...What is your chosen disease and its mode of transmission? The disease chosen is tularemia also known as rabbit fever. Tularemia is a bacterial infection that can enter the body by mouth, broken skin, lungs, and eyes. This disease is carried by infected deer flies and ticks. Tularemia is transmitted by mouth when contaminated water or food is ingested. Handling infected animal tissue transmit it to the skin and when body fluids of the animal is exposed to the eyes. Inhaling dust or aerosols contaminated with the bacteria transmit it to the lungs(CDC,2015). How dangerous is this disease to the general public? Tularemia is not generally dangerous to the public. Tularemia mostly affects people who participate in camping, hunting, hiking, landscaping,...
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...The Effects of Zoonotic Diseases Case Study #13 April 17, 2011 Zoonosis refers to an infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people. An animal serves as the natural reservoir for such an infectious agent, ("MedTerms," 2001). Many zoonoses, which is simply the plural meaning of zoonosis, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites can be transmitted to humans by various routes. Some of these routes consist of animal bites, vectors (i.e., insects), and animal-to-human contact (i.e., inhalation of respiratory droplets or skin-to-skin contact), (Bauman 613-14) & ("Infectious Diseases," 2009). Most emerging infections that have occurred world wide are said to be a zoonotic disease. Many of these diseases are fatal or have the potential to be fatal if not treated quickly and properly identified. An example of a zoonosis case that has the potential to arise annually is listed below: Case Study#13 “You work in a small family practice in rural VA. A man in his early 50’s comes in with a complaint of intermittent fever (102-103°F) and headache for the past two weeks. The physician examines him and takes a history. The only clinical finding is a wound about the size of a quarter on his right thumb. Axillary lymph nodes are swollen and tender. The man says he cut himself while skinning a rabbit three days ago. On the basis of these observations the physician prescribes streptomycin and asks the man to call if his symptoms don’t...
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...These small rod shaped microbes can be found in many different animals across North America and Eurasia. In the United States there has been a case in every state besides Hawaii, and every year there are only a few hundred cases of Tularemia. These incidences are most commonly found in the summer. There are six different types of Tularemia but the most common one is ulceroglandular tularemia which is contracted by an infected tick bite from a dog tick. Where the tick bites a skin ulcer develops from the infection. Signs and symptoms of this disease show up between three to four days after the bite, or sometimes not till ten days later. The most obvious sign is the skin ulcer but some other symptoms of Tularemia are chills, fever, headaches, swollen glands, and extreme fatigue. In some cases, Meningitis can be a complication of Tularemia. The diagnoses of this infection is suspected through the signs and symptoms, mostly the ulcer because blood tests are not helpful. Tularemia can be treated with antibiotics named streptomycin, and it is given over a period of ten days. There are also other alternatives named gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and antibiotics under the classes of tetracyclines, quinolones and fluoroquinolones. If treated early this disease is not fatal, but if untreated about one third of patients will die from inflammations within...
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...prescribes streptomycin and asks the man to call if his symptoms don’t improve in three days. The physician asks you to draw blood and tells the patient he should return in four weeks for another blood sample. She says there is no need to culture the wound. 1. On the basis of the limited information above, the physician has obviously made a diagnosis. What is it? What does the causative organism look like when gram stained? 2. What is the most likely reservoir for the causative organism in this case? 3. Why draw blood twice? 4. Why not culture the wound to look for the bacterium? 5. What are four other common infections that humans acquire from animals? 1. Based on the limited information the physician’s diagnosis is Tularemia. Humans can acquire this illness through getting a bite from an infected (blood-sucking)tick, horsefly, or mosquito, inhaling infected dirt or plant material, eating infected meat which is very rare, but in this case with the information given about the patients etiology the most likely way that the man acquired this illness is through direct physical contact through the cut in his skin with the infected rabbit (other animals that this illness can be acquired from in this way most often include muskrat, beaver, or squirrel).The incubation period is usually 3-5 days after coming in contact with the bacterium. The...
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...anti-tumor effects that decreased the rapid cell growth and metastasis of a tumor. Along with this function, Cystatin C has shown an ability to protect the neuronal functions, which could lead to promising new therapies for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease. Cystatin B possesses antiviral properties as it has been shown to decrease HIV replication in macrophages (Eaves, 2013). There is no known secondary function of cystatin 9, but researchers discovered surprising functions of the protein due to an infection within the lungs. This lung infection was a result of the bacteria, Francisella tularensis (Ft). Ft is a pathogenic species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that has been found to be the major cause of tularemia. Tularemia is an airborne disease that is often associated with the bodies...
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...streptomycin and asks the man to call if his symptoms don’t improve in three days. The physician asks you to draw blood and tells the patient he should return in four weeks for another blood sample. She says there is no need to culture the wound. 1. On the basis of the limited information above, the physician has obviously made a diagnosis. What is it? What does the causative organism look like when gram stained? 2. What is the most likely reservoir for the causative organism in this case? 3. Why draw blood twice? 4. Why not culture the wound to look for the bacterium? 5. What are four other common infections that humans acquire from animals? 1. Based on the limited information the physician’s diagnosis is Tularemia. Humans can acquire this illness through getting a bite from an infected (blood-sucking)tick, horsefly, or mosquito, inhaling infected dirt or plant material, eating infected meat which is very rare, but in this case with the information given about the patients etiology the most likely way that the man acquired this illness is through direct physical contact through the cut in his skin with the infected rabbit (other animals that this illness can be acquired from in this way most often include muskrat, beaver, or squirrel).The incubation period is usually 3-5 days after coming in contact with the...
