...French populace in the late 18th century. There were a number of factors which led to the outbreak of this particular conflict. The factors which led to this particular revolution were first pointed out by James Defronzo, in Revolutions and Revolutionary Movement. Defronzo writes how a few different factors typically lead to the outbreak of a revolution. These factors are; mass frustration, dissident elites, severe state crisis, international context and unifying motivation. I will address each one of these factors and clarify how they correlate to the French Revolution. It is imperative to understand what exactly leads to revolution, and how we can use what we already know to prevent violence and social strife in the future. First of all, France was plagued by mass frustration following hundreds of years of unjust monarchal rule. Mass frustration is when the majority of the populace is dissatisfied by the government. In the case of French citizens in the late 1700s, they understood how badly they were being treated by their own government. They also understood, however, that they deserved better. Due to the recent “Enlightenment Age,” an increasing number of people were becoming aware of their societal status. During the enlightenment period, people began to turn away from everything they thought they "understood" about life. In late 18th century France everything people knew, they were told by the church and monarchy. People lived in terror, for challenging these...
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...not seen as a group of people but seen has money for the government. They wanted freedom and liberty from their monarchy that they were influenced by. Monarchy in France was a king and queen that ruled all and people had no voice. They were ruled under King Louis XVI during the 10-year revolution. As they fought for their freedom from the king and queen, they had to decide where they would go after they had gained their independence. As the United States when they declared their independent from Great Britain they declared themselves a democracy. Ones the French gained their independence and overthrew the king and queen of France, and they became a republic for the people. There were different classes of people in France during the 18th century. These classes were known better as estates, had three different groups. Those groups would be the clergy, the nobility and the rest of France. They even had their sub-groups within the three estates. They all wanted equality, and that meant paying equal taxes. Of course, higher estates would pay less to no taxes...
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...of the negative influence theirs parents had on their child’s life can support the claim that capital punishment was used to deter crime. The action their parents took could have potentially prevented their child from becoming a criminal as those ‘toys’ could have possibly implemented the idea that slicing someone’s neck is socially acceptable to do to others. Another factor that could have served as a deterrent are the executions of Marie-Antoinette and King Louis XVI. After they were executed by the guillotine, a time period began where it was called ‘The Reign of Terror’. “During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial” (“Reign of Terror”). The causing of “terror” had a purpose which was “to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (nobles, priests, hoarders)” (“Reign of Terror”). Its general deterrence plays a role as for someone who was against the Revolution would be considered a criminal. It causes for those who were...
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...The French Revolution, which began in 1789 and ended in 1799, affected France not only politically, but also economically. During the 18th century, France was a vast and flourishing country that had troubles such as the systemic problem of collecting taxes or the treatment of the high to low system. France had a system with kings and nobles, also known as the Ancien Regime. In 1789, France was deeply in debt due to their funding of the American Revolution. Louis XVI spent half of his national budget to service the federal debt. Louis XVI tried to reform this system but failed miserably and France basically declared bankrupt. Everyone tried to reform the problems that were occurring but all they did was cause more problems to France. The harsh...
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...government. The nobles and clergy were the privileged orders. They were exempt from such direct taxes as the taille, or land tax. Most taxes were paid by the Third Estate--a class that included peasants, artisans, merchants, and professional men. Even among these groups taxes were not equal. Some provinces were exempt from certain assessments, such as the gabelle, or salt tax. In addition, the collection of some taxes was made by contractors or tax farmers, and the tax gatherers collected whatever they could. Other Inequalities There were social and economic inequalities as well as political ones. The peasant suffered under the burden of out-of-date feudal dues. These were collected with renewed vigor by the nobles in the latter part of the 18th century. Rabbits might destroy the peasant's garden and pigeons eat his grain, but he must not kill them. They were protected for the lord's hunting. The peasant's fences were broken down and his crops trampled in the chase, but he could claim no damages. In addition to the dues to the king and the nobles, the peasants had to pay dues to the church. These and other obligations seemed senseless and unreasonable in an age when people were coming to believe in the rule of...
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...AP COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY GRID name(s) Jason SNAPSHOT: Compare and Contrast The French & Haitian Revolution |INTRODUCTION | | | |Historical context (what, where, when) | |Haitian revolution & French Revolution (1789-1800’s) | |Thesis similarity | |Inspired by the enlightenment | |Thesis difference | |France overthrew monarchy (internal) Haiti overthrew imperialist power (external) ...
