THE RIGHTS OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN KENYA: LESSONS FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

GODWIN KIPKIRUI LANGAT
LAW/M/0985/09/12

ABSTRACT
Many perspectives have been offered in the academic literature to explain the phenomenon of illegal immigration across the world. Unfortunately, most studies fail to adequately account for the rights of immigrants and how they are being violated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
The purpose of this research is to show all the rights of illegal immigrants and the extent to which they are violated and/or respected in Kenya’s legal system by use of vital lessons from the American legal system. Respecting their rights is important because it shows that we are respecting the rule of law. It is important to note that all people are equal and therefore they should be treated equally without discrimination. People should also be allowed the freedom of movement and also that it should be ensured that the same freedom of movement should be regulated so that it ensures that one single country or state do not suffer the outcomes of immigration. Migration is a fact of life whereby people move to new countries to improve themselves economically and maybe to pursue their educations. Others leave to escape armed conflicts or other violations of human rights.
Several statutory laws in Kenya provide means by which certain aliens/illegal immigrants can become naturalized citizens. Immigration law determines who may enter, how long they may stay and when they must leave.
An illegal immigrant/alien is any individual or a foreigner who has entered or resides in a country unlawfully or without the country's authorization. Illegal immigration may occur due to several reasons, for example; incase where visa holders were not able to renew their documents (“obtained a Visa but stayed beyond the allotted time period in the nation or violated the terms of legal entry”) For one to move to another country, papers and other documents such as passports are issued to ensure clean migration. When an individual is incapable to obtain the necessary documents and he/she travels to another country it leads to illegal migration. Illegal immigration can create opportunities, but also it has its downfalls. This makes most countries to try and protect their citizens from leaving their countries (for example North Korea) and others welcome immigrants to enter their countries. This has led to immigration crises around the world such as ‘the European migration crisis’.
It is accounted that around 30,000 of the Kenyan population are living in the US as illegal immigrants. United States released a huge number that it indicated that most of the immigrants are in jail. With some countries they deport their illegal immigrants back to their countries. Kenya for example released about three hundred and twenty Somali immigrants. They did not even care what those immigrants were going to face back in their countries. For example if they had run to Kenya for safety then returning them back to their countries could be a threat to their life hence crippling their right to life which has been stated according to the Geneva convention on civil and political rights, the African convention and other legal instruments that protects human rights. The United Arab Emirates deported close to twelve thousand Somali immigrants since the beginning of 2014.It was found out that immigrants who are found in the United States soil are not capable of obtaining credit cards, driving license and other important documents. Some countries treat the immigrants harshly than any human should be treated. For example sources indicate that North Korea place their immigrants both those who try and escape the country and those who try to enter into their country in detention camps where they are given little or no food and punished.
Immigrants mostly move from a poor country to a richer country. Poverty can drive one from his/her country and other promised human desires. Libyan immigrants have been crossing the Mediterranean Sea trying to go to Europe for better life and jobs. In 2015 alone around 1,174 have migrated to Europe. One of the investigator found out that Australia also had immigrant camps whereby their rights were being violated. That is subject to proof because the leaders of those states denied on the allegation.
Mr. Thomas Hammarberg (Sweden, 2006-2012) once presented in the European conference that, “Migrants are especially exposed to the risk of poverty and marginalization. Irregular migrants are doubly excluded. Irregular migrants are easy victims for the black market and they will be deprived of their social rights connected to employment. One alarming consequence is that we now have situations in Europe where migrants are exploited in forced labour. Access to minimum rights for migrants is limited by fear of denouncement. An irregular situation exacerbates exclusion and the risk of exploitation.
There is a gap not just between international standards and national policies, but also between national legislations and the real practice of social services. Equality achieved at policy level, may not filter down to equality at local level. We talk of minimum rights we can award to illegal immigrants, but are these rights a reality or just an illusion for those who need them most?

