...------------------------------------------------- CITY OF MALABON UNIVERSITY ------------------------------------------------- GRADUATE STUDIES AND APPLIED RESEARCH ------------------------------------------------- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------------------- Submitted by: Mayflor S. Barile Submitted to: Dr. Lucila B. Bondoc ------------------------------------------------- 15-MA 0008 Professor RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS These are the fact finding strategies. They are the tools for data collection. They include Questionnaire, Interview, and Observation. Essentially the researcher must ensure that the instrument chosen is valid and reliable. The validity and reliability of any research project depends to a large extent on the appropriateness of the instruments. Whatever procedure one uses to collect data, it must be critically examined to check the extent to which it is likely to give you the expected results. Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument 1. The Instrument must be valid and reliable 2. It must be based upon the Conceptual framework. 3. It must gather data suitable for and relevant to the research topic. 4. It must gather data would test the hypotheses or answer the questions under investigation 5. It should be free from all kinds of bias. 6. It must contain clear and definite directions to accomplish it. 7. It must be accompanied by a good cover letter. 8. It must be accompanied...
Words: 1448 - Pages: 6
...Music 360 Research Paper: Ancient Greek Instruments and Performance Practice The ancient Greeks have always been knows from their innovations. They revolutionized agriculture, architecture, education, and music (to name just a few of the advances they made). The philosophers and educators made music one of the main focuses in education, and with this focus came progress. The musical instruments that were made were both unique and new to the world. From new stringed instruments to winds to instruments that use water the music of ancient Greece was truly something new to the world. Unfortunately, not much about the performance practices is known due to the effects of war, time, and most of the music was passed down through word of mouth....
Words: 1890 - Pages: 8
...6 Research Instrument Measurement of items before initiating the study’s main data collection and information gathering is important, it ensures the results are valid and reliable, as well as ensuring the data not being artifacts of instruments used for measuring (Hair, 2012). The guiding concept in developing the questionnaire was used in measurements as well to scale whether it was validated by previous research. The used of variables and measurements from previous studies is always recommended, rather than creating new variables. Existing variables have already been tested empirically, rendering the process of determining their empirical validity easier and simpler. This also provides stability amongst different variables in different samples and how they affect dependent variables, in different words, determining their relative importance to the research. The questionnaire consists of four main sections: Part A to Part D. Part A gathers demographic data of the respondent and his/ her organisation and the status of ABC in organisations; Part B focused on the factors ( Top management support , Training , Non accounting ownership, Information technology , and Organisational...
Words: 1712 - Pages: 7
...The Iconic Human Ancestor Lucy Have you ever wonder where we come from? Who is our ancestors? When did human species got created and from what? I think our ancestors are monkey or ape. When I see then I feel like we come from them as we look a lot like. They are our look alike or I can say we are their look alike. They have many human features like their hands and actions. Monkeys also love bananas like us. There are many species in the world like ape, homo, and many others. Lucy the famous human ancestor she from a specie called “Australopithecus afarensis”. I believe she is our ancestor. Lucy was founded by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray on the November 24, 1974, at the site of Hadar in Ethiopia. Lucy is 3.18-million-year-old human ancestor....
Words: 593 - Pages: 3
...Part One: Please begin by responding to the following questions. What factors must a researcher consider in selecting an existing instrument for use in a study? When selecting an existing instrument for a research study, it is important that the researcher select an appropriate instrument that aligns with the objective of the research and minimize bias. Other important factors to consider are the cost or resource needed for the use of the instrument and the quality of the instrument. Additionally, the quality of an instrument can be measure through it’s validity and reliability (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013). How does a researcher locate an existing instrument? A researcher can locate an existing instrument by using computer database, online libraries or search engines like CINANHL or Medline by entering the specific instrument or the condition or concept that is being investigated. In addition, existing instrument can also be located in reference books with published measurement tools (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013). Part Two: Search and locate an existing instrument that...
Words: 401 - Pages: 2
...Critical Analysis of a Research Paper Towards an integrated contingency framework for MAS sophistication Case studies on the scope of accounting instruments in Dutch power and gas companies By Sandra Tillema Title The title suggests that the article will give guidance towards a contingency framework for MAS sophistication. The Contingency framework states that there is no one right way to manage an organisation, so the part “towards integrated [...] framework” with the word “contingency” seems like a paradox. We feel that we might not have chosen this article if we were looking at the title only because it seemingly contradicts itself. The group agreed that the title is quite long. We have analysed it by defining the main words of which we used the Macmillan Dictionary (2002) (See appendix B). After understanding the words and theory explanation, the title became quite easy to understand. Abstract and Introduction We feel that the abstract provides concise and simple information. It is a good explanation and expansion of the title. We have chosen this article because it can be easily understood. The abstract states that many companies are being convinced to implement newly developed management accounting systems and also comments on its inappropriateness. The author states the reason for this is due to the contingency theory perspective. She also highlights that this article is based on the cases of two power and gas companies. The introduction...