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...Overview of Bioterrorism This course has been awarded two (2.0) contact hours. This course expires on November 12, 2014. Copyright © 2008 by RN.com. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction and distribution of these materials are prohibited without the express written authorization of RN.com. First Published: Updated: November 12, 2008 Nov 12, 2011 IMPORTANT INFORMATION RN.com strives to keeps its content fair and unbiased. The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose. The planners of the educational activity have no conflicts of interest to disclose. (Conflict of Interest Definition: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which he/she has a financial relationship.) There is no commercial support being used for this course. Participants are advised that the accredited status of RN.com does not imply endorsement by the provider or ANCC of any products/therapeutics mentioned in this course. The information in the course is for educational purposes only. There is no “off label” usage of drugs or products discussed in this course. Acknowledgements RN.com acknowledges the valuable contributions of… Material protected by Copyright …The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (www.cdc.gov), the key government agency responsible for disseminating knowledge about various biological agents. …U.S. Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases...
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...experience a flu pandemic? In 1918, also known as the Spanish Flu. 6. What are 3 symptoms of chikungunya fever? 3 symptoms of chikungunya fever are fever, headache, and vomiting. 7. What bacterium causes Lyme’s disease? Borrelia burgdorferi is the bacterium that cuases Lyme’s disease. 8. What is ‘erythema migrans?’ Erythema migrans refers to the rash often seen in the early stages of Lyme disease. It’s an actual skin infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. It is also the only manifestation of Lymes disease that allows clinical diagnosis in the absence of laboratory confirmation. 9. Find a disease transmitted by rabbits and list 2 symptoms. Tularemia is a disease transmitted by rabbits. Symptoms are fever and diarrhea. 10. What are symptoms of guinea worm disease? Symptoms of guinea worm disease include fever, swelling and pain in the area that the worm is about to come out of. 11. How long can a guinea worm grow? A guinea worm can grow up to 2-3 feet in length....
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...or - Temp >38.5 - Duration > 2 weeks - Undiagnosed Etiology 1. Noninfectious inflammatory disease - Adult Still’s disease: daily fevers, arthritis, evanescent rash - Giant cell arteritis: headache, loss of vision, symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica, fever, anemia, high ESR, jaw claudication - Polyarteritis nodosa - Takayasu’s arteritis - Wegener’s - Mixed cryoglobulinemia - Venous thrombosis and thromboembolism - Hematoma - Hyperthyroid, acute thyroiditis - Pheochromocytoma, adrenal insufficiency - Alcoholic hepatitis: fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice, anorexia, 2. Infection - Tuberculosis: most common infection in FUO, PPD positive in 90% of FUO infective endocarditis - Rare infections: leptospirosis, psittacosis, tularemia, melioidosis, secondary syphilis, disseminated gonoccocemia, chronic meningococcemia, visceral leishmaniasis, whipples disease, yersiniosis 3. Malignancy - Lymphoma, especially NHL - Leukemia - Renal cell carcinoma: microscopic hematuria, - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Myelodysplastic syndromes - Multiple myeloma - Atrial myxomas: arthralgia, emboli, hyperglobulinemia 4. Miscellaneous - Drug fever: stimulate an allergic or idiosyncratic reaction, affecting thermoregulation (sulfonamides, penicillins, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, antimalarials, H1 and H2 blockers, barbiturates, phenytoin, iodides, NSAIDs and salicylates, hydralazine, methyldopa, quinidine, procainamide, antithyroid drugs, digoxin, aminoglycosides) - Factitious...
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...AIR POLLUTION Name Name of institution Describing the extent of PM2.5 in Indiana is problematic since the PM2.5 monitors are located in cities which make it rather problematic to know the concentration of PM2.5 in rural areas. Children are at grander risk from exposure to air pollution than grown-ups because their bodies are still growing. In relation to PM2.5 and air pollution in Indiana, children have elevated the level of absenteeism in school, asthma exacerbation and new on set asthma (Kunzli et al, 2003). My area of residence is Illinois, Chicago. The ambient airborne particulate matter concentration for Chicago is PM2.5 36 µg/m3. The Air Quality Index as of July 12, 2013 for Chicago was 58 and 42 on the thirteenth with the critical pollutant being the Ozone. The ambient air particulate Matter for Beijing china for PM10 is approximately 55µg m-3 and for PM2.5 is 152 µg m-3. The particulate matter between Chicago and Beijing has a huge significant difference. The PM2.5 of the city of Beijing is extremely higher than that of Chicago. The U.S. National ambient air quality standard for PM2.5 is 12.0µg m-3. The particulate matter level for the two cities is very high above the ambient air quality standard for US. The current air quality index of Beijing is at 152 while in Chicago is currently at 42. The air quality index of Beijing is very unhealthy in comparison to the standard air quality index figures. Also in comparison to Chicago, Beijing’s air quality index is on the extreme...
