...Monique McCloskey SHAY140 Criminology: Theory and Practice: Assessment 2 ESSAY Tutor: Patricia Aloi Student number: 9889000. 03 June 2013 A little girl was two when the physical and sexual abuse commenced at her day care centre in Victoria, Australia. The abuse carried on until she turned four and was perpetrated by a fellow female class mate several months older than her. The victim suffered beatings, being strangled and forced to undress during the yearlong abuse. Sexual assault was perpetrated which included being licked on her body and face as well as having objects used during her ordeal. Severe separation anxiety, nightmares, low self-esteem, difficulty learning and concentrating are regular emotions and reactions experienced by the victim as reported by her mother. A psychologist have examined the victim and found that she is experiencing extremely high anxiety levels. Due to the age of the alleged attacker the police did not commence an investigation. Research into peer to peer sexual violence has been deficient and there is no clear evidence to determine the prevalence of sexual assault in day care centres or schools. Child sexual abuse is defined as abuse that take place when an “adult, stronger child or adolescent uses his or her power or authority to involve a child in sexual activity. Sexual abuse can be physical, verbal or emotional”. It is clear by the description of events that sexual abuse occurred. Department of Communities, (2013), www.communities...
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...Cases Study on Sexual Harassment Name: Institution: Case Study on Sexual Harassment The topic of sexual harassment brings a lot of questions to mind. The exact definition of sexual harassment varies from area to area and from one country to the next. The online dictionary defines sexual harassment as requests, advances or favors that are sexual in nature and are unwelcome. It is also conduct that is sexually inclined. The conduct is either physical or verbal and submission to it either or implicitly makes it a term of a person’s employment. A person’s employment may depend on whether or not they give in to this pressure. McDonald and Backstrom (2008) define sexual harassment as an act associated with coercion or the use of threats and linking it to job benefits which are tangible. It is also unwelcome conduct which is sexual and interferes with their work, looks that are unwanted and unwanted physical contact as well as touching (McDonald and Backstrom, 2008). The way by which the victims of sexual harassment and those who observe it perceive it and how the employers tackle these issues when they arise is usually related to an organization’s liability risk as stipulated in the sexual harassment laws which are present in North America. In spite of over 30 years of academic research on sexual harassment combined with prohibition lays on harassment in work places Elkins and Velez-Castrillon (2008) still believe that sexual harassment is still a problem which is growing...
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...While sexually deviant behavior among juveniles is not a new phenomenon there has been a dramatic increase in the concern of this problem over the last two decades. As the number of juvenile sex offenders arrested increases, the recognition of it as a serious issue also increases. The anxiety over juvenile sex crimes has led to a wide variety of research being conducted to determine if there are antecedent traits in offenders. The tremendous data collected and analyzed to try to understand the factors leading a juvenile to sexually violate has piloted a wide range of theories and also much disagreement among professionals about the appropriate consequences a violator must face. The basic uncertainty of who a juvenile sex offender is can often be difficult to resolve. The fact is that demographically almost anyone has the likelihood to be a youthful offender based on physical traits alone. Currently it is estimated that juveniles account for up to one-fifth of the rapes, and one-half of the cases of child molestation committed in the United States each year (USDJJD, 2000). Reaching a statistical strategy based on demographics is nearly impossible considering that juvenile sexual offending appears to cross racial and cultural boundaries, as well as have no significance in relationship to the religious preference of the perpetrator. It is also notable that you can find juvenile offenders in all socioeconomic class levels. The statistics provided by the United States Department...