Words: 2321 - Pages: 10
...infections. Research design is critical ( to all nursing research and should be measured based on the evidence sources according to the strength of evidence and using Level I: highest level of evidence approach, and collected data should be the “best evidence” meaning, research findings that are methodologically appropriate, rigorous, and clinically relevant for answering the pressing questions. Within any level, evidence quality can vary considerably, no research is perfect. Data collection would have a solid plan for collecting and management. A research designs must provide a systematic approach to data collection that leads to new knowledge and/or solution to question or problem (Schmidt and Brown 2015 and National Guideline Clearinghouse 2017). What instruments might you use and how would you establish reliability and validity? The instruments are the tools for data collection; which can include questionnaires/surveys, interviews, observations and readings. The instruments ideally chosen should ensure validity and reliability....
Words: 377 - Pages: 2
...in the scientific method were done to ensure the reliability and validity of the study. Introduction: Begin the chapter with a brief introduction. Include a restatement of the purpose of the study and conclude the introductory section with a brief overview of the chapter. No need to get clever. Just write, "Chapter 3 includes a review of the research method and design appropriateness, a discussion of the population and sample. In addition, Chapter 3..." The introduction should be no more than 3 paragraphs, and, per APA, should NOT include the title "Introduction". The research design is based on the problem under investigation, the theoretical framework of the study, and the purpose of the study. Provide sufficient detail to suggest recommendations to answer the research questions. The purpose of this section is to assure the reader that the type of research design is justified and appropriate for the desired outcomes. This section should also clearly delineate and explicate the type of design used (e.g., correlational, historical, phenomenological, etc.). Any deviation from the steps necessary to fulfill the research design should be explained and fully justified; otherwise, the reader may conclude that the procedure is flawed. Provide a complete description and definition of the independent variables (IV) and dependent variables (DV). The dependent variable is the response or the criterion variable, which is caused or influenced by the independent treatment conditions...
Words: 1186 - Pages: 5
...recognized on January 1, 2010 because SolvGen and Careway also entered into a five-year license and distribution agreement dated January 1, 2010. Instrument system Version 1 ($5 million) should be recognized when of instrument system Version 1 is ready for commercial launch. Instrument system Version 2 &3 ($5 million) also should be recognized when of instrument system Version 2 &3 is ready for commercial launch. Alternative 2, exclusive negotiation payment ($1 million) should be recognized over the five-year research and development agreement term, beginning with the date the R&D services begin. Contract signing payment ($2 million) should be recognized over the five-year research and development agreement term, beginning with the date the R&D services begin. Instrument system Version 1 ($5 million) should be recognized over the performance period. Instrument system Version 2 &3 ($5 million) should be recognized in their entirety upon achievement of each milestone. 3. Research 1, ASC 605-28 notes that it "specifies the accounting for research or development deliverables or units of accounting that include milestones that are accounted for under the milestone method of revenue recognition." Meanwhile, a vendor must determine whether a milestone is substantive at the inception of the arrangement. Research 2, based on ASC 605-28, to be eligible for the milestone method, the arrangement must also contain a milestone that meets the following criteria:...
Words: 703 - Pages: 3
...RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 3.0. Introduction. Research methodology is concerned with the explanation of all the techniques and methods of carrying out specific research, how data will be gathered and collected from the various sources of data and the analysis of the collected data and how the data is processed together with other adopted strategies with the purpose of arriving at valid conclusions. In this chapter, the research design, method of study, subjects, instruments used and the procedures for administration of the instrument and the data collection are presented. 3.1. Research Design. The research design is concerned with the structuring of an investigation for the purpose of identifying the relevant...
Words: 1064 - Pages: 5
...entered into a five-year research and development agreement with Careway Pharma Inc. In connection with executing the research and development arrangement, SolvGen and Careway also entered into a five-year license and distribution agreement. Under the terms of the research and development agreement, SolvGen retains all intellectual rights to the results and is entitled to the following five nonrefundable milestone payments from Careway: 1. Exclusive negotiation payment — $1 million (paid December 1, 2005). 2. Contract signing payment — $2 million (paid January 1, 2006). 3. Commercial launch of instrument system Version 1 — $5 million (paid March 31, 2006, upon commercial launch of the instrument system). 4. Commercial launch of instrument system Version 2 — $5 million (not yet paid). 5. Commercial launch of instrument system Version 3 — $5 million (not yet paid). Under the license and distribution agreement, Careway will have the right to market and distribute the proprietary instrument systems. Careway is required to pay SolvGen for each proprietary instrument system as it is purchased by Careway. SolvGen recognizes the nonrefundable milestone payments when the payments are received over the remaining estimated contractual life of the agreements. Based on an evaluation of the circumstances, there are two deliverables in this arrangement that should be considered for separation: a. A license and distribution deliverable b. A research and development deliverable...