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...Graph ng France Henry IV * Ipinalabas niya ang Edict of Nantes upang ang mga digmaan sanhi ng relihiyon na nagbibigay sa mga Huguenot ng kalayaan sa pagsamba at pantay na karapatan pulitikal na tinatamasa ng mga Katoliko. Louis XIII * Muling nalugmok ang France sa kaguluhan ngunit hindi madaling nagupo ang pundasyong itinatag ni Henry IV. Para maipagpatuloy ang panuntunan ng kanyang aman, pinili niya si Richelieu bilang Punong Ministro. Richelieu * May 2 siyang layunin ang gawing makapangyarihan at maging pangunahin lakas ito sa Europe * Pinalakas ang pamahalaan local at nagatas ng mga mangangasiwa na tinatawag na intendants, sa maikling panahon lubos na nakontrol ng intendants ang local na pamahalaan Thirty Years Wars * Sa paghangad ng france na pigilan ang dominasyon ng mga Hapsburg sa Europe pumasok ito sa thirty years wars. Nang tila magwakas na ang digmaan biglang sumanib ang France sa protestante ang france at mga kaalyansa nito ay nagtagumpay. Winakasan ng Kasunduan sa Westphalia ang digmaan. Ang kinilalang makapangyarihang estado pagkatapos ng digmaan ay france Kasunduan sa Westphalia * Ang naging pangunahing bunga ng digmaan ay ang pagangat ng france bilang pangunahing kapangyarihan sa Europe at paghina ng Hapsburg sa Germany at Spain. Humina ang kanilang emperador. Patakarang military ni Louis XIV May nagawang mali si Louis XIV na naghakbang sa paghina ng france. Inakala niya na hindi tapat at mapanganib ang mga Huguenot kaya pinawalang-bisa...
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...When a group of people feel undermined or mistreated, tensions may result. Throughout history, the oppressive rule of the minority has spurred the majority to action. In Europe, especially, a country with deeply entrenched monarchical systems, those that chose to break free often paid a heavy price. In the 16th and 17th century, this fight for change was lead by Martin Luther when he pinned his 95 Theses to the wall of a church. What would follow is the formation of sects within Christianity that continue to shape the modern world. While this conflict is known as the “Protestant Reformation,” it quickly became a revolution due to its violent and surprisingly, political and economic nature. Similarly, a century later, The French Revolution sought to overthrow the nation’s head: the king. By analyzing these conflicts through a sociological lens, these social movements can be compared and contrasted....
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...Society during the Late Eighteenth Century 1774: Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of France. Under Louis XVI, France helped America in gaining their independence from Britain. France was experiencing financial instability due to the long years of wars fought by her and the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the palace of Versailles. Taxes were increased for meeting the expenses of maintaining an army, the court and running government offices or universities. The French Society was divided into three estates– First Estate: Clergy Second Estate: Nobility Third Estate: Big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, landless labourers and servants. The first two estates enjoyed certain privileges by birth which also excluded them from paying any taxes to the French government. The members of the third estate had to pay taxes to the State that included a direct tax called taille and a number of indirect taxes levied on the articles of daily consumption. Peasants served in the fields and houses of the privileged classes and they also built the roads and served in the army. The Church collected taxes known as tithes from the peasants. The price of the food grains increased with an increase in the demand for the same. Fixed-waged workers could not afford the expensive food grains. Hence, the gap between the poor and the rich widened. A growing Middle Class 18th century: France witnessed the emergence of...
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...Bartholomew Roberts "openly and in the daytime burnt and destroyed ... vessels in the Road of Basseterre [St. Kitts] and had the audaciousness to insult H. M. Fort," avenging the execution of "their comrades at Nevis." Roberts then sent word to the governor that"they would Come and Burn the town [Sandy Point] about his ears for hanging the pyates there…The credibility of the threat was confirmed by the unanimous resolution of the Virginia Executive Council that “the Country be put into immediate posture of Defence” (Under the Banner of King Death": The Social World of Anglo-American Pirates, 1716 to 1726, Marcus Rediker p.221). Bartholomew Roberts brought into perspective the physical violence attributed to the council members through fear and terror. Mostly, he complies using threats in order to achieve proper revenge and mostly authority against the governmental party regarding the...
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...The French Revolution © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com The Old Regime (Ancien Regime) • Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century • Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government • Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged – Unprivileged people – paid taxes and treated badly – Privileged people – did not pay taxes and treated well Society under the Old Regime • In France, people were divided into three estates – First Estate • High-ranking members of the Church • Privileged class – Second Estate • Nobility • Privileged class – Third Estate • Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities • Unprivileged class The Three Estates Estate Privileges Exemptions •Collected the tithe •Censorship of the press •Control of education •Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. •Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) •Owned 20% of the land •Paid no taxes •Subject to Church law rather than civil law •Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy •Support the monarchy and Old Regime •Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues •Monopolized military and state appointments •Owned 20% of the land •Paid no taxes •Support the monarchy and Old Regime •Nobles First Population •Circa 25,000,000 •None •None •Paid all taxes...