1.2 Statement of a Problem

Illegal immigrants/aliens have been treated in inhuman ways which are against several conventions and various statutory provisions provided by the laws of different countries. Immigrants themselves do not understand their own rights because they are regarded as illegal and also because they forcefully enter into another country willingly or due to uncontrollable circumstances. As human beings, if we had power we could stop the issue of illegal immigrants, but sometimes we cannot stop it, so we should ensure that, the rights of illegal immigrants are protected and preserved. Treating them in an inhuman way cannot solve the issue of immigration, and also treating them in a humane way cannot solve it. Immigration shall continue to become an issue even for the developed countries since people sacrifice to ensure they get a better life by moving there.
If more citizens continue to move to the developed countries, we shall end up remaining with unqualified and incompetent personnel who are not able to meet the standards. Our poor undeveloped countries shall continue to be poor and the developed countries shall continue even to develop more. It is supposed to be noted that the asylum seekers escape from their own countries unwillingly for the sake of their own individual rights. They adhere to their own right to life and ensure that nobody is able to take it away from them. They cannot fight for their own lives themselves alone, but we as fellow humans we should also fight for their rights and ensure that we protect it. Recently, Thailand has refused the issue of asylum seekers getting into their own country, which is limiting their rights. Since we are on earth, we can also be the victims and if we don’t protect their rights who will protect ours?
There is a blame theory within the illegal immigrants. If the country will not perform well economically then the blame shall be based upon the illegal immigrants. That is dehumanizing them since they are not the cause of economic failures, for example the Zimbabwean immigrants who are in South Africa, whom the citizens of South Africa are blaming them for the lack of jobs. The immigrants themselves are the hard workers who boost the economy of South Africa against what is claimed by the residents. They went ahead until they started killing them. That is a clear violation of the conventions that has been ratified by the South African government.

1.3 Research Objective
My objective with this dissertation topic is to highlight all the rights that illegal immigrants have and what we can do in order to ensure that they are implemented and able to protect them. Some of these illegal immigrants do not know what their rights are, so we should educate them about their own rights. Those who move into a new country or state may not even understand the laws of that particular country or even their language. Since ignorance is never a defense in a case, they would end up in jail. Statistics in 2008 showed that around 30,000 immigrants in the United States alone are in jail, some with murder, theft and other criminal and civil offences and are waiting for deportation who is jailed without justice.
I will also try to show how most of their rights have been violated contrary to the conventions and other constitutional laws applicable to them. That is one of the main part of the dissertation. Some countries never ratified some of these conventions, but it is upon their duty to protect the rights of those individuals. I will also try to show whether article 27 sub article 1 and 2 whereby it states that, “every person is equal before the law and has right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law”, (2) “equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and fundamental freedoms”, is actually applicable to the illegal immigrants. If not, how are they supposed to be treated? If yes why are we treating illegal immigrants unfairly?
Giving also the countries where immigrant rights are degraded is one of the objectives. It helps to build up my dissertation with decided cases or facts available.
My objective also is to establish the fears that an individual endured as an illegal immigrants. Some of the things endured are both emotional and physical problems. How will these affect their lives and their rates of production to both their families and to the nation in general?
My topic is also to show how the society reacts to the issue of illegal migration. Some feel that immigration including those that have been done illegally hurts no one and therefore it should be allowed while others think that all immigration is illegal and therefore should be abolished. Others think that only legal migration should be allowed and illegal migration should be abolished. This was noted in the case of Sadowski v. Bush, 293 F. Supp. 2d 15 (D.C. 2003) which was about illegal immigration whereby he claimed that the citizens were carrying a huge burden since they paid higher amount of taxes in order to sustain the individuals of illegal migration. The court dismissed the claims of the plaintiff meaning that illegal immigration is not illegal as it seems.
1.5 Research Questions
Who is an illegal immigrant or an alien? That’s one of the questions that come up while writing this dissertation topic. For their right to be applicable, we should first know who this person is so that we can understand what rights we are supposed to offer them. Causes of immigration shall also be one of the core question in this dissertation topic. This is because we shall be able to learn of how we can treat each immigrant, for example war victims should be treated fairly because that is the factor that caused them to run from their homes and if they are deported back to their countries shall lead to their death. And also we shall be able to establish what made and individual to escape from his/her own country.
Should illegal immigrants be accepted? That is a difficult question that I shall be answering in my dissertation. They should be accepted in other countries as I will try to explain about it in my research. Illegal immigrants are human like us and therefore their rights should be respected as those for other citizens. Do they have rights? Many people argue that immigrants do not have rights since they do not pay taxes. That is a dangerous way of thinking because not all people in Kenya pay taxes, but as we know, they enjoy the rights offered. Paying taxes does not guarantee one rights because that will be the start of discrimination. This means that the rights of individuals shall be based upon the taxes each individual pays.
Immigrants are supposed to enjoy certain groups of rights. This is one of the questions in my dissertation that I will also try to answer. Not all the rights available to other citizens should be applicable to them since they do not pay tax, because for one to enjoy rights they must contribute it by themselves.
Are refugees immigrants? That is also one of the question that I shall be able to answer. What makes one a refugee and what makes one an illegal immigrant. What are the effects of illegal migration?