Words: 493 - Pages: 2
...Abstract There are a number of methodological issues that can be problematic in cross-cultural studies that use self-report survey instruments. This paper reviews the organizational research literature to identify the common practices being used in relation to these issues. A framework is established for this analysis that involves three stages related to the research process. These stages are 1) the development of the research question, 2) the alignment of the research contexts, and 3) the validation of the research instruments. A sample of cross-cultural studies was examined in the context of these three stages, and served as a basis for the identification of some “best-practices” that are meant to deal with cross-cultural complexities. Introduction International perspectives are becoming more prevalent in today’s study of organizations. As business continues to take a global outlook, theoretical constructs commonly used in domestic research will need to be applied to new cross-cultural arenas. Recently, researchers have begun to take notice of some important methodological issues associated with the use of survey instruments in cross-cultural research (e.g., Cheung & Rensvold, 1999; Riordan & Vandenberg, 1994). These issues can have a strong impact on a study’s results, and on the subsequent interpretation of those results. If researchers ignore the difficulties inherent in using self-report questionnaires in cross-cultural studies, the field as a whole...
Words: 3186 - Pages: 13
...audit engagement team to perform due diligence procedures, with an emphasis on the review of two separate material agreements: (1) a research and development agreement and (2) a license and distribution agreement, both executed by SolvGen during the first quarter of fiscal year 2010. Direct’s management provided the engagement team with the following memo describing the Company’s revenue recognition policy: MEMO To: Audit Engagement Team From: CFO, SolvGen Inc. Subject: Revenue Recognition for Research and Development and License and Distribution Agreements Date: November 30, 2010 SolvGen Inc. (the Company), an SEC registrant, is a pharmaceutical development company. SolvGen entered into a five-year research and development agreement with Careway Pharma Inc. (Careway) on January 1, 2010. The research and development agreement calls for SolvGen to use its best efforts to further develop proprietary instrument systems that have been under development for nearly 18 months and are expected to be ready for commercial launch in the near future. In connection with executing the research and development arrangement, SolvGen and Careway also entered into a five-year license and distribution agreement dated January 1, 2010. Under the terms of the research and development agreement, SolvGen retains all intellectual rights to the results of the research and development agreement (even in the event of default by the Company). In connection with this agreement, SolvGen is entitled to the...
Words: 492 - Pages: 2
...Relations Tactics. Review the public relations communications instruments in Chapter 10, such as news releases, brochures, and broadcast media. Select an organization, and compare and contrast the strengths and limitations of two instruments used by the organization. Which tactic is least effective and why? Which tactic is most effective and why? Synthesize the course materials and other research to support your response. Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates’ postings. CGD 318 Week 3 DQ 2 Public Relations Tactics Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/CGD%20318/cgd-318-week-3-dq-2-public-relations-tactics Description Public Relations Tactics. Review the public relations communications instruments in Chapter 10, such as news releases, brochures, and broadcast media. Select an organization, and compare and contrast the strengths and limitations of two instruments used by the organization. Which tactic is least effective and why? Which tactic is most effective and why? Synthesize the course materials and other research to support your response. Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates’ postings. CGD 318 Week 3 DQ 2 Public Relations Tactics Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/CGD%20318/cgd-318-week-3-dq-2-public-relations-tactics Description Public Relations Tactics. Review the public relations communications instruments in Chapter 10, such as news releases, brochures, and broadcast...
Words: 496 - Pages: 2
...Reliability and Validity Carmen Kbeir BSHS/382 March 26, 2012 Edessa Jobli Reliability and Validity Researchers employ a wide range of data collection methods to obtain information. Some of these methods are quantitative, such as experiments. Others are qualitative, like field studies. Within each of these methods are specific procedures that lead the researcher to various outcomes. The tools, or instruments, used to measure observations or statistics throughout the process are very important. To understand how well the instruments work and the extent to which the outcomes will produce similar results in the future, researchers examine different types of validity and reliability. Reliability is the extent to which an instrument produces consistent results and the probability that others can achieve the same results when reproducing the study. There are several types of reliability, including alternate-form reliability, internal-consistency reliability, item-to-item or judge-to-judge reliability, and test-retest reliability (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability measures the amount of correlation between items on a test (Darity, 2008). The average correlation between items is indicated by item-to-item reliability. These types of reliability let the researcher know how well the items on a test go together (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). A questionnaire or survey is not of much use if the questions on them are completely...
Words: 1099 - Pages: 5
