...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? It is the harvesting of energy that is stored in food, making a pathway for production of adenosine triphoshe (ATP). The three stages are glycosis, cirtric acid cycle, electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? the role is to split sugars. Reactants are; food “sugars”. Products are; NADH produced, and is the first stage of cellular respiration • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? this begins after two molecules of three carbon sugar produced in glycosis is converted to a slightly different compound, its reactants are glycolysis with products of acetyl, CoA, NAD, and FAD and happens in the second step of cellular respiration. • What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? This is the final stage of cellular respiration to carry membrame of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Having reactants to 02 and ATP produced. Photosynthesis: • What is the overall goal of photosynthesis? provide a substrate for respiration to obtain ATP, providing carbohydrates to plants for growth and maintance. • Because photosynthesis only...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is the aerobic harvesting of a chemical energy from organic fuel. The three stages are glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of glycolysis is splitting sugar into two parts. This allows the cells to make ATP. When the splitting of the two molecules of ATP happen they turn into two molecules of pyruvic acid and the two electrons carrying NADH are produce. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of the citric acid cycle is to reduce and carry electrons that are high in energy to the next stage. In this stage, glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA by creating many compounds that can store the high-energy electrons along the ATP molecules. • What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The electron transport system transfers the electrons through electron carriers. The energy that is released by electrons pumps hydrogen ions across the inner membranes of the mitchondrin, thus creating high hydrogen ion concentration. ...
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...following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cell respiration is the most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food. It is a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate also known as ATP. ATP is a high energy molecule, and is also expended by the working cells. Cellular respiration occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and has three main stages which include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Glycolysis actually means splitting sugars and occurs in the cytoplasm. Glucose which is a six carbon sugar is split into two molecules of a three carbon sugar. In the process, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of pyruvic acid and two high energy electron carrying molecules of NADH are produced. Surprisingly, glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP, and this process is called fermentation. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The Citric Acid Cycle also known as the Krebs Cycle occurs in the Mitochondria Matrix, and begins after the two molecules of the three carbon sugar produced in glycolysis...
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...Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction that takes place cytosol and inside of both outer and inner membranes of mitochondria. Cellular respiration consists of multiple stages that aim to break down glucose into water and carbon dioxide to generate ATP for energy use. Glycolysis in the cytosol, Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative phosphorylation on inner mitochondrial membrane take place in a consecutive order for cellular respiration. The glucose provides as the energy source when electrons mainly come from carbon and received by oxygen molecule in the end of chemiosmosis. The electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2 and finally transferred to the oxygen molecule. ATPs are made both in three stages of cellular respiration. And...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Is the oxygen requiring reaction occurring in mitochondria, that break down the end product of glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water while capturing large amounts of energy as ATP. The three stages of cellular respiration are 1, glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle and 3. electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The first step in getting energy out of food. Glycolysis breaks one glucose molecule down into two molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis happens in almost all organisms, and it can take place with or without oxygen. The function of glycolysis is to break down glucose. It metabolizes the six-carbon sugars into three-carbon compounds. It also produces small amounts of ATP. The reactants of a glycolysis reaction are a variety of different kinds of proteins. One good example would be ATP. A product of Glycolysis would be pyruvate, which is the main product of glycoysis. This all occurs in the first stage of cellular respiration. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycles, is the process that oxidizes acetyl coenzyme-A to energy-producing compounds...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is the process by which electrons are transferred between glucose to coenzymes and then to oxygen and turns it into energy called ATP used by cells. The three stages are: 1) glycolysis 2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport. What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of glycolysis is to split a molecule of glucose into two molecules to form a compound called pyruvic acid from enzymes located in the cytoplasm. The process of glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. If it occurs with oxygen it is called cellular respiration and if occurs without oxygen then it is called fermentation. The reactant is glucose thus producing 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle) is to completely break-down glucose all the way to CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration. The enzymes for the citric acid cycle are dissolved in the fluid within the matrix of the mitochondria and two ATP’s are produced for each molecule of glucose. The end result of the citric acid cycle is 4 CO, 6 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2 . What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants...
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...Define the following terms: Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) (2 points) Cellular respiration is the process by which cells get their energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration is more efficient and can be used in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration, or cell respiration using oxygen, uses the end product of glycolysis in the TCA cycle to produce more energy currency in the form of ATP than can be obtained from an anaerobic pathway. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) (2 points) Fermentation is a metabolic process converting sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved human muscle cells. Fermentation is used by humans to make beer and food, like kimchi. Fermentation is a form of anaerobic digestion that generates ATP by the process of substrate-level phosphorylation. Summarize what occurs during the three steps of cellular respiration and indicate where each process takes place in the cell. (6 points) Glycolysis: It is a process that occurs in the cytoplasm. It converts each molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid. It refers to an anaerobic process that proceeds whether or not oxygen is present or not. The pyruvic acid diffuses into the inner compartment of the mitochondrion where a transition reaction occurs that starts to prepare pyruvic acid for the next stage of respiration. Krebs cycle-This is the second...
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...Photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration Aerobic cellular respiration is the process of creating energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic cellular respiration happens in eukaryotic organisms (plants, animal). It occurs in the mitochondria. There are three stages glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC). There are two equations of aerobic cellular respiration. The first one is glucose (C6 H12 O6) plus oxygen (O2) produce carbon dioxide(CO2) and water (H2O). The second one is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus phosphate (Pi) produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Glycolysis is the first stage of aerobic cellular respiration. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glycolysis purpose is to break down glucose. The reactants...
