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h3.1 政治因素
K.吐依.A.J.維爾在《真實的奧運會》[2]中認為政治與奧運會有著強有力的聯系,他贊同“政治,就是權威和權力之間的關系,政治一開始就包含著合作和衝突。”他說到“奧運會是最著名的大型體育賽事,全世界任何一個角落的居民能夠通過各種途徑觀看到奧運會,”所以“奧運會也成為政治實體顯示力量和表達意願的最好媒介”。並且,他從主辦國國家內部、各個國家意識形態之間、各運動員、運動員以外的政治家、各國奧委會、國際奧委會內部六個方面分析了政治對奧運會的影響。
無疑,影響奧運會的各政治因素肯定會對奧運會火炬接力產生影響。試想,火炬接力作為奧運會舉辦前的最為重要的一種儀式,各個利益集團難道不虎視眈眈?也就這樣的機會是不會放過的,總會對接力路線產生影響。多一個國家參與就能夠提高舉辦國家的國際威望,火炬接力路線的距離和經過的國家,也越來越長和越來越多。奧運會火炬1936 年柏林奧運會第一次傳遞,是經過9 個國家。到了2008 年北京奧運會(如圖2)已經是行經世界五大洲國家和地區的22 個城市,歷時130 天,傳遞總裡程約13.7 萬公裡。
有人合作,也會有人抵制。比如,1952 年赫爾辛基奧運會火炬接力路線,原計劃從奧林匹亞山沿直線到芬蘭的赫爾辛基。但是,中間要從愛沙尼亞經過,這遭到了前蘇聯的拒絕——前蘇聯不願意在1952 年將還沒有完全“蘇化”的愛沙尼亞展示給世界。所以,奧運會火炬接力路線只得繞道長途跋涉,繞大彎經北極圈進入芬蘭。再如,2008 年北京奧運會,原計劃火炬接力路線要經過中國台灣。可是,台灣台獨分子以所謂“矮化”為由,提出從“第三國”進入台北市的無理要求,單方改變火炬赴台。這樣,北京奧運會火炬接力路線也只得改道而行。所以,政治因素影響著奧運會火炬路線的選擇。
3.2 經濟因素
現在,許多國家和城市都想盡各種各樣的辦法,積極審辦奧運會。因為,舉辦一次奧運會,能夠給這個國家或城市帶來相當可觀的經濟利益。其實,在前國際奧委會主席薩馬蘭齊上任前,舉辦奧運會的資金問題讓奧運會難堪得很。薩馬蘭齊將商業化引進來以後,奧運會的面目就完全改觀了。奧運會火炬接力同樣也就與“商”共舞了。如圖2,三星、可口可樂等國際著名公司,通過奧運會火炬接力中的展示車,來宣傳自己,擴大與廣大客戶的交流,進而贏得客戶,贏得收益。
很有必要說說1984 年洛杉磯奧運會,彼得.尤伯羅斯,這個聰明的商人,將每一棒的火炬接力售價1000 美元,想參加火炬接力者只要拿出1000 美元就可以跑1000 米。這次火炬接力彼得.尤伯羅斯售得3000 萬美元。也就是這次,使奧運會有了贏利的開始。據悉,北京2008 年奧運會火炬接力全球合作伙伴是可口可樂(中國)有限公司、三星電子有限公司和聯想(北京)有限公司。三家全球合作伙伴將為北京奧運會火炬接力的順利進行提供資金支持和服務保障。全球合作伙伴是北京奧運會火炬接力贊助計劃最高級的贊助企業,享有北京奧組委授予的一系列與火炬接力相關的市場權益。
3.3 科技因素
“科學技術是第一生產力。”由於科技的不斷發展,奧運會火炬接力路線的時間、空間範圍發生著重大變化。如今,奧運會火炬簡直就可以“無孔不入”,可以“上九天攬月、下四海捉鱉”。
1976 年蒙特利爾奧運會,火種到達雅典後,東道主用高科技,只花半秒鐘時間,用激光傳至太空中的人造衛星,再反射到加拿大首都握太華,然後才進行了短距離的傳遞。這次,雖然有了高科技,但由於沒有體現人文性,受到了人們的非議。2000 年悉尼奧運,火炬在水下度過了一段美好的時光,如圖4,在6月27日奧運火炬傳遞接力活動中,請潛水愛好者、海洋生物學家鄧肯將奧運火炬潛入水中。在大堡礁地帶水下前行3~4 分鐘。 奧運火炬是用高新煙火技術制作而成,且燃燒溫度達到了2000度,所以能在水下3米處繼續保持燃燒,而不會被海水淹滅,這是悉尼奧運火炬第一次在水下傳遞。
2008 年北京奧運會,火炬將登上地球之顛——珠穆朗瑪峰——屆時,火炬手、工作人員可以及媒體記者不僅在珠峰火炬接力路線上打手機、發短信,還可以在8844.43 米的頂峰發彩信上網。可想而知,沒有相當的科學技術是很難征服世界第一高峰的。以上可以看出,科技因素使火炬接力路線的傳遞時間範圍和空間範圍發生重大變化。
3.4 人文因素

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