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...SEXUAL Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating Winifred Gordon Southern New Hampshire University Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating Summary Because of the lower level of minimum parental investment incurred by men, short-term mating will represent a larger component of men’s sexual strategies than women’s sexual strategies (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating by Buss & Schmitt examines the background on evolutionary theory when it relates to the human mating strategies. The article expands on how both men and women have particular psychological mechanism that triggers which relationships, short term or long term will help them choose a partner for life, when it relates to mating relationships. The article discussed the effects on long-term relationships and how these types of relationships, compares to the short term, which are known to be called brief affairs, one stand, or temporary liaison time lengths. “Long temporal durations, however, mating relationships can last for a few months, a few days, a few hours, or even a few minutes” (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). The article described key hypotheses and predictions that give an outlined summary on theories that were empirically tested that identify sensitive problem in relations with sexual accessibility fertility, commitment seeking and avoidance, paternity certainty, male and females value, and parental investment. In comparison...
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...the ropes, tangling them around him and falls to the ground, scraping his knee badly. He looks up and sees one of the boys that was watching the girls play jump rope, had pushed him. He started shouting obscenely things at the young boy and soon begin punching hitting and kicking him. The young boy didn’t know what he did wrong and why he was being treated this way. An adult saw what was going on and ran to stop it. He then took the young boy home with the little boy asking “Why?” See the young boy didn’t know that jump rope was known as “femininity”. He was raised to be open-minded and androgynous. The other boy was raised and taught the masculine gender roles and what he is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Somehow, the other boy felt that the young boy’s behavior was inappropriate and he should be punished for it. This is what happens when development of the human sexuality is influenced by factors, such as parents, authoritative figures, peers, etc. Some people are raised differently from others and as a result of that are ridiculed and made fun of or even, hated. This paper will discuss the factors that influence the development of human...
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...There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations including abusive supervision, bullying, incivility, and sexual harassment. Abusive supervision[edit] Main article: Abusive supervision Abusive supervision is the extent to which a supervisor engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates.[14] Bullying[edit] Main article: Workplace bullying Although definitions of workplace bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual.[15] In order for a behavior to be termed bullying, the individual or individuals doing the harm have to have either singly or jointly more power than the victim. Incivility[edit] Main article: Workplace incivility Workplace incivility consists of low-intensity discourteous and rude behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates norms governing appropriate workplace behavior.[16] Sexual harassment[edit] Main article: Sexual harassment Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender, creates an offensive workplace, and interferes with an individual being able to do the job.[17] Teams[edit] Main article: Team Job-related attitudes and emotions[edit] Organizational behavior deals with employee attitudes and feelings. Job satisfaction is the feelings one has about the job or facets of the job, such as pay or supervision[18] Organizational commitment is the extent to which employees feel attachment...
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...asked: “Are you a good girl?” This question is asked of little girls starting in very early childhood; it is a question that influences and shapes the minds and behaviors of little girls and begins to socialize them into predetermined gender roles. It also invokes fear and shame in little girls everywhere when they began to contemplate: “what exactly does this question mean?”, “how do I find out what it looks like?”, “who are the judges and by what gauge or yard stick are they measuring this goodness?” The implications of this question can be confusing and unclear. However, what was not confusing and unclear was the insinuation that these “good girls” were the definition of a lady, a lady who sits with her legs closed, uses good manners, dresses modestly, and waits for love and marriage before engaging in sex. Good girls were appealing to boys/men, and would be the girls that were wanted and desired. In "You Men," the poet Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz exposes the sexual double standard that exists between men and women through the use of voice, allusion, gender roles, and the feminist theory. She accurately identifies the inequality that discriminates against women and subjects them to sexual harassment and victimization. 2 In "You Men," Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz uses voice to mock and blame men for perpetuating a sexual double standard. She uses words like “child”, “silly”, and “witless” to communicate that men are immature. She then defines them as egotistical when she writes...
