...Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism Agenda 1. 1.1 ICT and tourism – introduction Tourism as information business 1.2 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 eTourism – ICT usage in tourism ICT usage in tourism – overview and case studies Tourism stakeholders and interfaces Tourism suppliers and eTourism Intermediaries and eTourism Destination organisations and eTourism Tourism management and eTourism 3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Trends and future applications Social Media & Web 2.0 Website optimisation Interoperability and semantic web Software agents Recommender systems Dynamic packaging Mobile services & ambient intelligence Online auctions in tourism 2 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT 1.2 eTourism – ICT usage in tourism Definition and history of eTourism Facts & trends Reasons, advantages and implications of ICT usage ECCA – eTourism Competence Center Austria 3 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT 1.2 eTourism – ICT usage in tourism Definition and history of eTourism Facts & trends Reasons, advantages and implications of ICT usage ECCA – eTourism Competence Center Austria 4 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT Introduction - ICT ICT - Information and Communication Technologies Umbrella term for technological developments for the Production, analysis, storage, search, distribution and use of information ICT includes a combination of hardware software telecommunications netware groupware humanware ICT enables effective data processing & communication...
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...The Economic Effects of Tourism Industry and Need for Sustainability Dheeraj K 213031 II Year Monsoon Semester (2014) The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences The Economic Effects of Tourism Industry and Need for Sustainability The Tourism industry is one of the biggest contributors to the global economy. It is a fast growing and constantly expanding industry. The tourism industry has other associated industries it thrives on and this makes this one of the most important sectors of the economy. This paper seeks to examine the economic impacts of the tourism industry, track its growth and effect on the global scale and discuss the need for a sustainable growth. Introduction The Tourism industry encompasses all the firms, organizations and facilities which are intended to serve the specific needs and wants of the tourists. It is a booming and ever growing industry which currently constitutes 9.2 percent of the World’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the post-world-war era, most of the developing countries had to turn to tourism to increase revenues and remedies for balance of payments deficits. The nature of demand and supply conditions of the tourism industry has also influenced its growth. The industry utilizes simple technology and resources like sunshine, existing scenery and manpower. The demand for tourism is ever rising; from 25 million international tourists in 1950 to 1.087 billion in 2013. The industry has been clocking nearly...
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...ICTs in the Tourism Industry and its influences on the tourist consumer behaviour The tourism industry often needs a various range of information to satisfy and attracts its consumers and most of this information is delivered promptly to the customers with the help of the information and communication technologies (Poon, 1993). And as result, the global tourism industry is rapidly changing and the information and communication technologies ( ICTs) such as the internet is altering the structure of tourism industry and how it market his products and conducts its promotion. In order to understand the role and impacts that ICTs has in the wider tourism industry and to find its influences on the tourist consumer behaviour, it is advised to first know what ICTs are and to comprehend the study on consumer behaviour based on the tourism industry. Information and communication technologies are defined as the collective term given to the most recent development in the mode (electronic) and the mechanisms (computers and communications technologies) used for the acquisitions, processing analysis, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and application of information (Poon 1993 cited in Buhalis 2003, p 7). It can also be defined as “the use of digital tools for business functions and processes” (Cooper et al 2005, p.704). When tailing about ICTs, it consist of hardware (self service terminals), software (front office applications), and telecommunications (broadcast of images, teleconferencing...
