...Heart rate is controlled by the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, as well as through several corresponding hormonal pathways. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible in the “rest and digest” responses of the body, including the role of slowing down the heart rate and reducing the strength and output of each cardiac cycles, which causes the lowering of blood pressure. Neurons located in the spinal cord and medulla of the brain stem project closely towards their target organ to form a synapse, in which the neurohormone, acetylcholine, is secreted from the vagus nerve to the heart. Acetylcholine is an inhibitory neurohormone that causes a hyperpolarization of the effector cell membranes, resulting...
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...ischemic stroke are hyperglycemic. Although there is compelling evidence that hyperglycemia has an effect on stroke outcome. This condition is mostly prevalent during various pathophysiological conditions on the cardiovascular regulatory system and vasculature. In this connection, stroke volume was assessed from the non-invasive blood pressure signal by the arterial pulse contour method. Counter-regulation during hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycemia involves selective adrenomedullary sympathetic activation, and does not influence cardiac parasympathetic regulation or bar reflex control of heart rate. Usually, the autonomic deregulation is somewhat involved in metabolic and cardiovascular complications associated with hypoglycemia. The current exploratory study was conducted to be able to investigate both the sympathetic and parasympathetic regulatory responses to acute hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycemia in healthy subjects by assessing changes in plasma catecholamine concentrations as markers of sympathetic hormonal regulation. Furthermore, heart rate variability (HRV) as a marker of cardiac parasympathetic regulation, blood pressure variability (BPV) as a marker of sympathetic vasomotor regulation, bar reflex sensitivity (BRS) as a marker of parasympathetic reflex control of heart rate, and haemodynamics during euglycaemic and hypoglycemic hyperinsulinaemic. Recent medical study shows that the degree of insulin resistance is being evaluated by the use of euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic...
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...The human body is comprised of complex systems, many of which occur automatically or without conscious thought. These involuntary systems allow for maintenance of heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, excretion, thermoregulation, visual accommodation, and procreation. Automatic or involuntary processes occur due to the actions of organs, hormones from the endocrine system, and neuron communication from the nervous system. The portion of the nervous system that regulates these involuntary processes is aptly called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is composed of afferent and efferent neurons that work to communicate messages to and from the brain and spinal cord, also known as the central nervous system (CNS). The...
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...we behave the way we do, why we express emotion, have feelings, or experience hunger? How does it all work? The human body is comprised of systems all working together to complete an action or a coordinated set of chemical reactions initiated by the nervous system. The nervous system is part of a human’s body that controls voluntary and involuntary behaviors by transmitting information throughout different parts of the brain and the body via neurons and axons. The nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) which contains the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Within the peripheral nervous system you have the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists mostly of axons that transport messages from sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles (Kalat, 2013). Also within the PNS is the autonomic nervous system, which controls the heart and other organs. The autonomic nervous system consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares organs for fight-or-flight activity such as increase heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite decreasing heart rate. Both systems work together to regulate involuntary bodily functions and behaviors. One example of regulatory behavior is human reproduction and sexuality...
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...Cardiodynamics Case Study 2 The Big Race At the start: Question 1: Since the race has not actually started, the anticipation of the race is activating the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is stimulating these changes. Question 2: The thought of the race creates enough stress to activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic system. Question 3: The sympathetic division stimulates the fight or flight organs. This means that blood and nutrients are being delivered to areas that might be needed for a fight for your life, or to run for your life. This means that organs needed for non-life saving actions, such as the bladder and digestive systems, will be inhibited so that the heart, limbs, and brain can receive more blood and nutrients for quick decision making and to support fight or flight scenarios. Sympathetic stimulation also increases ADH release which will preserve blood volume and insure greater blood flow to large muscle groups and other tissues. Question 4: Sympathetic stimulation of the liver will stimulate glycogenolysis, which puts more glucose into the bloodstream. Question 5: Sympathetic stimulation decreases the production of saliva. One Minute In: Question 1: With any sort of extreme exertion, such as intense rowing, muscles will have an immediate increase in their demand for ATP. ATP is produced by aerobic cellular respiration, which is the most efficient method. This creates demand for oxygen from the muscles...