1.6 Research Methodology
New international information shall be used to analyze what is currently going on with the immigration systems and what is happening to them in the world. Various articles shall also be used to support my dissertation alongside the trending information. Also I shall use various conventions while dealing with my dissertation. I shall also note the two legal systems of the two countries I shall be comparing and also look at the various cases which have been handled by their courts. I shall use various books which shall give me more about the history of immigration across the world and how it came to be. Online materials shall also be the source of information of this dissertation.

CHAPTER TWO
THE RIGHTS OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN KENYA’S LEGAL SYSTEM
2.0 INRODUCTION
The constitution of Kenya provides for every person to be given the right to equal protection and to make sure every person enjoys that protection.
Kenya houses several illegal immigrants. One of the examples includes the Somali communities, who escaped from Somalia and have been living in Kenya without valid documents. More than 200 Ethiopians enter Kenya illegally every month through the vast porous boundary which is largely unmanned. On several occasions, illegal Ethiopian immigrants were discovered locked up in congested rooms in Nairobi and Mombasa but the trade continues to thrive even as many were repatriated. The immigrants are said to be using Kenya as their transit route to other countries such as South Africa or other European countries. Although we cannot say that all are good, we still have an obligation to respect their rights. The fundamental rights and freedoms that are available in the constitution also apply to them since the constitution indicates that it is applicable to all.
We are usually governed by international human rights law, especially the ones which we have ratified. These international laws are set of international rules, established by treaty or custom, on the basis of which individuals groups can expect or claim certain entitlements or benefits from the government. Human rights are inherent entitlements which every individual, as a fact of being human can be able to own them. Several instruments represent international standards for the respect and promotion of human rights.
The constitution of Kenya also provides for the protection and promotion of the fundamental rights and freedoms which are applicable to all persons whether a child or an adult.
The constitution of Kenya 2010 provides for an independent commission of human rights and equality commission which is advanced to investigate and summon people involve in human rights abuses. It does this since it has been given powers by the constitution to protect and promote rights and freedoms of marginalized groups and communities.
The following are some of their rights which are stipulated in the constitution of Kenya and other legal signed treaties which Kenya is supposed to respect;

2.1 Right to non-discrimination
According to article 27 of the constitution of Kenya 2010, illegal immigrants possess the right of equality and freedom from discrimination. There is no mention of whether an individual who shall be given the same right is supposed to be a citizen or not. It further stipulates that the state shall not discriminate against any person on any ground.
The universal declaration of human rights under article two speaks on the principle of non-discrimination.
The UN Charter's Preamble reaffirms "faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small.” Article 5 (c) states that one of the UN’s purposes is to achieve “universal respect for, observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion”

2.2 Right to life
Life is the most natural kind of a right which a person can own. Taking the right to life of a person is taking away all the other rights which a person could possess.
It has been stated under article 26 of the constitution of Kenya 2010. It further states that no person shall be deprived of life intentionally, except to the authorized by law. No law ratified by Kenya or any Act passed by the parliament indicates that illegal immigrants are exempted from the right to life. Under the UN conventions and declarations ratified by Kenya, their right to life is protected under the, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 under Article 3 provides that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 gives an obligation to the state parties to recognize that every child has the inherent right to life.
The Declaration on Individuals Who Are Not Nationals provides that Aliens shall enjoy, in accordance with domestic law and subject to the relevant international obligation of the State in which they are present, in particular the following rights:
The right to life and security of person and no alien shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention.
No alien shall be deprived of his or her liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedures as are established by law.

It is found under ILO convention Concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers, 1975, under Article 1.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.

2.3 Right not to be enslaved or forced labour
The constitution of Kenya, which applicable to all, provided for this right where it states that a person shall not be held in slavery or servitude and that a person shall not be required to perform forced labour.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, stipulates that no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, provides for special measures of protection and assistance should be taken on behalf of all children and young persons without any discrimination for reasons of parentage or other conditions. Children and young persons should be protected from economic and social exploitation. Their employment in work harmful to their morals or health or dangerous to life or likely to hamper their normal development should be punishable by law. States should also set age limits below which the paid employment of child labour should be prohibited and punishable by law. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, provides that; i) No one shall be held in slavery; slavery and the slave-trade in all their forms shall be prohibited. ii) No one shall be held in servitude. iii) No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.