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...1.0 Introduction to Brazil Tourism Industry In Brazil, tourism is a key to the economy development of several regions of the country. This statement was further supported by Slob B. & Wilde J. (2006), in their published journal entitled ‘Tourism and Sustainability in Brazil’, regardless of anywhere in the world, tourism, indeed; is the fastest growing industry and it contributes the world economy with a gross output of over US$7 trillion, employing 11% of globe’s workforce, forming 11.5% of global GDP. While in Brazil, White (2006) found that the industry contributes 3.2% of the total country revenue in year 2005. According to World Tourism Organization (WTO), due to the devaluation of American Dollar against the Brazilian Real has made a favorable trend in International tourist arrival to Brazil to grow dramatically in 2007 and in early 2008. In spite of this, statistic in Table 1 shows that revenue had risen from USD 4.3 billion in 2006 to USD 5.7 billion in 2008. Table 1 Brazil International Tourism Arrivals 1995-2011 Year | International tourist arrivals (x1000) | Annual growth (%) | Total revenue (millions USD) | Annual growth (%) | 1995 | 1,991 | - | 972 | - | 2000 | 5,313 | - | 1,810 | - | 2003 | 4,133 | - | 2,479 | - | 2004 | 4,794 | 16.0 | 3,222 | 30.0 | 2005 | 5,358 | 11.8 | 3,861 | 19.8 | 2006 | 5,019 | -6.3 | 4,316 | 1.1 | 2007 | 5,025 | 0.1 | 4,953 | 14.8 | 2008 | 5,050 | 0.5 | 5,780 | 16.7 | 2009 | 4,802 | -4.9 | 5,305 | -8...
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...in the service industry and how they may bring about issues and pose challenges to an organization. In addition, probable solutions to combat the identified controversies would be recommended so that organizations can remain or become competitive in the market. First of all, the focus would be on the tourism industry, especially the shift in travelers’ preference to trips which are deemed to enhance one self’s physical and mental welfare (Future Foundation, 2015). Secondly, technology and its relationship with customized staying experience within the hospitality industry will be explored. In addition, the topic on revenue management will...
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...1. Does the industry offer attractive opportunities for growth? Yes. Tourism is a sunrise industry. Many countries have substantial support it, because tourism can drive a lot of development of other industries such as restaurant and souvenirs business and hotel and so on. 2. What kinds of competitive forces are industry members facing, and how strong is each force? Rivalry among Competing Sellers: moderate to normal * Buyer demand is growing rapidly * Buyer costs to switch brands are low * Fixed and storage costs are low. * Competitors are roughly equal size and competitive strength. New Entrants: weak * Entry barriers are high * Significant experience- based cost advantage * High capital requirements Substitute: strong * Good substitutes are not readily available * Substitutes are attractively priced * Substitutes have comparable or better performance features * Buyers have low costs in switching to substitutes. Suppliers: weak * There is a surge in the availability of suppliers * Industry members’ switching costs to alternative suppliers are low. * Some of suppliers with large market shares. * Industry members accounts for a big part of suppliers’ sales * Buyers: moderate to normal * Buyer costs of switching to competing brands are low * Some of Buyers are well informed about...
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...1) Global Tourism Industry After a strong decline in global tourism in 2009, from 2010 onwards the industry began an impressive recovery (IBIS World, 2013). According to Secretary-General of UNWTO Taleb Rifai, 2013 was an excellent year for international tourism. This impressive trend predicts a flourishing industry ahead (Refer appendix - A). The tourism industry has diversified into many areas in recent times and the human instinct toward exploring untouched territories. Space tourism has been predicted to revolutionize the contemporary tourism activities. Even though the driving & resisting forces (Refer Appendix- C), space tourism will contribute immensely for the betterment of the global tourism industry in years to come. 2) Evolution of space tourism With the development of the telescope in 1609 by Galileo Galilei, people were able to see the universe in more detail and to find out the principles of the cosmos (Seo, 2013). In 1903, for it was then that Orville Wright flew 120 feet in 12 seconds. Sixty-six years later man had walked on the moon (Smith, 2009). These events are classic examples for the curiosity that the man had toward the exploration of the eternal space. If the era of space tourism has a birthday, it's On April 28, 2001. American businessman Dennis Tito became history's first space tourist, traveling to the International Space Station aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Forty years to the month after Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space (Wall...