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...CHILDREN AND SEXUAL ABUSE Introduction There are several sociological and psychological issues that are pressing in society today. These lead to traumatic events among children and adults and result in those who are in society needing to recover in a specific manner. A continuing issue in society is sexual abuse among children. This particular problem is one, which has caused several levels of difficulty among those in society while making an impact with the need to respond with the aim of eliminating the trauma of sexual abuse. Defining the social and psychological terms of sexual abuse as well as understanding the societal structures that are a component of this provides more insight into the problem. As sexual abuse among children is understood, there is the ability to begin to eliminate the problem while creating new methods to help those that have experienced this traumatic event. Defining Sexual Abuse To understand sexual abuse among children, there is also the need to define the nature of the problem as well as the affiliations that are a part of this act. The nature of this problem is one, which is defined through sociological beliefs and associations with sexual activities. Sexual abuse is defined as any intimate activity, which relates to sexual activities. The definition implies that there is physical, emotional and behavioral links to sexuality that is performed by two or more individuals. In acts of sexual abuse, an individual is regarded as a perpetrator...
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...a scientific reconsideration that, in turn, requires setting an empirically testable explanation. The authors hypothesize that the close physical and emotional attachment between the mother and her son includes a sexual imprinting-like mechanism that influences the processing of childhood experiences. Here they present a set of experiments showing that adults prefer long-term partners who resemble the mental representation of their parent of the opposite sex. Furthermore, mating preferences were found to be shaped in the process of attachment; those mothers were most frequently used as mental models for their sons’ mate choice who provided more emotional warmth and less avoidance to their sons during childhood. The implications of the study’s results for the contemporary interpretation of Freudian theory are discussed. Key Words: Oedipal relationship; Mate preferences; Evolutionary psychology. Freud’s theory It is well known that the Oedipus complex plays a pivotal role in Sigmund Freud’s theory. This complex characterizes the early stage (between 3-5 years) of boys’ sexual objectchoice (Freud, 1905, 1938). During this period, boys have sexual feelings towards their mother, while they are jealous of their father and consider him a rival party. In Freudian theory, boys at this age have a primary incestuous urge towards their mother while they feel fear and anxiety toward the father because they suppose that the father would Corresponding author: Tamas Bereczkei, Institute...
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..., surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis) at six months of age. Although this is a routine operation, the doctors who performed this procedure used an unconventional method that resulted in the destruction of Bruce’s penis. Mr. and Mrs. Reimer sought the advice of numerous specialists, but all agreed that Bruce would have to live without a penis. At the time that the Reimers were coping with the mutilation of their son’s genitalia, a Johns Hopkins University psychologist was receiving considerable attention for his ideas on the biology of gender and sexuality. He promoted the theory that a child’s gender identity (i.e., the identification of the self as male or female) was determined by environmental variables such as the social conditions in which the child is raised. This idea is a form of the “nurture theory” of development. A competing view is the so-called “nature theory”; that is, the idea that a person’s innate qualities are determined solely by biological mechanisms. The psychologist was essentially advocating the view that a feminine identity could be developed simply by rearing a child as a girl. This possibility, together with the fact that the surgical construction of a vagina is less risky and less difficult than construction of a penis, compelled the Reimers to explore the possibility of changing Bruce’s gender and raising him as a girl. The Reimers arranged an appointment with the...
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...and Sexual Exploration among Black and Latino Young Men Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM) Matt G. Mutchler Department of Sociology and Urban Community Research Center, California State University–Dominguez Hills; and Community-Based Research in Education Unit, AIDS Project Los Angeles Bryce McDavitt Department of Sociology and Urban Community Research Center, California State University–Dominguez Hills; Community-Based Research in Education Unit, AIDS Project Los Angeles; and Clinical Psychology Division, Pacifica Graduate Institute Kristie K. Gordon Department of Sociology and Urban Community Research Center, California State University–Dominguez Hills; Community-Based Research in Education Unit, AIDS Project Los Angeles; and Department of Criminal Justice, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Alcohol use is correlated with unprotected sex, which may place young men who have sex with men (YMSM) who use alcohol with sex at increased risk for contracting HIV. However, little is known about how this link develops. This study used qualitative interviews to explore how alcohol became associated with sex and sexual risk among YMSM. We purposively sampled 20 Black and 20 Latino YMSM (N ¼ 40), ages 21 to 24, who used substances (alcohol, marijuana, and crystal methamphetamine) with sex. Interviews focused on participants’ personal histories to trace how these associations developed for each individual. Drawing on sexual script, emotion regulation, and alcohol expectancy theories, analyses...