This is also applicable to underage illegal immigrants as stipulated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, which provides for state parties to recognize the right of the child and to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

2.4 Right to health care
The constitution of Kenya provides to this right. Everyone should have access to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care. Which is also applicable to illegal immigrants.
Under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. It also stipulates that motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
According to International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in article 2 of this Convention, it provides that states parties should undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the following rights: The right to public health, medical care, social security and social services.
International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights stipulates that states parties, to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

2.5 Right to housing
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, provides that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965, State Parties should undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its form and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the right to housing.
Article 11(1) of the ICESCR provides that "States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of eve­ryone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate . . . housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions."

2.6 Right to social security
Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

2.7 Right to education
The right to education has been provided in the constitution, whereby it has been made compulsory because it is free.
Convention against Discrimination in Education under provides that in order to eliminate and prevent discrimination within the meaning of this Convention, the States Parties thereto undertake:
(a)To abrogate any statutory provisions and any administrative instructions and to discontinue any administrative practices which involve discrimination in education; (b)To ensure, by legislation where necessary, that there is no discrimination in the admission of pupils to educational institutions;
(c)Not to allow any differences of treatment by the public authorities between nationals, except on the basis of merit or need, in the matter of school fees and the grant of scholarships or other forms of assistance to pupils and necessary permits and facilities for the pursuit of studies in foreign countries;
(d)Not to allow, in any form of assistance granted by the public authorities to educational institutions, any restrictions or preference based solely on the ground that pupils belong to a particular group;
(e)To give foreign nationals resident within their territory the same access to education as that given to their own nationals.
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families provides that each child of a migrant worker shall have the basic right of access to education on the basis of equality of treatment with nationals of the State concerned. Access to public pre-school educational institutions or schools shall not be refused or limited by reason of the irregular situation with respect to stay or employment of either parent or by reason of the irregularity of the child’s stay in the State of employment.

2.8 Right not to be arbitrarily arrested
Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person and that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, provides that in compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in article 2 of this Convention, States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the following rights:
(a)The right to equal treatment before the tribunals and all other organs administering justice.

2.9 Right of equality with nationals before the courts
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families indicates that migrant workers and members of their families shall have the right to equality with nationals of the State concerned before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against them or of their rights and obligations in a suit of law, they shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Each State Party shall ensure in its legal system that the victim of an act of torture obtains redress and has an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible. In the event of the death of the victim as a result of an act of torture, his dependents shall be entitled to compensation.

2.10 Freedom of movement and residence
The constitution of Kenya states that every person has the right to reside in any part of the country. It further goes ahead and reaffirms that every person has the right to enter, remain and reside in Kenya.

2.11 Prevention from expulsion (deportation)
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984, provides that no State Party shall expel, return or extradite a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture and for the purpose of determining whether there are such grounds, the competent authorities shall take into account all relevant considerations including, where applicable, the existence in the State concerned of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights.
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families provides that migrant workers and members of their families shall not be subject to measures of collective expulsion. Each case of expulsion shall be examined and decided individually. Migrant workers and members of their families may be expelled from the territory of a State Party only in pursuance of a decision taken by the competent authority in accordance with law.

2.20 ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS’ RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN KENYA AND USA
A lot of people don’t like immigrants. That is why we see very people concerned about their rights. If it wasn’t for the conventions that have been ratified by several countries, then their rights could be something of history.
Most countries have enacted several laws in order to prevent most people from entering into their borders. People who are usually found to be guilty of illegal immigration are often deported back to their countries. The United States (immigration and custom enforcement) detains over 300, 000 men, women and children for violating immigration laws each year. In some countries entering the boarders illegally can amount to a criminal offense (for example Russia). Ironically, immigrants are not given the same access to legal representation and due process afforded to criminals. Some of the citizens have been wrongfully deported, for example the case of, Pedro Guzman, who was born and raised in California was deported to Mexico for misdemeanour and yet he was a unites state citizen.
Many undocumented immigrants are usually reluctant to complain about rights violations, fearing that their employers will report them so that they can be deported. For example they usually are underpaid and therefore cannot afford house rents. Because so many undocumented immigrants belong to minority groups, (for example the Somali group in Kenya) then the police may make wrongful arrests since they may be tempted to use race or ethnicity on their investigations.
Several myths are the leading factors have led to violations of the rights of immigrants for example; i) Immigrants are a threat to economy ii) Immigrants drain social services. iii) Immigrants plan and commit crimes.
That has, however, led to them being discriminated.

