...Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Wandsworth Infections Linked to Veggie Booty Veggie Booty: The Cause of Salmonella Wandsworth Outbreak Jolinna Nguyen 57503367 Public Health 2 Spring 2015 Dr. Zuzana Bic Preliminary Issue: In 2007, numerous cases of the Salmonella Wandsworth infection were reported to the CDC by 20 different states. Those who contracted the infection were mostly between ten months to three years of age and experienced a variety of symptoms including diarrhea, dehydration, and bloody stools. A case study was conducted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the health department across multiple states to determine the source of the outbreak by interviewing patients and parents of the children who were sick. After the study, it was found that there was a high correlation between people obtaining the infection after eating the snack, Veggie Booty, which is made of corn, rice, and a vegetable seasoning. The CDC and the health department then shared the result of the case study with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) who shared this information with the...
Words: 1403 - Pages: 6
...RAFT Task 1 Accreditation Case Study Name: Marissa D. Jose Instructor: Dr. Linda Joyce Gunn, CPHRM Course title: AFT2 Accreditation Audit Name of institution: Western Governor University Current Compliance Status for Infection Prevention and Control 1. Commission Standard: Infection Investigation/Identification Recently the hospital implements preventing spread of Infection. The hospital has a successful framework for controlling the spread of infection and/or outbreaks among patients/clients, employees, physician, volunteers, students, and visitors. Identification and managing infections at the time of a client’s admission to the hospital and throughout their stay are the critical aspects of the infection prevention and control program, in addition to subsequent renowned infection control practices while providing care. In the hospital’s admission process, there are numerous ways to investigate, control, and prevent infections in the hospital setting, decides what procedures, such as isolation, should be applied to an individual client; and maintains a record of incidents and corrective actions related to infections. This process includes taking the patient’s history of infection, previous hospitalization, current diagnosis, and presence of draining wound, among others. During the health screening process, the hospital also ensures that the patient gets help from the right staff. Immediately the patient...
Words: 2699 - Pages: 11
...that are often considered taboo. The most important of which is sexually transmitted infections, also known as STIs. Besides the horrible picture that they plagued us with when they crammed 40 pubescent kids for a quick STI seminar in high school, what do we really know about them? III. STIs are caused...
Words: 1377 - Pages: 6
...rapidly on their own >most are harmless and beneficial >some are infectious ~bacterial disease - results from infection as bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body *Viruses >smaller bacteria working by invading a cell and taking over genetic machinery to copy themselves ~viral disease ex. flu, AIDS TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE (contagious/communicable disease) >can be transmitted ~bacterial disease (tb, gonorrhea, strep throat) ~viral disease (cold, flu, AIDS) NONTRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE >caused by something >does not spread >develops slowly and have multiple causes ex. cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, diabetes, malnutrition **since 1950, incidence of infectious diseases and death rates from them reduced: >better health care >antibiotics >dev't of vaccines Infectious Diseases are still Major Health Threats >in less-developed countries >diseases can be spread through air, water, food and body fluids >reasons: •disease carrying bacteria has developed genetic immunity to antibiotics •disease transmitting insects (mosquitoes) became immune to pesticides (DDT) *epidemic - large scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country *pandemic - global epidemic like TB or AIDS Case Study The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis Tuberculosis >contagious bacterial infection in the lungs Factors for the Spread of TB >few TB screening and control programs in less developed countries >TB bacterium have developed resistance...
Words: 830 - Pages: 4
...basic principles of viral pathogenesis, the entire process by which viruses cause disease. Viral disease is a sum of the effects on the host of virus replication and of the immune response. Interest in viral pathogenesis stems from the desire to treat or eliminate viral diseases that affect humans. This goal is achieved in part by identifying the viral and host genes that influence the production of disease. Progress in understanding the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis comes largely from studies of animal models. The mouse has become a particularly fruitful host for studying viral pathogenesis because the genome of this animal can be manipulated readily. In some cases, non-human hosts can be infected with the same viruses that infect humans, but close relatives of human viruses must often be used. Viral Entry Three requirements must be satisfied to ensure successful infection in an individual host: • Sufficient virus must be available to initiate infection • Cells at the site of infection must be accessible, susceptible, and permissive for the virus • Local host anti-viral defense systems must be absent or initially ineffective. To infect its host, a virus must first enter cells at a body surface. Common sites of entry include the mucosal linings of the respiratory, alimentary, and urogenital tracts, the outer surface of the eye (conjunctival membranes or cornea), and the skin (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Sites of viral entry into the host. MID 31 V. Racaniello page 2 Respiratory...
