...Abstract Cancer is a generic term to describe a group of diseases which came in form of uncontrolled proliferation of cells. There are over 200 different types of cancer have been recognized, each of which acquires its name uniquely according to the type of issue the cell originates in. Many cancer victims succumb to cancer not because of the primary tumor, but the systematic effects of metastases on other regions away from the affected site. Therefore many treatment and research aim to prevent the metastatic process at the early period. There are currently many therapies in clinical use, and many advanced technologies that help to achieve better result and nanotechnology is the potential candidate to fight against cancer. Nano-materials such as Carbon-nanotubes (CNTs)1, quantum dot, and dendrimers all have unique properties that can be taken advantage of for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. CNTs have the potential to deliver many types of drug directly to targeted cells and tissues at a much higher efficiency compared to the conventional methods. With the help of many recent discoveries in nanotechnology based materials, determining the toxicity of nanoparticles is also a very important task. Thus, in this review, the experiment aims to explore the biomedical application of carbon-nanotubes with the particular emphasis on the use as oncologic therapeutic agent. Introduction United States holds number 7 in the top ten highest overall cancer rates at 300 per 100,000 of the...
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... (58) NANOPARTICLES IN DRUG TARGETING 1. INTRODUCTION NANOPARTICLES * Nanoparticles are in solid state and are either in amorphous or crystalline They include Nanocapsules and Nanospheres.They are able to adsorb or encapsulate a drug thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation.Their size ranges from 1-100mn. * Nanocapsules:They are vesicular systems in which drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane. * Nanospheres:They are matrix systems in which a drug is uniformly dispersed. The use of nanotechnology in drug delivery and drug targeting is a rapidly expanding field. The emphasis of this review is on biophysical attributes of...
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...Summary Magnetic nanoparticles have allowed for many breakthroughs in cancer therapy. They are currently being implemented with cancer diagnostics, which allows healthcare professionals to image where cancerous areas reside in the body. For example, magnetic nanoparticle have been utilized in conjunction with MRI scans to greatly increase the image contrast, leading to the detection of small and otherwise undetectable prostate cancer metastases. Additionally, nanoparticles are being used as a physical means of destroying tumorous tissue by the use of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia. This technology uses the power of magnets to oscillate iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles to create heat in the form of kinetic energy and has shown to drastically reduce the size of brain tumors when compared to patients who have no treatment at all. Beyond their use as diagnostics and physical tools to destroy cancerous tumors, magnetic nanoparticles are also used as a delivery agent for gene therapy. For example, magnetic nanoparticles have shown to increase the half life of the various biological matter such as DNA and RNA so that it can reach the intended target before the body’s immune response destroys the magnetic gene delivery system. In the future, research will be focused on pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles, ensuring the nanoparticles can stay in the body for longer periods of time and that the body reacts in a positive manner to the magnetic nanoparticles. Introduction ...
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...esophagus is layered by three types of tissue mucosa, sub-mucosa and muscularis externa. The mucosa consists of cells such as fibroblasts, fibrocycts, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Since this layer is the innermost layer directly in contact with food, the layer facilitates frictionless passage of food bolus by constantly lubricating the surface with grandular secretions. Followed by the mucosa layer is the sub-mucosa layer that...
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...ABfocus on THERAPEuTIc AnTIBoDIEs REVIEWS Therapeutic antibodies for autoimmunity and inflammation Andrew C. Chan* and Paul J. Carter‡ Abstract | The development of therapeutic antibodies has evolved over the past decade into a mainstay of therapeutic options for patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Substantial advances in understanding the biology of human diseases have been made and tremendous benefit to patients has been gained with the first generation of therapeutic antibodies. The lessons learnt from these antibodies have provided the foundation for the discovery and development of future therapeutic antibodies. Here we review how key insights obtained from the development of therapeutic antibodies complemented by newer antibody engineering technologies are delivering a second generation of therapeutic antibodies with promise for greater clinical efficacy and safety. Effector functions Fc-mediated antibody properties that are involved in target cell destruction: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibodydependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Half-life The time taken for the plasma concentration of a drug to fall to half of its original value. Initial half-life and terminal half-life refer to the first (distribution) and second (elimination) phase for bi-exponential pharmacokinetics, respectively. *Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc.,1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California...
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...How cancer starts How cancer starts Doctors and scientists now know that each cancer starts with changes in one cell or a small group of cells. Usually, many years before you can feel a lump, or a doctor can see it on a scan, the cells have started to reproduce uncontrollably. You can see from the differences between normal cells and cancer cells that the cancer cell seems to lose a number of vital control systems. This happens because some of the genes in the cell have been damaged or lost. Scientists call this 'mutation'. Genes and mutation Genes are coded messages inside a cell that tell it how to behave. The genes are codes that tell the cell how to make many different proteins. One gene 'codes' for one protein. Proteins are the building blocks that make up a cell. Some proteins act as 'on and off switches' that help to control how a cell behaves. For example, a hormone signal acts on a protein in or on the cell. The protein then sends a signal down a chain of switches. The final signal tells the cell to reproduce by dividing into two. Mutation means that a gene has been damaged or lost. A mutation may mean that too much protein is made. Or that a protein is not made at all. For example, a signalling protein may be permanently switched on. Other proteins, whose job is to control and limit cell division, may be permanently switched off. Something that damages a cell and makes it more likely to be cancerous is called a 'carcinogen'. For example, there are carcinogens...