For many of the job seekers who entered USA illegally, they are usually discriminated against. This is because they think that an employer has a higher bargaining power than them. It is also difficult to identify these illegal immigrants since they are afraid of being deported back to their home countries. A qualified person who is an immigrant is likely not to get a job in a country due to various priorities taken to employ a person.
Racism is one of the discrimination they face. Although most think that racism only affects the blacks, it’s not that way. Any person can have a claim of racism as long as they are been discriminated due to their colour or race. Until Obama became the president, it was difficult to find a Mexican who had a job. That why Kenya should employ people in terms of ability rather than origin. Employment of Mexican in the United States led to improvement of their economy. As statistics confirms today that unemployment is less than five percent unlike in Kenya.
Many of the immigrants usually arrive in a country and starts entrepreneurship, for example a new business or invention that was not available in that country at that particular time.
United States had one open boarder before therefore a lot of people moved there. For example in California, almost have the population of the people speak Spanish, which is not a first language in the United States.
“Immigrants in the United States live with the very real fear of being deported without appropriate court review, in violation of their human right to due process and fairness.
Since passage in 1996 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, immigrants convicted of a crime, including minor crimes, are subject to mandatory deportation after they serve their sentences. They are not given a full hearing where they can explain their reasons for staying in the country. Even if they have lived in the United States legally for dozens of years, and have U.S. citizen children or run a business, they are subject to mandatory deportation. Judges are stripped of the opportunity to make determinations of who should stay, and who should be deported.
According to the U.N.’s special rapporteur, “Estimates based on the United States census find that 1.6 million adults and children, including United States citizens, have been separated from their spouse and parents because of the 1996 legislation.” Approximately 500,000 of those separated have been United States citizens.
Moreover, since 1996 those seeking to enter the U.S. have been subject to “expedited removal” if they lack proper documentation. This means that people are removed from the country without even seeing a judge. The only exception is for those who express a fear of persecution, but even this decision is made by an asylum officer and not a judge. In 2004, the government expanded expedited removal to immigrants who are apprehended within 100 miles of the border and within 14 days of having entered the United States.
Human rights law recognizes that immigrants must obey the laws of their host countries. However, the right to live in a country should not be taken away without providing fundamental due process protections, which includes the right to a fair hearing.
According to the U.N.’s special rapporteur, a green card holder arrived to the United States from Haiti several decades ago and served in the United States military for four years in the 1970s. He is 52-years-old, and has four children who are United States citizens, two of whom serve in the military. He now faces mandatory deportation because he was convicted of the possession and sale of small amounts of crack cocaine in the mid-1990s, even though he served his full prison sentence of 16 months.”
The amnesty international report cited the failure of federal and state laws to respect immigrants' right to life and found that U.S. citizens of Latino descent and Native Americans are subjected to "discriminatory profiling by federal, state and local law enforcement officials, that result in their being disproportionately targeted for police stops and searches."
Other breaches of international human rights standards occurred in the access to justice for immigrant survivors of crime and in accountability for state officials and private individuals accused of abusing immigrants' rights, the group said, "All immigrants, irrespective of their legal status, have human rights. Amnesty International's report shows that the USA is failing in its obligations under international law to ensure these rights," the report said.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 IMPACTS AND CAUSES OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
Illegal immigration, over the past years, has known an incredible expansion, particularly with the emergence of globalization which emphasized the regional disparities. Consequences of illegal immigration fluctuate from beneficial to disadvantageous. Considering the security aspect, for example, the Westgate attacks were done by the Al Shabaab who resides in Somalia, who managed to enter Kenya illegally and carried out attacks. Economically speaking, illegal immigration may have a positive impact in the reception countries via low salaries.
The impacts of illegal immigration fluctuate from beneficial to disadvantageous aspects depending upon the situation in both source and destination countries. Economically, illegal immigration may have both negative and positive impacts. Some specialists argue that illegal immigrants reduce the number of unemployed in departure countries while increasing in the host countries, since a new person will not be likely to get a job quickly compared to the citizen of that country. On the other hand some have argued that illegal immigrants take jobs that legal residents refuse.
Illegal immigration can lead to increased population in one state while reducing the population in departure countries. This creates population imbalance hence the distribution of resources is likely to affect other people.
Some parties to the debate claim that illegal immigrants and their children are a drain on public coffers. Others claim that they pay more in taxes than they receive in services. Sorting out the fiscal effects is a serious challenge, and the outcomes depend on the accounting methods used.