Words: 5542 - Pages: 23
...Bolanos, J. I. Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted through the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals. It occurs in three ways: sexual transmission, exposure to infected blood or blood products, or perinatal transmission, which includes breastfeeding. The likelihood for transmission is affected by social, cultural, and environmental factors that differ between and within the various regions, countries, and continents. This virus attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system (UNAIDS, 2000). When HIV infects a cell, it combines with that cell's genetic material and may lie inactive for years. Most people infected with HIV are still healthy and can live for years with no symptoms or only minor illnesses. They might be infected with HIV, but this does not necessarily mean that they have AIDS. HIV targets CD4+ lymphocytes that help recognize and destroy bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents that invade a cell and cause disease. As the body’s CD4 cells decrease, the immune system weakens and is less able to fight off viral and bacterial infections that make the person susceptible to diseases. After a variable period of time, the virus activates, which leads to and promotes serious infections and other conditions that characterize AIDS. The said...
Words: 6979 - Pages: 28
...TOPIC OUTLINE Key Components of a Case Definition and Steps in an Outbreak Investigation. Surveillance Methods Suspect and Probable Cases Mode of Transmission Cumulative Incidence Purpose Statement and Study Design Outbreak Histogram and Incubation Period. Outbreak Types Case Fatality Rate Primary and Secondary Attack Rates and Occurrence. Outbreak Measures and Information Plan Reflection This is the topic outline for the Crab Apple Valley Outbreak Investigation. Slide 3: KEY COMPONENTS OF A CASE DEFINITION OF AN OUTBREAK Person: Jack and any other individuals affected. Location: Crab Apple Valley Farmer's Market or Golden Valley Hospital. Time: On or after August 1st. Clinical Manifestations - What is it? Fever...
Words: 3409 - Pages: 14
...11, 2015 (O500) Name: Gulshan Kaur Date: May 25, 2015 What is epidemiology? Epidemiology is the study of a disease that is in a large population. There are many diseases that exist today and existed in the past that health professionals have interfered with and had these diseases come to a halt. Epidemiology isn't fully about the study of the disease itself, but it mostly comes in relation with the processes of the disease. Also not only is it about processes but it also about the cure and the curing of patients of the disease. People that inherent the epidemiological approach, they study the frequency of occurrence of the disease in the population. The epidemiologist has a belief that studying the interactions of the disease it will be possible to change and manipulate some of the determinants involved and reduce the amount of times the disease occurs in the population. One the diseases that provide epidemiologists the opportunity to study the disease and provide intervention is chicken pox. Also known as varicella, chicken pox is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus. The disease leaves patients with a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which scab over. This disease usually starts at the face and then quickly develops to the chest and back and then spreads to the rest of the body. Chickenpox is usually seen in younger children in middle school and younger. This disease is not...
Words: 1416 - Pages: 6
...INTRODUCTION ‘An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host. If the infectious agent fails to cause injury to cells or tissues, the infection is asymptomatic. If the pathogens multiply and cause clinical symptoms, the infection is symptomatic and once the infectious disease is transmitted directly from one person to another, it is a communicable or contagious disease. The presence of a pathogen does not mean that infection will begin. Development of an infection occurs in a cycle that depends on the presence of an infectious agent or pathogen, a reservoir or source for pathogen growth, a portal of exit from the reservoir, a mode of transmission, a portal of entry to a host and a susceptible host. Once all these are intact an infection will develop. Nurses follow infection prevention and control practices to break the chain so that infection will not develop’ (Perry, 2001 p.835). Many patients in the hospitals develop nosocomial infections which are “infections acquired during hospitalization or developed within a hospital setting” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010...
Words: 833 - Pages: 4
...Capstone Project Abstract Background Hand washing and hand hygiene are consider to be the number one, cheap essential measure of preventing and controlling spread of hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Hand washing and hygiene can significantly reduce the burden of disease, in particular in hospitalized patient Unfortunately compliance to hand hygiene recommended standard procedures by the health care workers (HCWs) has been unacceptably poor. In order to design education program, identification of several risk factors associated with poor hand hygiene (HH) compliance is of extreme importance. Objective: The purpose of this study is to implement a hand hygiene program for increase compliance with hand hygiene among health care worker in 97 beds hospital. The key target for compliance to HH is not only health-care workers but also policy-makers and organizational leaders and managers. Methods.: Compliance to hand hygiene will be evaluated through direct observation of HCWs ,to helps pinpoint areas of strength or weaknesses in HH behavior, so as to develop training program that will help HCWs to complaint with HH . Evaluation will be based on direct observation and survey audit, observing the HCWs during routine patient care to ensure that hands hygiene are performed before and after getting in contact with patient and patient environment. In addition, survey audit based on the HCWs perception, knowledge and attitude...
Words: 6478 - Pages: 26
...The evolution of multi drug resistant strain shigella sonnei from its ancestor E. Coli and predecessor S. Flexneri and its spread to Vietnam Introduction Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella causes disease in primates, and is the only naturally found in humans and apes. Shigella is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide and it is suggested that Shigella causes about 90 million cases of severe dysentery, with at least 100,000 of these resulting in death each year. Shigella originates from a human-adapted E. coli that has gained the ability to invade the human gut mucosa, spreading through fecal-oral transmission via contaminated food or water. Depending on age and condition of the host, fewer than 100 bacterial cells can be enough to cause an infection. The infection results in the destruction of the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. Some strains produce the enterotoxin shiga toxin, which is similar to the verotoxin of E. coli. The species invades the host through the cells in the gut epithelia of the small intestine. Shigella uses a type-III secretion system, which acts as a biological syringe to translocate toxic effector proteins to the target human cell. The effector proteins can alter the metabolism of the target cell, making it easier for intracellular...