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...shops and drugstores. Sunscreens in different brands would have different properties and selling points. The main function of sunscreen is to protect our skin from the exposure of Ultra-violet (UVA and UVB) which can cause severe erythema (sunburn) and skin cancer. Some of them also claimed to moisturize and brighten up our skin. Normally, people who have a higher consciousness on their skin condition would apply sunscreen on their face and body frequently whenever they go outdoors. Athletes are also the main users of sunscreen as they often do exercises under sunlight over a long period of time; therefore they have to apply sunscreen to prevent long-term damage on their skin. It is stated that only a tiny amount of sunscreen is enough to reach the desire effect and protection. The prices of these kinds of lotion vary a lot as it depends on their SPF(Sun Protection Factor) rating as well as PA degree, ranging from $60 to $250+. This product is popular worldwide especially in United States as people nowadays often do outdoor activities while they are highly aware of their health. The main reason of choosing sunscreen as study Project topic is that I am curious about how do the chemicals inside sunscreen can protect us from sun burn and the potential risk of applying it. As far as I am concerned, some of the chemicals inside sunscreen are nanoparticles. Would there be any differences in terms of properties between the normal size of particles and Nano-sized particles? This report...
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...Plant Life: Cellulose is a polysaccharide (a form of carbohydrate) that has a structural role in animals and plants. In plants, cellulose is the compound that gives rigidity to the cells. The bonds between each cellulose molecule are very strong, which makes cellulose very hard to break down. Because there are so many plants in the world (think of all the flowers, trees, weeds, grasses, vines, and bushes), cellulose, which is found in every cell of every plant, is the most abundant organic compound on earth. Most animals can’t digest cellulose because it is so hard to break down. Animals that eat only plants (herbivores) have special sacs in their digestive system to help break down cellulose. Humans can’t digest cellulose either. (The proof is in the toilet the day after you eat corn, for example.) Because cellulose passes through your digestive tract virtually untouched, it helps maintain the health of your intestines. One way cellulose helps the intestines is that it clears materials from the intestinal walls, keeping them clear, which may help to prevent colon cancer. Cellulose is the fibre (orroughage) of which your cereal box says you need more. Cellulose * Put very simply, cellulose is the main carbohydrate that is found in living plants. It forms the structure of the plant cell wall; its basic function is to keep stems, stalks and trunks rigid. * Plants create cellulose from glucose, which is the simplest and most common form of carbohydrate found in...
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...2014 | Exam 4 | 25% | A final average grade of C+ or better (a numerical grade of 74 or higher) is required to pass this course. ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form My Courses --> HNC 310 --> CELL PATHOLOGY print contact faculty contact tech | Pathology - Module 2: Module Two - Unit Number: 1 Unit Title: CELL PATHOLOGY Unit Objectives After reading this chapter, viewing the PowerPoint presentation and the accompanying lecture notes, and completing the study activities, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the normal structure and function of the cell. 2. Discuss the adaptive structural and functional changes that occur in cells as a result of changes in homeostasis. 3. Explain the adaptive structural and functional changes associated with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. 4. Identify disease processes or pathologies that may result in cell atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. 5. Cite three sources of cellular accumulations 6. List five causes of cell injury. 7. Identify four mechanisms of cell injury. 8. Discuss cellular aging. 9. Compare the two forms of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis 10....
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...Vol 450 | 20/27 December 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06385 LETTERS Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology Sunitha Nagrath1*, Lecia V. Sequist2*, Shyamala Maheswaran2, Daphne W. Bell2{, Daniel Irimia1, Lindsey Ulkus2, Matthew R. Smith2, Eunice L. Kwak2, Subba Digumarthy2, Alona Muzikansky2, Paula Ryan2, Ulysses J. Balis1{, Ronald G. Tompkins1, Daniel A. Haber2 & Mehmet Toner1 Viable tumour-derived epithelial cells (circulating tumour cells or CTCs) have been identified in peripheral blood from cancer patients and are probably the origin of intractable metastatic disease1–4. Although extremely rare, CTCs represent a potential alternative to invasive biopsies as a source of tumour tissue for the detection, characterization and monitoring of non-haematologic cancers5–8. The ability to identify, isolate, propagate and molecularly characterize CTC subpopulations could further the discovery of cancer stem cell biomarkers and expand the understanding of the biology of metastasis. Current strategies for isolating CTCs are limited to complex analytic approaches that generate very low yield and purity9. Here we describe the development of a unique microfluidic platform (the ‘CTC-chip’) capable of efficient and selective separation of viable CTCs from peripheral whole blood samples, mediated by the interaction of target CTCs with antibody (EpCAM)-coated microposts under precisely controlled laminar flow conditions, and without requisite...