3.0.1 IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY
3.0.1.1 IN KENYA
Most illegal immigrants usually may affect the country positively or negatively. To begin with a positive one, because immigrants will want to survive for themselves, they end up starting businesses, which creates more employments and also raise the economy of a nation. Most immigrants who are in Kenya have developed themselves economically; even they have created job opportunities for the citizens.
With a negative some immigrants are usually very lazy and therefore may end up being parasites i.e. the government will use tax payer’s money to cater for them rather than developing the nation. Illegal immigration may be involved in an increase rate of unemployment, especially in economic stagnation period.
The global financial crisis contributes to a negative perception of migrants generally and illegal immigrants especially. When the economy is in decline and the job queues are longer than usual, the local population tends to not tolerate or accept the presence of illegal immigrants. Also, as already noted, employers prefer to hire illegal immigrants at very low wages in order to be more competitive and face the economic crisis. Likewise the terrorist attacks perpetrated in the last decade by extremist organizations through their rare agents or cells in destination countries, many of whom were discovered to not have a legal permit to stay or work, have increased the hostile feeling against illegal immigrants, and give rise to incidents of intolerance occurring more frequently.

3.0.1.2 IN THE UNITED STATES
Whether illegal immigrants take jobs that U.S. natives will not do or displace U.S. workers has long been a bone of contention among advocates and a topic of study for researchers. Most studies indicate that immigrants (including illegal immigrants) have little effect on the wages and employment of U.S.-born workers. Some estimates suggest that more highly educated U.S.-born workers experience slight gains, as they are not in direct competition with most immigrants, and less-educated U.S.-born workers experience slight negative effects. But even these results are relatively small and debated. A recent Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC ) report concludes that because legalizing formerly unauthorized low skilled workers did not increase their wages, a legalization program would most likely not increase competition between formerly unauthorized workers and U.S-born workers. Most economists agree that immigrants, including illegal immigrants, increase total economic output in the United States.
Economists have long known that immigration redistributes income in the receiving society. Although immigration makes the aggregate economy larger, the actual net benefit accruing to natives is small, equal to an estimated two-tenths of one percent of Gross domestic production (GDP). There is little evidence indicating that immigration (legal and/or illegal) creates large net gains for native-born Americans.
Even though the overall net impact on natives is small, this does not mean that the wage losses suffered by some natives or the income gains accruing to other natives are not substantial. Some groups of workers face a great deal of competition from immigrants. These workers are primarily, but by no means exclusively, at the bottom end of the skill distribution, doing lowwage jobs that require modest levels of education. Such workers make up a significant share of the nation’s working poor. The biggest winners from immigration are owners of businesses that employ a lot of immigrant labour and other users of immigrant labour. The other big winners are the immigrants themselves.
Illegal immigration continues to vex the public and policymakers. Illegal immigrants have clearly benefited by living and working in the United States. Many business owners and users of immigrant labour have also benefited by having access to their labour. But some native-born Americans have also lost, and these losers likely include a disproportionate number of the poorest Americans.
Labour costs are down because of the influx of illegals and those who have overstayed their visas. Normally, as economic activity increases, wage rates necessarily rise to bid people back into the workforce. Much to the delight of fast food companies and manual labour-intense businesses, there is a supply in the system that short-circuits what normally might have occurred. The economy cannot grow at the pace necessary to put the unemployed citizens back into the workforce and also provide necessary job growth for illegals. Aggressive and unwise monetary policy and minimum wage legislation thus are the reactionary responses to what could be resolved by enforcing the immigration laws on the books. Monetary actions and wage legislation thus are the faux elixirs to disregard for immigration laws, disregard for the laws of economics, and the adherence to the Obama agenda.

3.0.2 IMPACTS ON SECURITY
Illegal immigration is broadly considered as a main threat due to its connection with terrorist networks, organized crime, drug smuggling and human trafficking. Certainly not all illegal immigrants are connected with any of those activities, but the increased threat to security, especially after the terrorist attacks in the United States, European Union, and even in some source countries, has drawn particular attention to this potential risk. The terrorist attacks committed in the United States on September 11, 2001, the Al shabaab attack on Westgate mall attack, Lamu attack and the Garissa attack changed the way people look at illegal immigration, since most of these attacks were carried out by people who entered the boarders illegally.
Another security aspect relating to illegal immigration is the potential connection with organized crime. The clandestine character of this kind of immigration makes reliable statistics regarding this link extremely difficult. But examples given in immigration services’ and homeland security publications show a relation between illegal immigration and a number of organized crimes like drug smuggling, trafficking women for forced prostitution, gang violence, trafficking in firearms or destructive devices.
Undocumented immigrants, who cross borders, may carry some dangerous diseases which were eradicated in the destination countries, and could then infect locals that come in contact with them, for example the issue of Ebola whereby movement of people from the affected countries could lead to the spread of the disease to other countries. The developed nations have accomplished great progress in the area of public health, and by the 1970s most common diseases were vanquished. Nevertheless, many of those diseases still exist in many source countries and have the potential to affect the destination regions, notably through illegal immigrants. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, a component of the U.S.
Department Health and Human Services, has determined that re-emerging Tuberculosis is tied to immigration, since fifty three percent of the new cases in the United States cantered in the four States that are magnets for immigrants, California, New York, Texas, and Florida.

