from a strongly German nationalist family. Like many Germans his father lost his wealth during the post-war economic crisis and had the embittering experience of starting all over again. He enrolled his son in the Wandervogel youth movement which, while ostensibly apolitical, was strongly imbued with völkisch ideas about the Heimat (homeland). Later, Eichmann joined the Linz branch of the Heimschutz, a right wing paramilitary association of army veterans. In April 1932, he joined the Nazi party. At the instigation of the local gauleiter, who knew his family, he attended a Nazi rally and was approached...
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...Holocaust must know the factual background before some of the more technical studies can be understood. As well as general works we have included books of specialized interest concerning the matters about which we at The Holocaust History Project are most frequently asked. Many of these books deal with more than one subject, but in the interest of brevity we have not cited a book more than once. General history of the Holocaust The Holocaust was not just an event. It was a process that continued for over a decade and involved millions of people. No single book could cover every aspect of the Holocaust. Those listed below will give the reader a general idea of the historical realities of the Holocaust. Lucy Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York (1975) Martin Gilbert,...
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...To what extent the Doctor’s Trial held in Nuremberg established a precedent in human experimentation and human rights movement? Table of Contents A. Plan of Investigation………………………………………………………………………3 B. Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………………...4-7 C. Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………………….8 D. Analysis……………………………………………………………………………9 E. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………10 F. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………11 G. Appendix A. Plan of Investigation This investigation assesses to what extent was the significance of the Doctor’s Trial in establishing a precedent for human experimentation and the advancement of the human rights movement. The body of evidence would contain all the events that lead to a change of the view of human experimentation and rights. The researcher evaluated the process in which the Doctor’s Trial at Nuremberg marked an example to human rights today and how the Nuremberg Code helped exercise the decisions made at the Nuremberg trials. Primary sources as the partial transcript of the Doctor’s trial were used to evaluate the contribution of the verdicts made at the trials to human rights. Documents will be analyzed in regards to their origin, purpose, value, and limitations in order to properly evaluate the evidence. B. Summary of Evidence On December 9, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against twenty-three leading German physicians and administrators for their...
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...Hitler sees an opportunity, where a country wants to no longer be seen as a loser but as a victorious country. Hitler spread ideologies than soon were being adopted throughout Germany, and soon the rest of Europe. During his reign, several innocent people, the Jews, suffered from injustices, were robbed, where killed just to say the least. World War II ended up being one of the most aggressive wars known to mankind. This war came to an end 1945 where the winning side were the Allies: United States, France, Great Britain, and Russia, the Allies wanted a trial for the war crimes that were committed by the Nazis. Hitler had committed suicide right after Germany had surrender but the Nazi commanders that were captured awaited a different destiny. The Nuremberg Trails was a trail were the Allies...
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...The Nuremberg Trials War crimes, in practice, are offenses charged against the losers of the war by victor. During WW II there were three types of war crimes were committed by Germany. The first: crimes against peace, which included preparing for and starting a war of aggression in violation of treaties. The second: murder, ill treatment, the killing of hostages; plunder of public or private property; the destruction of cities and towns. The third: crimes against humanity, which include persecution on racial, political, or religious grounds either before or during a war. All of these violations were raised on Germany's actions. Trials of the Nazi leaders begun on October 18, 1945, and lasted for 10 months. Trials of Japanese leaders began on May 3, 1946 in Tokyo and ended on November 12, 1948. There were more than 2,000 lesser trials accusing Nazi leaders of wrong doing. Even more took place in the Soviet Union. Most of the war criminals were convicted, and many were also executed. The Nuremberg Trials, one of the more substantial trials, accused 22 German Nazi leaders of war crimes. Altogether 12 were sentenced to death, including Keitel, Ribbentrop, Rosenberg, Bromann (who was tried in absentia), and Goering (who committed suicide). Only three, including Hess were given life sentences. Just four, including Doenitz and Speer were sentenced to up to 20 years of prison. Amazingly, three including Papen and Schacht were acquitted. These trials brought some...
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...The Nuremberg trail begun after the total surrender by the Germans on the 7th of May 1945, also the detaining of the main leaders of the Nazi regime by the Allied countries played a major role. Six months after their surrender, on the 20th of November the trail that occurred in front of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) started in the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg with the perusal of the 100 page long indictment. The trail was named formally as the “Major War Criminals of the European Axis”. On the day after it begun, Justice Robert Jackson gave his opening statement. The courtroom was occupied by 21 defendants, which were survived few of major leaders of the Nazi regime, like Hess, Ribbentrop, and Goering. All of them pleaded not...
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...A German court in 1949 Bamber trials ruled against a woman for illegally depriving her husband of his liberty, after being sent to a work camp following a denounce from her. Such deprivation of liberty was included in the German Code of the nineteenth century which still was into effect. Actually it was an appeal against the decision of the trial court which found that she did not violated a valid law. According to X, the trial court “erred in that it inferred the legality of the informer’s report from the legality of the court-martial which found the husband guilty”. The Bamber court ruled that she knew that her report would have a total probability of resulting in her husband deprivation of liberty or even death penalty. Her defense logically claimed that she acted upon a law...