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...a wonderful machine that controls all of the body’s functions, the one’s you think about and the one’s you don’t. We are going to take a brief look into these functions and how they benefit ourselves and our lives. Central Nervous System (CNS) There are two parts to the CNS, the brain and the spinal cord. The Brain The brain is the central hub or better known as the main computer. The brain is the main controller of everything, and the storage of our memories, including the good and bad, our feelings, and who we are as a person. Without the brain we would be a sack of skin, bones, blood and water, with no function(s) or use. The Spinal Cord As the brain controls what we do, the spinal cord communicates what to do. The messages travel up and down the spinal cord like a great highway to and from the brain. With points along the spinal column to correspond to the brains desired reaction. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Here this system uses the CNS to communicate and control all aspects of the human body. It is divided into the Somatic System and the Autonomic System, which in itself is divided even further into the Sympathetic System and the Parasympathetic System. To explain it a little better we will break it down. Somatic System Here the highway of nerves and messages travels to and from the sense organs to the skeletal muscles. It controls “Voluntary” muscle movement like...
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...9 Stress and Health Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level Type A=Applied C=Conceptual F=Factual Level (1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult LO=Learning Objective AP=AP* Learning Objective p=page MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. _____________ psychology is the field of study devoted to understanding the relationship between physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships and overall health and rates of illness. a) Physiological Incorrect. Physiological psychology may be interested in these topics, but health psychology explores these relationships from approaches other than the physiological perspective. b) Developmental c) Health Correct. This is the correct definition of health psychology. d) Medicinal e) Adjustment ANS: c, p. 344, C, LO=Prologue, AP VIII.5, (2) 2. Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate? a) Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? Correct. Health psychologists are interested in the factors that lead us to lead healthy lives, so the relationship between classes and the tendency to take drugs would be an appropriate topic for Kirima to research. b) What is the relationship between one’s ethnicity and their political affiliation? Incorrect. The effects of a social category like ethnicity would be more applicable to experts from other fields, which might include sociology...
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...stress, anxiety, weather, changes of location. To survive these changes, our internal body is able to intelligently adapt. The maintenance of a constant and steady internal environment is controlled by homeostasis. P5 Explain the concept of homeostasis Describe homeostasis. For this, you must cover: * Definition of homeostasis * Internal environment- THREE systems that need to be regulated (water levels or waste products; body temperature; blood glucose) * Concept of negative feedback as a regulatory mechanism Websites: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/homeostasis http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/homeo/homeostasis1.shtml M2 discuss the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise Identify and describe the homeostatic mechanisms and how they regulate a steady internal environment during exercise. Summarise - you do not have to explain this in lots of detail. You must cover: * heart rate and how this is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve system). The effects of increased body temperature and adrenaline on heart rate * breathing rate and how this is controlled by the respiratory centre, diaphragm and intercostal muscles * body temperature and how this is controlled by loss of heat by the body ( radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation), the role of the hypothalamus and of the skin (role of arterioles...
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...Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System CNS PNS Autonomic Nervous System Somatic | Autonomic | Fibers do not synapse once they have left the CNS | Fibers synapse once in ganglia after they have left the CNS | Innervates skeletal muscle | Innervates Smooth/Cardiac muscles & Gland cells | Always Excitation of the muscle | Either Excitation or Inhibition of effector cells | Function:Locomotion | Function:Regulates visceral functions | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSNeuroeffector Junction | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSGanglionNeuroeffector Junction | | | Subdivisions of ANS | Sympathetic | Parasympathetic | Origin of preganglionic fibers | Spinal Nerves T1-L2(Thoracolumbar Division) | Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, XSpinal Nerves S2-S4(Craniosacral Division) | Location of Ganglia | In Sympathetic Chain(Paravertebral GangliaOr Abdominal PrevertebralOr Collateral Ganglion)Preganglionic usually shorter than Postganglionic Fibers(Except Adrenal Medulla) | In or near effector organsPreganglionic usually longer than Postganglionic Fibers | Branching of Preganglionic Fibers | Extensive branchingAve. Ratio Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:20 | Limited branchingAve. Ration Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:1(Except the Vagus) | General Description of effect on organ response | Preparation for emergency/Stressful situations“Fight or Flight” | Conservation and restoration of body’s resources“Rest & Digest” | Localization of...
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...12148725 Date: 19/02/16 Lab 3: The Effect of Exercise on the Human Cardiovascular System Introduction: During exercise there is an increased demand for energy. The metabolic processes involved in the production of ATP require oxygen. As a result there is an increase in oxygen consumption and an increase in the production of carbon dioxide as a waste product. As the body produces more carbon dioxide there is a greater need to expel this excess carbon dioxide. In order to fulfil this function there is an increase in respiratory activity. This increase in respiratory activity leads to an increase in cardiovascular activity. The primary role of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. When exercising the skeletal muscles require more oxygen to aid in metabolic processes and the heart has to beat harder and faster to ensure the muscles have sufficient oxygen. The aims and objectives of this practical experiment were to record the effects of exercise or work on cardiovascular parameters and to record the effects of exercise on body temperature. The cardiovascular parameters measured in this lab include, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), duration of the PR segment and RR interval. Materials and Methods: The materials and methods were followed as per EQ4058 Equine Exercise Physiology Practical Manual, Lab 4 the Effect of Exercise on the Human Cardiovascular System. Results: Table 1 shows the results obtained when group b measured the cardiovascular...