3.2 CAUSES OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
Illegal immigration does not occur just for instance. There are some driving forces which makes people move from one country to another.
The first cause arise in a situation whereby there are pressures encouraging immigration in countries of origin; professional, political, security and even economic factors. This is usually seen in situation where people from least developed countries; try to move to the most developed countries, so that they can benefit themselves economically or just to be safe in terms of security. With these we can look at authoritarian regimes, which are considered the primary reason for illegal immigration. The policies implemented by those countries against some citizens, and sometimes a large part of domestic population, perhaps resulting to ethnic cleansing or genocide. Government instability is one of the causes for this type of immigration, for example when there is an issue of coup d’état, political struggles or other violent removal from power. The deterioration of stability and security generates a massive displacement of population of which most of them will try to move to the neighbouring country illegally, despite reform and enforcement of the immigration policies in most destination countries which have developed selective immigration and set new rules for any kind of stay. Countries which used to be a source or transit country for illegal immigration may well become unintended destination countries as a result of the governments’ current enforcement of immigration policies and surveillance of the borders at an originally intended destination country. In the last decade, for example, Morocco, which is a transit country to the European Union through the strait of Gibraltar, the Canary Islands and the two occupied cities Ceuta and Melilla -- has known an incredible rise in illegal immigrant residents, mostly natives of the West and East African countries. According to the Moroccan “Gendarmerie Nationale”, a large percentage of those undocumented immigrants are from countries of the Niger Delta enduring instability, civil war, and interstate conflicts. Another cause may include factors that are driven by economic roots found in regional disparities, which are further emphasized by the process of globalization. The disparities that exist between rich and poor countries in both wages and employment opportunities have caused a mass influx of the poorer country’s residents into the wealthier countries, which have recently tended to restrict this inflow of foreign migrants.

Environmental causes combine with the above aspects as “push” causes to generate a recrudescence of illegal immigration, particularly those which affect the poorer countries more than the developed ones. Increase in the rate of desertification in many regions, rises in sea level, and other environmental disturbances may cause an inevitable pressure for massive displacement of population to neighbouring countries, and this pressure will increase within this context illegal immigration. One need only look to Africa today to find proof of this: “The erosion of clay and graded soils and depletion of productive lands in the greater region of Darfur as a result of a relentless desertification process, compelled a forced ecological migration and mass population movement southward in search of better conditions for pasture and farming
Regarding the current global environment much characterized by the emergence of globalization, new threats which ignore artificial boarders, and shifting international of national policies, illegal immigration shows at present that it is on the rise.
In a parallel way, other natural disasters are causes which could give a rise to illegal immigration, notably in failing and weak states which do not have enough resources to face the huge damages and to provide services to victims in a manner that meets their essential needs. Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and other natural disasters have often shattered the efficacy of state institutions and collapsed the main government buildings. The response to the poverty, despair, and chaos generated by those disasters frequently seems to be a large scale migration to the developed world. And when such disasters happen near border lines, they could increase significantly the rate of illegal immigration, especially when international community support is not sufficient enough.

The second cause can arise due to society changes, mostly in a country of ageing population and fertility issues immigration may be encouraged, to ensure a sufficient number of skill workers. The fertility smallness replacement level which approaches 2.1 children per woman associated with the population’s ageing in the most developed countries can create a significant lack of workers. Nevertheless, as mentioned above, these countries have developed specific immigration policies looking only for skill and educated workers. On the other hand, populations in source countries, where fertility remains high, are growing rapidly especially with the improvement achieved in the sanitary and health sectors. Paradoxically, the main vital economic sectors in many of those countries are not growing at the same rate and in many less developed countries are decreasing in a dramatic way. Together, these factors generate a significant number of additional work-seekers that the local labour market is not able to satisfy the production.
According to the United Nations Population Fund, the world population more than doubled in the last fifty years to reach more than 6 billion in 2000 of which more than 75 per cent are in the less developed regions. The world population is expected to surpass approximately 10 billion by 2050. Most of the additional population will be from the less developed countries which are estimated to rise from 5.6 billion in 2009 to 7.9 billion in 2050. The population of the more developed regions, which coincide mostly with destination countries, is expected to grow insignificantly. As a result, the population aged over than 60 in those countries is expected to increase by more than 50 per cent by 2050.
Additional important parameters which increase significantly the rate of migration include geographic proximity, cultural factors, and colonization’s heritage. For instance, the majority of immigrants in United States are originally from Mexico and other South American countries. The same can be noticed in the European Union in which most the illegal immigrants are originally from the North African and East European countries.
Clearly, illegal immigration varies from country to country depending on a broad combination of factors from the political, economic, social, environmental, and demographic domains.