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...XVI’s was ruling France, and he had the country in a crippled financial state. France’s peasants and the poor suffered greatly from lack of food. The French people were growing more and more desperate to put an end to the unfair treatment and starvation. They were fighting for the political landscape of their country to be rebuilt. The Third Estate greatly outnumbered the aristocrat society, but was still being outvoted. Major events from this revolution include the Meeting of Estates, the Fall of Bastille, the March of Versailles, and much more. The Revolution ended when Napoleon Bonaparte came into power. Unlike the Glorious Revolution, this revolution was a bloodbath, especially during the Reign of Terror. The Industrial Revolution started in the 18th century and ended in the 19th century. During this revolution previously rural areas in Europe became more urban. Manufacturing went from being completed inside homes to huge factories. The textile industry, iron industry, and the steam engine played a major role during the Industrial Revolution. While this revolution increased variety in manufactured goods and increased the living conditions of the middle and upper classes, it resulted in horrible employment and living conditions for the poor. Production was becoming easier, so prices were plummeting. Children were forced to work at ridiculously young ages, and were often abused and neglected. Cities were overpopulated, and disease was spreading fast. The casualties in this revolution...
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...abuse of the lower and middle classes during the 1780s. More so, an increased interest in Enlightenment principles, the American Revolution, and Republican government created a middle class platform for protesting the king as a threat to participatory governance. Eventually, the Estates-General sought diplomatic means to end the monarchy, but Louis XVI refused to abdicate. However, the Estates General formed a military and overthrew the monarchy, which resulted in the formation a Republican government in 1792. Initially, these changes set a positive example of the effectiveness of republican government, but the rise of the Reign of Terror exposed the brutality of mass executions of the upper classes. Finally, a comparison and contrast between the American and French Revolution will also explain these aspects of revolutionary ideology in the late 18th century. One of the most important causes of the French Revolution is based on the restrictions placed on the middle classes by the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. In the 1780s, the rise of the French middle classes provided a major counterpoint to the total dominance of the King, which was founded on enlightenment principles, as well as the success of the American Revolution against King George III in England. Representational government was a huge factor in the rise of revolutionary spirit, since many members of the middle classes were not allowed to vote or speak out their views on political, economic, and legal matters. Political...
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...Louise Gonzales Legacies of Historical Globalization – Hand In Assignments 1) How does the map on p.144 of Exploring Globalization demonstrate the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence? Explain using examples. The map demonstrates the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence because it represents the European Imperialism and Europe’s scramble for empire. European Imperialism contributed to the spread of science, religion, philosophy, and technology - which originated from Europe -, to the countries it colonized. During the 17th and 18th centuries Europeans were very competitive with one another. Each nationality wanted to be bigger and better than the others. They believed that to gain prestige, a country needed both wealth and power. And to get wealth and power, a country had to have colonies. The more territory that they were able to control, the more powerful and important they thought they could become. As these European empires continues to expand their colonies, they are also fundamentally changing and influencing the lives and other cultures of people under their rule. European imperialism changed the way of life of both Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. In North and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and central Asia, Indigenous peoples were displaced by European settlement in colonies. Indigenous peoples adapted their ways of life to function within the European economic system. For example...
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...The French Revolution The book that was reviewed is titled “The French Revolution: William Doyle”. It addresses some of the causes of the French revolution and the effects it had. The French Revolution is known as one of the most significant events in the world’s history. Its impact hardly can be overvalued due to globally caused implications. Therefore, it is considered as generally valid birth of civilized principles. Appropriate analyzing requires plenty of items considering. However, there is the try to outline the most significant causes and effects of great historical event. Let’s start with the causes of the French Revolution. A major cause was social injustice and class inequalities. 18th century in French history was the time of feudal abutment. Naturally that is accompanied by different rights and duties for its members. The division of French society members was provided by Estates. In fact, prerevolutionary France experienced three of them: first, second and third estate respectively. The contrast between them was too significant and frustrated the lowest class. The first most privileged Estate was for about 2 percent of the entire population. At the end of scholastic influence era, the power of the Church was unrestricted. As for corresponding benefits, the Estate was out of tax duty. Moreover, the Church was authorized for income tithe claiming. Curiously enough, this minority owned more than 15% percent of France’s lands. The second Estate was nobility. As well...
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