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...Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Organic compounds such as glucose store energy in their arrangements of atoms. These molecules are broken down and their energy extracted in cellular respiration. The first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol, while the second and third stages occur in mitochondria. In cellular respiration, electrons are transferred from glucose to coenzymes such as NAD+ and finally to oxygen; the energy released by this relocation of electrons is used to make ATP (University of Phoenix, 2008). • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? During glycolysis, glucose (C6) is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate (C3). Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) and does not require oxygen ("Cellular Respiration", n.d.). • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Coenzyme A is removed when the two-carbon compound is attached to a four-carbon compound producing a six-carbon compound (citrate). Each citrate molecule undergoes a series of reactions that removes 2 carbon atoms which are released as CO2. In addition, 3 NADH, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 are produced. In addition, the four-carbon compound that began the cycle is regenerated ("Cellular Respiration", n.d.). • What is the role of...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? 1) Glycolysis: the cytoplasm 2) Krebs Cycle/The Citric Acid Cycle: mitochondria 3) Electron Transport Chain: the mitochondria What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Glycolysis splits the glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. The Reactants going into the process are Glucose, NAD+ (and ATP to start the reaction). The products are 2 pyruvic acid molecules NADH and a net gain of 2 ATP (2 used 4 produced). This reaction occurs in the cytoplasm and is also considered the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Each of the pyruvic acid molecules will be processed in two separate citric acid cycles. Here the three carbon pyruvic acid molecule is processed to produce ATP and Carbon Dioxide molecules. This Cycle uses ATP to specifically break down the pyruvate into Acetyl Co-A. Once this goes through the cycle, limited ATP as well as more NADH are produced. This happens in the mitochondria when sufficient oxygen is present to form the Carbon Dioxide. What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of the electron...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is the process by which electrons are transferred between glucose to coenzymes and then to oxygen. The three stagesare: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Glycolysis is the sugar splitting process where the molecule is split in half outside of the mitochondria. The molecule NAD+ picks up electrons and hydrogen atoms from the carbon molecule and become NADH. ATP is produced from the process, as well as pyruvic acid. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. With oxygen it is the first stage of the cellular respiration, but if the process is done without oxygen it is called fermentation. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The Citric Acid Cycle starts after the glycolysis cycle produces the acetyl CoA compound. The Coenzyme A is removed and the remaining carbon skeleton is attached to another 4-carbon molecule. The new 6-carbon chain releases carbon dioxide. Two ATP’s are produced during this process for each molecule of glucose. The end result of the citric acid cycle is 4 CO molecules, 6 NADH molecules, 2 ATP molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules. The process is part...
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...Cellular Respiration What is Cellular Respiration? Is the process of taking Oxygen and glucose and turning them into ATP, is energy to the body. The glucose is obtained from the food and food is breaking down to glucose to make ATP. Cellular respiration is 40% to efficient with 60% of the energy going to heat. This process happen in three stages the first one is Glycolysis, than Krebs cycle or Citric Acid cycle and the third one is Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of cells that breakdown glucose into two or more molecules of Pyruvic acid 4ATP molecules are proceed 2ATP molecules are used in the process, the net gain is 2ATP molecules,2NADH molecules are proceed. After Glycolysis there is an intermediate stage Pyruvic acid moves into mitochondria where it undergoes a series of chemical reactions that causes it to lose one CO2 molecule. This product combines with coenzymes A to form acetyl-CoA than is ready for the next step Krebs cycle. Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH and FADH2. One molecule of ATP is proceed, 3 molecules of NADH are proceed,1FADH2 molecules is proceed and the CO2 is by-product of the Krebs Cycle. The final stage is Electron Transport chain (ETC) is a series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. FADH2 and NADH carry electrons to the electron chain those electrons move down the chain and goes down to the final electron...
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...UNIT 2 IP 2 ‘Photosynthesis and Respiration’ Running Head: Photosynthesis and Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration The process in which carbon dioxide is transformed into organic compounds from sunlight is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, a natural process, offers every aerobic being on earth oxygen and also assists in maintaining a natural percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere (Cloud, David 2011). Human beings would not exist without this process. Photosynthesis also occurs in algae, plants, and certain bacteria. In contrast, respiration takes glucose (sugar), along with other organic compounds oxidizing them to develop carbon dioxide. Respiration is the metabolic reaction in organic cells, biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate/ATP. Each cycle depends on the other, in order for the ‘complete cycle’ to transpire. When it comes to receiving energy from the foods we eat, photosynthesis stores the energy and respiration releases it. Both cycles are important to ensure continuous life on earth. Photosynthesis and respiration are connected between plants and animals based on the reactants and products of both pathways by the usage of autotrophs and heterotrophs. An autotroph are organisms the have the ability to manufacture their own food (“Autotroph vs. Heterotroph” n.d.). Heterotroph organisms are essential in respiration and are not an element in photosynthesis...
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...Ashley Cooper Biology 240 Week 1 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the process in which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose). Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plants. * The Light Dependent Reaction: The light dependent reaction takes place in the membrane of the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast and the lumen of the thylakoid. As light hits the thylakoid (the pigment) the Chlorophyll is absorbing the energy from the photons. Chlorophyll absorbs the red and blue light and reflects the green light. This is why most plants we see are green. Once chlorophyll absorbs enough energy, it releases two electrons. To replace the electrons chlorophyll uses light to split water into Oxygen and Electrons. The Oxygen is then released as a byproduct and the chlorophyll keeps the electrons. The kept electrons are stored in the Primary Electron Acceptor. Once the electron is released it moves down the Electron Transport Chain. The movement of the electrons through the Electron Transport Chain result in the creation of Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP), which is a form of energy. This activates the proton pump-to-pump hydrogen ions into the lumen of the thylakoid. At this time two different situations happen simultaneously. Either there is a continuation of the hydrogen or the electron moved down the Electron Transport Chain end up in Photosystem 1. In the hydrogen continuation, hydrogen has just been pumped into the lumen of the...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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