Illegal immigrants also occur when they want to join family members already residing in another country. These family members can provide housing and information about jobs. They can also help pay for the costs of smugglers who charges them to bring in illegal immigrants in. Research finds that people who have U.S. family ties are much more likely to come than people who do not have these ties. For example, an earlier PPIC study showed that California experienced a substantial increase in family-based illegal immigration in the late 1980s. Because many illegal immigrants have children while they are in the United States or join family members who are here legally, a large percentage live in households with U.S. citizens. Many will eventually attain legal status through the family reunification provisions of U.S. immigration law. An analysis of immigrants granted legal permanent residency in 2003 shows that 44 percent lived in the U.S. as illegal immigrants. Slightly more than half overstayed their visas, and the remainder crossed the border without authorization

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Although we may notice that illegal immigration might bring harm, we still have to respect the rights of the people. Kenya for example has not done enough to deal with the issue of illegal immigrants. If it was not for the United Nation, then Kenya would not have done anything. It is upon every state to protect, fulfil and promote the rights of human beings. Due to insecurity in our nation it shall be difficult to accept the issue of illegal immigrants at glance. But we forget to remember that some of those illegal immigrants come here due to genuine reason.
The way those people are being deported back to their countries is inhuman and degrading. They don’t even care where those people are going to reside. Even their safety is not guaranteed. Even if it is difficult to still care for them after deporting them, the states should take precautions before deporting the illegal immigrants. If they find out that it shall be difficult for the illegal immigrants to survive, after deporting them, then they should be kept and given safe homes.
Illegal immigration is a growing phenomenon which could adversely affect the stability and security of both destination and transit countries if not controlled. Regarding global current threats, this phenomenon exhibits an increasing rate all over the world and especially in areas where disparities between neighbouring nations are high. The economic collapse of some source countries, generated by the process of globalization combined with the existence of authoritarian regimes are main causes for instability and the rise of illegal immigration. Furthermore, the emergence and the re-emergence of other factors emphasize this rate despite sophisticated control border technologies and strict immigration policies. Environmental impacts are another factor extremely important since they can cause a massive displacement of population and give a rise to regional conflicts to secure and seek resources.
The consequences of illegal immigration are many; this has effect on the destination, transit, and source countries in a different manner. In destination countries, illegal immigrants take jobs that the residents refuse, and contribute in supporting the local economies, but criminal organizations and terrorist networks also may use them to reach their goals. On the other hand, illegal immigrants contribute to strengthening their original countries’ economies, especially by transferring currencies and by investing back in many vital sectors.
Taking in account the causes and consequences of illegal immigration, the international community should act to improve worldwide stability. This requires cooperative action in two main domains: promoting democracy and stability, and reducing poverty and exclusion.
With respect to the first domain, destination countries need to recognize that the majority of conflicts which cause a massive movement of population in Africa, for example, are internal. In order to reverse the situation in those countries, the international community should focus in adopting durable measures which could foster democracy, emphasize human rights, and support economic integration and growth. A lack of democracy in African countries encourages coup d’état which menace stability, peace, and prosperity.
Illegal immigration is a dynamic process which measures the welfare gap, stability, and prosperity between developed and less developed states. Immigration is a logic process of human nature looking for stability and welfare. Therefore, solutions should integrate all tools which could help source countries to improve their economy and competitiveness, as well as emphasizing democracy and human rights. Failure to materialize those objectives will compromise destination nations’ national security as failed states and ungoverned regions which constitute a haven for terrorist networks. Consequently the number of illegal immigrants trying to cross the borders will also grow considerably, and some of those who mask their true identity by using false documents to gain employment could be open to exploitation by terrorists or other organizations.
Most international led cooperative effort to foster democracy, emphasize human rights, and support economic integration and growth is an ever greater focus by destination countries on investing in strengthening fences and border control technologies, and more rigorously enforcing immigration policies. But while this could perhaps reduce the number of illegal immigrants in today’s environment it will not stop the inflow, and as the situation in source countries worsens eventually even the increased measures likely will be overwhelmed.

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