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...Business Tourism as an Industry Driver Lilla Széplaki DISSERTATION FOR BA (HONS) IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT OXFORD BROOKS UNIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL – BUDAPEST 2007/2012 1 Acknowledgements Hereby, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the Sales team of the Budapest Marriott Hotel, who gave their assistance informing me about all the needed data. I would like to thank to the people with whom I have had interview and also for my former colleagues from the Kempinski Hotel Corvinus. They supported me in my research work. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Mr Alan Godsave. His suggestions helped me to write this thesis. 2 Table of Content 1. 2. Introduction......................................................................................................... 4 Literature review ................................................................................................ 7 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. What is Tourism? ........................................................................................ 7 The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) .......................................... 8 Current situation of business tourism ....................................................... 9 Globalisation ......................................................................................... 9 International Trends .......................................................................... 10 The affecting factors of Business Tourism .......
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...Emerging Issues in the Tourism Industry (In case of Switzerland) Introduction According to the World Economic Forum's annual Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report which was released at the Global Tourism Forum (GTF) in Andorra; Switzerland and some other countries were considered as the most beautiful environments for developing the tourism and travel industries. Tourism always plays a vital role in the economy of any country and it plays the same role in Switzerland. But, it has been struck by the economic condition in Switzerland, because of the world economic recession. Tourists come to Switzerland because of its natural beauty, but with the continuing strike in many areas of Switzerland; it results in the improvement of tourism in Switzerland in recent years. Tourism Growth "Our report measures different factors that make it beautiful to make the tourism and travel industry of one country," said Jennifer Blanke, Lead Director and Economist of the World Economic Forum's Centre for Global Performance and Competitiveness. "The top rankings countries Switzerland, France, Germany and Austria show the significance of regulatory frameworks and supportive business, matched with world-class tourism and transport infrastructure, and a focus on rising natural and human resources for increasing an environment that is beautiful for making the tourism and travel sector." This analysis of the cross-country of the drivers of competitiveness in tourism and travel offers helpful...
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...Introduction: The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as “the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”. This year, 1 035 billion people will go to discover another country. Europe remains the preferred destination for those tourists who need to be patient to be able to visit the Acropolis or climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower. This practice has become almost commonplace today for a privileged part of the Western world. “The past 20 years have witnessed enormous changes in the world, and tourism principles and practice have also changed in that time, reflecting the dynamics of the world in which we now live”. (Fletcher, Fyall, Gilbert and Wanhill 2013: preface). In fifty years, the number of tourists has increased from 25 million in 1950 to 702 million in 2000. Today, the tourism industry represents more than a third of the whole world trade of services. Indeed, tourism accounted for 9 % of GDP and 1 in 11 global jobs. Over the past decade, the rate of international tourism increased by 4% on average, per year. By 2019, the World Tourism Organization expects that the sector will account for 10% of GDP, 1 in 10 global jobs and will supply 296 million jobs at the world level. These figures make it clear that the tourism industry has now become a major economic...
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...Consumer Behavior in Tourism Industry ABSTRACT The theories of consumer decision-making process assume that the consumer’s purchase decision process consists of steps through which the buyer passes in purchasing a product or service. However, this might not be the case. Not every consumer passed through all these stages when making a decision to purchase and in fact, some of the stages can be skipped depending on the type of purchases. The reasons for the study of consumer’s helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as: * The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products); * The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media); * The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; * Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; * How consumers’ motivation and decision strategies differ between products, that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and * How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. Consumer Behaviour The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money...
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...UNIT 1 The travel and tourism industry Introduction T he travel and tourism industry is one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the UK. This unit will give you an introduction to the industry, providing a sound basis for further study. You will find out about the nature of the industry, its size and scale, and you will be introduced to the types of organisations that form its structure. In addition you will investigate the development of the industry and the factors which have affected the growth of travel and tourism. How you will be assessed This unit is assessed through an external assessment set by Edexcel. A variety of exercises and activities is provided in this unit to help you develop your understanding of the industry and prepare for the external assessment. After completing the unit you will achieve the following outcomes: ✱ Understand the nature and characteristics of travel and tourism and the travel and tourism industry ✱ Understand the development of the travel and tourism industry ✱ Explain the structure of the travel and tourism industry ✱ Explain the scale of the travel and tourism industry. UNIT 1: THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY 1 1.1 The nature and characteristics of travel and tourism and the travel and tourism industry What is tourism? Defining tourism is not a simple matter, as it is a complex industry made up of many different businesses, the common theme being that they provide products and services...
