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The Real Exchange Rate

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The Real Exchange Rate

Semisal anda berinvestasi dalam deposito £100.000 dalam 1 tahun dengan bunga 5% maka pada akhir tahun anda akan mendapatkan £105.000. Hal ini kedengaran baik tetapi apabila tingkat inflasi poundsterling adalah 8% dalam tahun tersebut, coba selesaikan dengan fisher equation, return yang sebenarnya anda dapatkan adalah ė£ = (1+p£)/(1+p£) – 1 = (1.05/1.08) – 1 = -0.028, atau – 2.8%.

Real Changes In Purchasing Power
Semisal nilai tukar sekarang adalah S0 ¥/$ = ¥100/$, inflasi yang diharapkan adalah E[p¥] = - di Jepang dan E[p$] = 10% di Amerika. Apabila perubahan pada nominal nilai tukar merefleksikan perubahan pada kekuatan nilai tukar yen dan dollar yang relatif, nilai tukar yang diharapkan dalam satu periode menjadi

E[S1¥/$] = S0¥/$ [(1+E[p¥])/(1+E[p$])] = (¥100/$)(1.00/1.10) = ¥90.91/$

Semisal 1 tahun kemudian estimasi inflasi benar-benar terjadi tetapi dollar terapresiasi menjadi S1¥/$ = ¥110/$. Ini adalah apresiasi dollar sebesar 10% dari nilai nominalnya. Faktanya, ini merepresentasikan apresiasi relatif dari dollar sebesar 21% terhadap nilai yang diharapkan sebesar ¥90.91/$

(Actual – Expected) / Expected = (¥110/$ - ¥90.91/$) / (¥90.91/$) = 0.21

The Real Exchange Rate
Nilai tukar yang sebenarnya Xtd/f adalah nominal nilai tukar Std/f disesuaikan dengan perubahan relatif pada harga domestik dan luar negeri sejak didefinisikan berbasis periode waktu t=0

Xtd/f = (Std/f / S0d/f) {[(1+p1f)/(1+p1d)] [(1+p2f)/(1+p2d)]…[(1+p1f)/(1+ptd)]}

Membagi nominal dari spot rate Std/f pada waktu t dengan basis periode spot rate S0d/f menunjukkan nilai tukar yang sebenarnya berdasarkan persentase dari spot rate awal. Penyesuaian inflasi mengindikasikan iklim perubahan pada nominal nilai tukar merefleksikan akumulasi inflasi yang berbeda antara 2 mata uang. Rumus untuk mencari perubahan oersebtase pada nilai tukar yang sesungguhnya selama 1 periode adalah

(1+xtd/f) = (Xtd/f/Xt-1d/f) = (Std/f/ St-1d/f) [(1+ptf)/(1+ptd)]

Persentase perubahan pada nilai tukar yang sebenarnya berdasar hanya pada perubahan didalam nilai tukar nominal dan inflasi yang berbeda selama periode tertentu Studi akademik memperkuat interpretasi Lothian dan Taylor :

• Deviasi dari nilai tukar keseimbangan yang sebenarnya dapat menjadi penting dalam jangka pendek • Deviasi dari nilai tukar keseimbangan yang sebenarnya dapat berlangsung selama beberapa tahun

Meskipun nilai tukar yang sebenarnya cenderung kembali pada rata-rata jangka panjang, pada jangka pendek dapat menjadi deviasi yang penting dari rata-rata jangka panjang. Pada studi nilai tukar yang sebenarnya selama 200 tahun periode sample, Lothian dan Taylor mengestimasi bahwa itu membutuhkan 3 dan 6 tahun untuk ketidakseimbangan yang sebenarnya didalam nilai tukar untuk berkurang setengah.

The Effect of a Change In The Real Exchange Rate
Bila keseimbangan relatif kemampuan untuk membeli ditahan, maka perubahan pada nominal nilai tukar seharusnya merefleksikan pengaruh dari inflasi luar dan dalam negeri. Lebih banyak lagi, perubahan nominal nilai tukar selalu merefleksikan bahwa pengaruh inflasi harus memiliki kepentingan ekonomi yang kecil dari kepemilikannya. Perubahan yang sebenarnya pada nilai tukar, sebaliknya memiliki pengaruh yang kuat pada pengoperasian dari perusahaan miltinasional, seperti pertukaran yang seimbang pada negara-negara. Fakta-faktanya,

• Apresiasi yang sebenarnya dari nilai tukar domestik meningkatkan harga dari barang domestik secara relatif dengan barang dari luar negeri. • Depresiasi yang sebenarnya dari nilai tukar domestik menurunkan harga dari barang domestik secara relatif dengan barang dari luar negeri.