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...father asserts that this vigilance, for the Jewish people, may prevent continued persecution of Judaism. Halevi’s father unknowingly established in him a fear of non-Jews, putting him on the path towards extremism. This is the power of a memoir, it shows how emotions shaped the story, unlike other historical sources, are able to. Historical sources typically generalize how a collective population feels rather than bringing the reader into the heart and mind of an individual. After a time that was so traumatic for Jewish History in the Holocaust, Halevi’s memoir opens the reader’s eyes to how Jews tried to fit back into the world and the fear that came with that. Halevi, an angry young Jew asked himself, “But where was our rage?” (Halevi, 2014, pg. 56) Holocaust survivors and their families were angry as they continued to see anti-Semitism in the Post-Holocaust world. The memoir also brings the reader inside the mind of a son of a Holocaust survivor, before the Nuremberg trials. During this time, some knew nothing of the Holocaust and some doubted the personal accounts of it, including Halevi himself initially. So much uncertainty created a very uneasy people. Historical sources generally do not cover the specific emotions during this time period, but this is an important part of Jewish history. Many Jews, like Halevi, were constantly angry as they wanted to make sure the next horror story did not happen to their...
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...The Nazi Party The Nazi Party is one of the most notorious hate groups of all time, known for the mass murder of six million Jews and over eleven million people in total were killed by the Nazis. They rose to popularity after Germany’s defeat in World War I and remained popular until the end of World War II. The party was able to persuade Europeans into thinking their hateful ideas were valid. They expanded their party from Germany to other European countries. They wanted to murder all of the Jews in Europe and was somewhat successful. The Nazis became uncommon after World War II. However, their legacy as one of the most horrible groups of all time, is still relevant today. Rise to Power In 1919, World War I put Germany in an economically...
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...groups because of their nationality, ethnicity, gender or religion, then the international community began to see the necessity of holding political leaders accountable for their political decisions in a court of law, (Hauss, 2003). After World War II, when the atrocities of the Holocaust became well known, the victorious Allied powers decided to hold war crimes tribunals to punish the political and military leaders of Germany and Japan. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials were the first of their kind in establishing international precedent for the prosecution of war crimes. Later war crimes that were committed in Yugoslavia and Rwanda resulted in the creation of separate tribunals by the United Nations to punish the leaders who perpetrated these acts. Attempts are being made to set up an International Criminal Court, but several powerful countries, including the United States, have refused to support its establishment. Introduction The history of war crimes tribunals only begins after World War II, when the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals were established. The Allied powers of World War I attempted to prosecute war crimes committed by...
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...Semester Final Review (Answers)- Fall Semester 2015-2016 U.S. History – Mr. Colbert The semester test will cover everything that we learned about over the entire first semester. Major topics will include The Progressive Era (Chapter 4), An Emerging World Power (Chapter 5), World War I and Beyond (Chapter 6), The Twenties (Chapter 7), The Great Depression (Chapter 8), The New Deal (Chapter 9), The Coming of War (Chapter 10) and World War II (Chapter 11). There will be 75 questions consisting of multiple choice and true/false. You may use one small 3x5 notecard for notes on the test. Do not tell others about this benefit. If you mention the notecard to anyone else or out loud, you lose this benefit for you and the person you are talking to about it. It is a reward only for those of you who read directions. Chapter 4- The Progressive Era (1890-1920) Who were the Progressives? Urban Middle Class who wanted social reforms Muckrakers Journalists who sensationalized to drive social change Define recall Power to remove public servants What did the 19th Amendment do? Gave women the right to vote What is Americanization? Teaching minorities and immigrants to follow white, middle class ways of life Who were the three Progressive Era presidents? Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson Domestic policies of Progressive Era presidents (match them) Wilson-New Freedom/ Roosevelt- Square Deal Chapter 5- An Emerging World Power (1890-1917) Social Darwinism- Survival of the fittest Alfred T. Mahan...
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...Medical Data From Nazi Experiments,” during the Nuremberg trials after World War II, twenty doctors were convicted and charged with “War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity...revealed evidence of sadistic human experiments conducted at the Dachau, Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps” (15). The Nuremberg trials brought fourth the attention to the ethics of the doctors while conducting these experiments. Ethics was a big issue, because there was and is clearly a fine line between research and the well being of a person. Evidently the Nazi doctors did not find what they were doing to be unethical, however the courts obviously disagreed. During the trials many of the Nazi doctors referred to there experiments as purely “research.” This had many scientists and other doctors question whether or not the “research” could still be used after the fact. After World War II, the use of the data and research found from the Nazi’s medical experiments is ethical, even though the process to obtain the data and research was unethical. This idea led to a lot of controversy on whether or not the data was unethical or ethical due to the Nazis breaking the ethics code of medicine. After the triumph of Hitler in 1933 the Nazi’s formed three medical programs in order to have “racial cleansing” (Proctor 36-38). From the book Medicine, Ethics an the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues, “...the sterilization law, the Nuremberg Laws, and the euthanasia operation” (Proctor...
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