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...Between 1949 and 1976, China was closed-off to foreigners with the exception of a selected few. During that time, travel and tourism was for all intents and purposes considered a political activity. Domestic tourism hardly existed and outbound travel was limited almost exclusively to government officials. To Chairman Mao Zedong, leisure travel was considered a capitalistic bourgeois activity and therefore forbidden under Marxian principles. Turning point: Shortly after the Chairman's death, China's most famous economic reformist, Deng Xiaoping, opened up the Middle Kingdom to outsiders. Foreign visitors quickly flocked to this once forbidden destination. Contrary to Maoist ideology, Deng saw the monetary potential in tourism and began to promote it intensely. China quickly developed its own travel industry. Major hospitality and transportation facilities were constructed or renovated. New jobs such as service personnel and professional guides were created, and a National Tourism Association was established. Inbound: - In 1978, an estimated 1.8 million tourists entered the country, with the majority coming from neighboring British Hong Kong, Portuguese Macau, and Taiwan. - By 2000, China welcomed over 10 million new oversea visitors, excluding the aforementioned three locations. Tourists from Japan, South Korea, Russia, and the United States comprised the largest share of that inbound population. - In 2010, China became the third most visited country in the world...
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...assignment on kuakata CHAPTER-2 2.1 Introduction: Kuakata is one of the two beaches (other one is in Japan) from where we can see the blood red Sunrise and Sun set. This beach is 18 km long and 3 km wide. People came here to see the sandy beach slopes into the Bay of Bengal, also the huge expanse of water, the ever green forest in surrounding areas, rows of coconut trees, boats of different kinds and their colorful sails, and surfing waves. Kuakata is also a sanitary for migratory winter birds. Many people visiting Kuakata find interest in Buddhist temples located at nearby places such as Keranipara, Mistiripara, and Kolapara. Many others find the place interesting because of the unique customers and traditions of the Rakhain community. 2.2 About Kuakata: Kuakata , locally known as Sagar Kannya (Daughter of the Sea) is a rare scenic beauty spot on the southernmost tip of Bangladesh. Kuakata in Latachapli union under Kalapara Police Station of Patuakhali district is about 30 km in length and 6 km in breadth. It is 70 km from Patuakhali district headquarters and 320 km from Dhaka. At Kuakata excellent combination of the picturesque natural beauty, sandy beach, blue sky, huge expanse of water of the Bay and evergreen forest in really eye-catching. Kuakata is one of the rarest places which has the unique beauty of offering the full view of the rising and setting of crimson sun in the water of the Bay of Bengal in a calm environment. That perhaps makes Kuakata one of the world’s...
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...distinguish itself from competitors and stand out in the market. Tourism is an industry that offers all the goods that tourist need, such as sight-seeing, hotel, travel agency,shopping area. From that , we can simply know that there is a large part of interaction between tourism and other industry. This will need enough supply chain management flexibility to support the whole process.Supply Chain Management is important because of relationship between each party. If every party join hand and work together, it will create cost savings and time to market reduction and everyone will enjoy the benefit. In order to achieve effective operation of travel agencies supply chain,necessary to maintain the relationship between internal departments. Around the needs of the tourism market, to be coordinated between the various departments.Travel agencies should be based on tourism market - oriented, in the design of tourism products or services, product supply,synchronize the various departments of sales and so on, continuously. And based on changes in supply and demand of tourism,departments must pass information in a timely manner, coordinated and rapid response, enhance the competitive advantage of travel agencies. The changes of tourism supply chain is dynamic, may change as the tourists needs change. Today, the pursuit of personalized travel needs of tourists, fit the number gradually increased, the rise of leisure tourism demand. These phenomenas occur, it is bound to ask travel agents...
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