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...Personal grooming The process of making yourself look neat, attractive and presentable. Grooming involves all the aspects of your body: * Overall Cleanliness * Hair * Nails * Teeth * Uniform * Make-up Hair * It is your crowning glory. * Keep it at a length and style at which you can maintain it. * Wash your hair at least once a week. For women: * Hair pulled back from face. * Hair should be tied into a bun. * Apply Oil or Gel. It gives a professional look * Should be well groomed with a neat appearance at all times * Hair pins should be plain and black For men: * Not fall over the ears / eyebrows * Should be 02 inches above the back of the collar * Apply Oil or Gel. This gives a professional look * Must Shave Daily * Facial hair should be neatly trimmed (moustache, sideburns), beards are not recommended Nails * Clip nails short, along their shape. * A healthy body ensures healthy nails. * Brittle or discoloured nails show up deficiencies or disease conditions Teeth * Brush teeth twice a day and rinse well after every meal * Remember to rinse your mouth after every meal * For those who smoke it is important you rinse your mouth after every smoke and use a mouth freshener Uniform * First impressions are made within the first 5 seconds of meeting someone * Uniform – Neat, clean and well ironed Make-up * Makeup should be natural looking. * Nail polish...
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...Module 3 Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Topic: Waves 1. What is a wave? A wave is vibration that travels and all waves are created by something vibrating. Waves transport energy but do not transport mass. 2. Describe the following terms associated with waves: a. amplitude height of wave b. wavelength length of a wave c. frequency number of waves per second (Hz) d. period how long a wave lasts when it arrives at a fixed point (measured in seconds) 3. What are radio waves? An electromagnetic wave of a frequency used for long distant communication. 4. Explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave, and give examples of each. In a longitudinal wave, the vibration travels in the same direction that wave travels. Examples of longitudinal waves include: Sound, p-waves (earthquakes) In a transverse wave, the vibration direction is perpendicular to direction that wave travels. Examples include: Light/electromagnetic, (radio, microwave, xray, etc.), water waves, swaves (earthquakes). The major difference between longitudinal and transverse waves is their direction. Longitudinal waves move left to right while transverse waves move up and down. 5. Compare and contrast: light waves vs. sound waves Light waves are transverse and sound waves are longitudinal. Light waves can travel through a vacuum but sound waves cannot. Speed of light is nearly 300 million m/s while sound has a speed of about 340 m/s...
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... • It applies scientific and CRITICAL THINKING. When is scientific thinking applied? 1. When one uses the scientific method 2. When one investigate nature or the universe 3. Practice by all scientists 4. Not reserved solely for scientist, anyone can think like a scientist Fields of Science 1. Social Science – deals with human relationships 2. Abstract science – deals with abstract ideas 3. Natural sciences • Physical Science – deals with non-living entity • Biological Science – deals with the living entity The Scientific Method - The most important tool in search for truth - An organized method of gathering information based on observation and controlled testing of hypothesis 1. Observation and/or Review of Literature 2. Problem 3. Hypothesis Formulation 4. Testing of hypothesis 5. Conclusions or generalizations Theory Scientific fact/principle/law Theory – is established when so much evidence were gathered and there is a high confidence on its validity, but still the final proof is lacking Scientific fact/principle/law – possesses the following characteristics Observable Repeatable Verifiable Must be open to question Limitations of Scientific Method 1. It cannot question God. 2. It cannot make value judgments, like saying thing is...
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...Journal of Controlled Release 113 (2006) 189 – 207 www.elsevier.com/locate/jconrel Review Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective D. Venkat Ratnam, D.D. Ankola, V. Bhardwaj, D.K. Sahana, M.N.V. Ravi Kumar ⁎ Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Phase-X, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India - 160062 Received 31 January 2006; accepted 26 April 2006 Available online 13 May 2006 Abstract Antioxidants are emerging as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. These are the agents, which scavenge free radicals otherwise reactive oxygen species and prevent the damage caused by them. Free radicals have been associated with pathogenesis of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and are implicated in aging. Several antioxidants like SOD, CAT, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional...
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...Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering EMM 5977 Independent Study Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nor Mariah Adam Name Lai Jee Inn Matrik No. GS 42146 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Review on How to Improve the Efficiency of the Rechargeable Batteries-Lithium Batteries Lai Jee Inn GS42146 ABSTRACT Batteries are playing important role in our life especially in this high technology era. Laptop, mobile phone, camera and otherwise are using battery to make it to function. In order to improve the efficiency the batteries, several methods are discussed in this paper. INTRODUCTION In this advanced technology era, batteries have been commonly used by the consumers. We use them in different fields like cars, mobile phone, laptop and other else. (Hiroki Kitamura, 2012).Batteries is divided into two main groups which are primary and secondary batteries. (Clean Up Australia, 2009) Primary batteries are the batteries that normally use in dairy life such as remote control, clock but for this kind of batteries is a non rechargeable battery which means that we only can use it for one time and will be throw away after used. This kind of batteries is actually converting the chemical energy to electrical energy and they are normally known as the alkaline batteries. Secondary batteries are batteries that can be rechargeable and recycle after it cannot be recharge. This batteries mostly use for our mobile phone, laptop and other. Although...
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