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...goal, such as having fame, money, or a good marriage. The real definition of motivation is the need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. This often involves choice, length, power, resolution, and emotional response. Motivation can be seen as both stable and unstable. Motivation can be seen as behavior, or stable personality of individuals. Motivation can be seen as a temporary state that changes in response to environmental or internal states. There are four perspective theories of motivation: Instinct theory, Drive-Reduction theory, Arousal theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Instinct theory is replaced by the evolutionary perspective. Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned. When the instinct theory of motivation failed, it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Drive-Reduction Theory Emphasize the interaction between inner pushes and external pulls. The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis. Homeostasis is trend to maintain a balanced; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Incentives are the positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. Arousal Emphasize the support for an optimum level of stimulation. Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate...
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..., surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis) at six months of age. Although this is a routine operation, the doctors who performed this procedure used an unconventional method that resulted in the destruction of Bruce’s penis. Mr. and Mrs. Reimer sought the advice of numerous specialists, but all agreed that Bruce would have to live without a penis. At the time that the Reimers were coping with the mutilation of their son’s genitalia, a Johns Hopkins University psychologist was receiving considerable attention for his ideas on the biology of gender and sexuality. He promoted the theory that a child’s gender identity (i.e., the identification of the self as male or female) was determined by environmental variables such as the social conditions in which the child is raised. This idea is a form of the “nurture theory” of development. A competing view is the so-called “nature theory”; that is, the idea that a person’s innate qualities are determined solely by biological mechanisms. The psychologist was essentially advocating the view that a feminine identity could be developed simply by rearing a child as a girl. This possibility, together with the fact that the surgical construction of a vagina is less risky and less difficult than construction of a penis, compelled the Reimers to explore the possibility of changing Bruce’s gender and raising him as a girl. The Reimers arranged an appointment with the...
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...SEXUAL MORALITY Phil 150, Intro to Ethics What is it when we refer sexual morality? The word sex has two general meanings. First, it refers to whether one is female or male, and second, it refers to lovemaking or genital contact between two people, as in having sex. For the sake of this essay, I will broadly identify sexual morality as principles for sexual pleasure, desire, and activity. In the discussion for this paper, I will give my aspect on things regarding sexual morality that would be morally objectionable according to Kantian morality. I will also discuss a few factual matters that would be relevant for consequential arguments. I will conclude this paper showing how ethical theories address issues of homosexuality. According to Kantian morality, moral concerns will not be about the consequences of sexual behavior, but about whether they enhance or use people fairly or unfairly. If govern by Kant’s principles, ones sexual morality would be either right or wrong or justifiable or unjustifiable sexual behavior. In a sexual relationship using these principles, both persons should do that which is acceptable to both persons; each person must put themselves in the shoes of the other. Also, under the Kantianism position, anything is permissible as long as both participants agree. The key concern would be whether or not the agreement is real. Therefore, one must take to issue things that would be morally objectionable. Lying, deceit, and refusal to inform...
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... | | |[pic] | | |In recent decades, many hotly debated topics have come under the scrutiny of sociobiologists, trying to determine their causation | | |and origins. One such topic is homosexuality. Originally thought by the American Psychological Association (hereafter referred to | | |as APA) to be a mental disorder, research into its causes, origins, and development have consequently led to its removal by the APA | | |from its list of diagnoses and disorders [1]. Many different theories can be found regarding the root of homosexuality, as far back| | |historically as Ancient Greece. The current debate is whether or not homosexuality is a result of nature: a person's environment | | |and surroundings, or of his...
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