Words: 3201 - Pages: 13
...Article/Case Law Search Paper Name: Ashley A Cox HCS 430 -Legal Issues in Health Law and Compliance Instructor: Patrick Nicovic Date: April 1, 2013 Article Case Law Search Health care providers and organizations have a legal and an ethical responsibility to provide protection to patients against infectious diseases. Health care facilities whom fail to provide efficient infection control precautions puts patient's safety at risk resulting in a SARS outbreak. “Improper sterilization of equipment exposed patients to diseases including HIV, Hepatitis, and bloodstream infections that risk patient safety” (Bailey & Ries, 2010, p. 141). A hospital, organization, or health care facility acquired infection exhibits signs as little as three days after a patient is admitted. Infections that occur in a hospital are defined as Nosocomial infections. Ineffective infection control can create safety concerns for patients because the result in most cases is the patient dying. Infections obtained in a medical facility are usually resistant to antibiotics. “Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are major causes of morbidity and mortality On the basis of data from death certificates, these infections are the 10th leading cause of death in the United States” (Wisplinghoff, Bischoff, Tallent, Seifert, Wenzel & Edmond, 2004, p. 309). Many lawsuits happen because of poor safety precautions. “Health Grades Inc., a U.S. company that evaluates...
Words: 900 - Pages: 4
...Causes C. Effects 1. Tuberculosis of the Kidney 2. Tuberculosis of the Bones 3. Tuberculosis of the Stomach 4. Tuberculosis of the Spine IV. Case studies of Tuberculosis A. Philippines B. Other Countries V. Further Study of tuberculosis A. Explaining Tuberculosis B. Treatments VI. Conclusion VII. End Notes VIII. Bibliography I. Introduction Tuberculosis is just one disease out of a million other diseases in the world but it doesn’t only affect the person being infected but also the people around that particular people around it. Thus, it is not just a personal or family problem but a societal problem. After reaching considerable amounts of tuberculosis-related articles, the researcher has deemed tuberculosis as a “highly prevalent” and a “highly infectious” disease that is, once it becomes active. One-third of the world’s population has tuberculosis. To add, there are still other who may just be walking around not knowing whether they have been infected or not. Tuberculosis may be dormant for years and once active, it could lead to pulmonary failure. The agent of contamination is spread through air and since air is invisible to the naked age, the persons involved can’t exactly tell the difference unlike sexually-transmitted disease (STP) like AIDS which is spread through direct contact of body fluids. For instance, you may be talking around for hours with a positive TB person without knowing that inside your body, Mycobacterium...
Words: 6125 - Pages: 25
...PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE I. TERMINOLOGY * Pathology- the study of disease * Infection- the invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microorganism * Disease- abnormal state of health as the result of an infection * If Pseudo aeruginosa infects the eye it can cause a disease termed Pseudomonas keratitis. The etiologic agent (cause) of this disease is: Microbial pathogenesis- the characteristics/traits the microbe has that leads to the disease. II. NORMAL MICROBIOTA * 1 x 10^13 human cells in our body * 1x10^14 bacterial cells on/in our body (permanent residence that under normal conditions do not cause disease) * Areas with normal Microbiota: 1. GI tract 2. Upper respiratory 3. Skin 4. Urogenital Tract * Areas that are relatively sterile: 1. The Nervous System * The blood brain barrier (blood vessel cerebrospinal fluid) 1) Endothelial cells 2) Astrocytes 3) Neurons *A structural impediment with restricted permeability * The lower respiratory tract * Upper respiratory- nasal hairs, mucous membrane, ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages * In healthy person, microbes shouldn’t be able to make it down that far (past the upper respiratory) * The cardiovascular system (blood) * Septicemia- “blood poisoning,” growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the blood (non-specific term) * Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood * Toxemia- presence of toxin in...
Words: 2802 - Pages: 12
...Addie Rerecich after reporting a pain in hips was administered in the hospital where she was diagnosed with a bacteria. The pain has spread and the fever also increased as the cause of the bacteria. She was immediately placed on antibiotics, the next morning she needed[ES1] oxygen mask and was later diagnosed with pneumonia when they examine a part of her lungs. She had infected boils over her body which were a result of the Staphylococcus bacteria causing septic shock; which is a widespread infection causing organ failure and low blood pressure. Which was pattern recognized in association with community-associated MRSA, which a person can get infected by coming in contact with a contaminated object in the environment, an example would be a kid picking the bacteria in a playground with a scraped knee. In Addie’s case, she was a skin picker, she as many kids picked at their scabs which were most likely what introduced the staph infection. MRSA is a staph bacteria that causes infection resistant to infections....
Words: 869 - Pages: 4