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...number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training The beating frequency (heart rate) is controlled by the balance of stimulation coming from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Both nervous inputs to the heart converge on a small area of tissue on the right atrium. Roles of Internal Receptors Autonomic Nervous System Two major divisions * Sympathetic; activated in response to challenge- * Parasympathetic; active in the absence of challenges * Both...
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...1. Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he’s also employed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun. Daniel chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The ______ theory of motivation would best predict Daniel’s choice. Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 399: Instinct theory is motivation based off of inherent automatic behavior. These occur consistently because of stimuli. This is how birds build nests perfectly as soon as they leave their family. I chose A, Drive reduction theory. Drive reduction focuses on a homeostasis in the body. There are needs that ruin the equlibrium, and our brain responds to these with drives, a feeling that prompts action. This restores balance. This concept is wrong because Danielle makes her decision based off of herself a human being wanting to go to the more secure and safe person, which is instinct. The imbalance was not a part of this question. Correct answer is C, Instinct. 5. Juan is obsessed with building up his bank balance, even though he is quite comfortable and prosperous now. One situation exemplifies the power of Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 402/403 bottom right: Secondary drives are stimuli that achieve primary drives through learned mechanisms. This is usually characterized through money. I chose C, homeostasis. Homeostasis...
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...The autonomic nervous system has two important functions, the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system. Between having a faulty sympathetic system or a faulty parasympathetic system, I would much rather have a faulty sympathetic system and a working parasympathetic system. In the parasympathetic system your body is calmed and conserves energy allowing you to maintain activity. While in the sympathetic system the body is aroused and it expands its energy. I hate the feeling of anxiety when your heart is pumping and your blood pressure is raised before an exam, a race and many other activities. I don’t like to have a constant feeling of stress and desperation. When I am timed on an exam or am nervous before speech, I tend not to do as good when I get this arousing feeling. It makes my stomach hurt and I also feel hopeless. As I get to a point where I am agitated or aroused I cannot concentrate very easily on the task I’m performing. So having a faulty sympathetic system will probably get rid of some of those sensations. In the other hand having a faulty parasympathetic would never give the “relaxing” feeling that everything is ok. My body could not be calmed and rested. I would constantly have anxiety or a panic attacks. I like things to be under control and without this function I would lose that tranquility and concentration. Therefore having a faulty sensation of constantly feeling aroused and having an abundance of adrenaline would be better than losing my feeling...
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...The autonomic nervous system, ANS for short, is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system; which is responsible for regulation of homeostasis and coordinates the functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. The ANS is like the Somatic Nervous System as they both have afferent and efferent neurons; while in the ANS, the afferent pathways originate in visceral receptors and efferent pathways attach to the visceral effector organs. ANS can be further subdivided into two major divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. These two subdivisions can work in three different ways: opposite of each other, independently, or together through a more complex process. Depending...
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...cerebellum, which is part of the brain, is involved. This cerebellum is the part of the brain that has the responsibility of maintaining body balance and posture, among other things. The cerebellum is very important for body balance, as well as in body functions. This is because it plays an important role in the maintenance of body balance and posture. This is possible given that it uses the vestibular receptor in conjunction with the proprioceptors to control commands. It is the motor neurons that are responsible for ensuring that body changes as well as position are maintained (Cerebellum, nd). The cerebellum also is very important in cognitive functions. In addition, once the cerebellum has received information from the sensory system as well as the spinal cord, it regulates different voluntary movements such as speech, coordination as well as muscular activity (Knierim, n.d). Given that Mr. Stevens experiences a loss of balance, then it is definite that there must be cerebellar damage. Even more proof is added to with his inability to draw a straight line, which can be attributed to the inability of proper coordination of muscular activities. In addition, Mr. Stevens asserts that he feels like a drunken man when he is walking, this can be also linked to cognitive functions, a role that is performed by the cerebellum. Thus, Mr. Stevens’ symptoms indicate cerebellar damage. Case Study 2. The body has its homeostatic way of preparing and reacting towards...
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