Appresiasi yang sebenarnya dari nilai mata uang domestik merupakan berita buruk dan berita baik untuk ekonomi lokal. Appresiasi yang sebenarnya membantu importir lokal dan pelanggan diakrenakan bahan mentah dan barang import harganya lebih murah. Hal ini juga membantu menahan inflasi. Sebaliknya, hal ini melukai exportir lokal dan karyawannya dikarenakan barang dan servis yang diproduksi oleh perusahaan lokal secara relatif malah di pasar internasional. Efek pada preodusen lokal tidak simetris, pada kompetisi barang dan jasa di pasar internasional terluka lebih dari sekedar berkompetisi dengan pasar lokal. Perubahan sumber daya dalam ekonomi lokal dari perusahaan yang export-oriented melalui perusahaan yang mengimport barang atau jasa dari negara lainnya.

Exchange Rate Forecasting
Forecast Based on the International Parity Condition
Prediksi nilai tukar tersedia dalam beberapa kondisi yang sama

E[Std/f] = Ftd/f forward parity
E[Std/f] = S0d/f [(1+id)/(1+if)]t kombinasi dari forward parity dan interest rate parity
E[Std/f] = S0d/f [(1+pd)/(1+pf)]t relative purchasing power parity

2 persamaan yang pertama ekuivalen apabila tingkat suku bunga keseimbangan ditahan, seperti biasanya berlaku pada nilai tukar internasional dan pasar eurocurrency. Keindahan dari prediksi ini adalah bahwa siapa yang memiliki akses ke koran keuangan dapat membuat prediksi ini. Tetapi, prediksi ini tidak bekerja baik dalam jangka pendek. Signal dari kondisi keseimbangan internasional lemah tergantung pada volalitas nilai tukar sepanjang interval hari atau bulan. Meskipun kondisi keseimbangan internasional berguna untuk memprediksi tren jangka panjang pada nominal nilai tukar, tetapi kondisi keseimbangan internasional sangat sedikit membantu dalam memprediksi nilai tukar yang sebenarnya karena nilai tukar yang sebenarnya diasumsikan konstant dalam hubungan keseimbangan internasional

Model-based Exchange Rate Forecast
Peramal yang prefesional menggunakan technical analysis atau fundamental analysus untuk membangun prediksinya. Technical analysis melihat pola yang terulang pada nilai tukar dan volume pertukaran forex yang dapat memprediksi nilai tukar masa depan. Technical analysis efektif untuk prediksi nilai tukar jangka pendek. Fundamental analysis mencoba untuk menghubungkan perilaku nilai tukar dengan fundamental ekonomi, dan ini berguna untuk prediksi jangka panjang.

Technical Analysis. Analisis teknikal mempercayai bahwa ada pola dalam pergerakan nilai tukar, dan pola tersebut memungkinkan untuk memprediksi dengan sukses nilai tukar masa depan. Hal ini tidak mungkin terjadi pada bentuk lemah pasar efisien, dimana harga secara penuh merefleksikan informasi harga masa lalu. Beberapa peramal teknikal menggunakan ukuran statistik seperti corelasi automatis atau filter rules untuk mengidentifikasikan pola didalam data

Fundamental Analysis. Analisis fundamental mempercayai bahwa nilai tukar mata uang luar negeri tidak terlalu kuat dari efisien. Harga pada bentuk semistrong pasar effiien merefleksikan semua informasi publik yang tersedia, termasuk sejarah masa lalu harga dan informasi publik yang lain yang tersedia. Secara iklas, model ekonomi digunakan untuk memprediksikan nilai tukar sebagai fungsi dari data ekonomi makro, seperti keseimbangan pembayaran, persediaan uang, produksi industri atau kepercayadirian konsumen. Analisis fundamental percaya bahwa informasi publik yang tersedia ini dapat memimpin menjadi prediksi nilai tukar yang terbaik.

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