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...Introduction The statutory authority for imposing quarantines and isolations in the United States originally began at the local level in colonial times. The federal statutes came into existence at approximately the same time (1796). Later the federal statute was replaced by maritime quarantine inspection system (JAMA, 286/21/2711. downloaded 06/15/09). A far cry from the operations in place for quarantine and isolation in modern society, the institutions of the past, run by the local governments, consisted of, what was known as pest houses. People with contagious diseases were isolated in these institutions to prevent the spread of such diseases as, cholera, smallpox, typhoid, or yellow fever. Pest houses functioned mainly in seaport areas to prevent disease from entering the large cities. Contagious-disease and tuberculosis hospitals were to become the next means of infection control, and are the predecessors of the modern quarantine and isolation practices used today. Quarantine and Isolation are the most common public health strategies used to protect the general public by reducing and preventing the exposure, and spread of deadly, or infectious agents. Medical quarantine and isolation safeguards and prevention practices of today have evolved into strategic operations that are well planned, well designed, with a defined organizational structure that strives to meet the needs of public infection control. The federal, state and local governments each have their own authority...
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...illustrate how certain groups of people were viewed by medical specialists at the time. Evidence: “...when black people showed up at white-only hospitals, the staff was likely to send them away, even if it meant they might die in the parking lot” (Skloot 15). Commentary: Skloot’s quote shows how much disdain and malpractice black people faced during this era. Hospital staff is ideally supposed to work for the wellbeing and health of the masses, but this quote shows how death and ailment of those who are considered to be inferior is rather insignificant for several medical institutions. Evidence: “[Southam] chose the Ohio prison because its inmates had cooperated in several other studies without resistance…[like]being infected with tularemia...[it wasn’t until] about fifteen years later...they’d be considered a vulnerable population unable to give informed consent” (Skloot 129). Commentary: Much like black patients were deferred because of their race and those who had no money for private institutions had their rights compromised, the imprisoned people of the time were also viewed as expendable by medical professionals. Inmates can be considered lower class, and as such were subjected to potentially harmful experiments. Topic Sentence 02: Due to the attitudes and actions of medical professionals at the time, minority and lower class patients often indirectly aided in their mistreatment or avoided medical professionals altogether, which contributed to the problem at the time...
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...The Black Death Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague is a highly infectious and fearsome disease that attacks the lungs and lymph nodes. It is also called the Black Death or black plague. The bubonic plague is caused by Pasteurella pestis, a bacteria which resides within infected fleas and rats. Victims of the bubonic plague develop early symptoms, such as shivering, vomiting, headache, intolerance to light, back and limb pain, and a white coating on the tongue. Eventually, they develop black egg-sized swellings (buboes) filled with blood and pus under the armpits and in the groin. As the disease progresses, internal bleeding leads to black patches on the skin, and the victim may die in three to five days. Invasion of the lungs by the bacterium causes an equally fatal form of the plague called pneumonic plague, which can be transmitted from person to person by air droplets and saliva. Historical records document outbreaks of the plague as early as 430 b.c., when an epidemic struck Athens, Greece; but the most notorious bubonic plague epidemic began in Europe around 1346, reportedly when a ship of sick and dying sailors arrived at the Black Sea port of Caffa. This plague lasted four years and killed about one-third of the population of Europe, or approximately 20 million people. For hundreds of years after, epidemics of bubonic plague would sweep across the world killing millions more. The disease was so lethal that some victims supposedly would go to bed healthy and die in...
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...and others spread from person to person. The modes of transmission are contact, droplet, airborne, vector and vehicle transmission. Because of their complex constituents, biological agents can be difficult to detect therefore many people can be infected for several hours and days before showing any signs and symptoms. They are divided in three categories: A, B and C. Category A contains those of high priority and pose a threat to national security. Category B agents are of a lesser risk to the public while category C agents contains mostly the emerging pathogens. Examples of biological agents include smallpox virus, cholera, viral hemorrhagic fever and much more. Depending on the mode of transmission, agents such as anthrax, plague, and tularemia can cause different diseases (Dennis et al., 2001; Inglesby et al., 1999, 2000; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USAMRIID], 2001). Since they are inexpensive, these biological agents are becoming readily available to terrorists and much of a threat to our U.S laboratories as they continue to work on early detection and warning systems and also provide quick treatment. Biological agents are used to create fear and mass panic besides the physical damage that precedes (Weinstein & Alibek, 2003). Targets selected are those that would produce the largest numbers of casualties, which in turn will imply for the healthcare providers and agencies to change the way they would provide and deliver care in order to respond...
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...invisible and are not detectable by x-rays or metal detectors. The first indications of an attack are the symptoms that are revealed by those who are exposed. Those exposed may not develop these symptoms immediately, but can show up days or several weeks after the bioweapon is dispersed. These symptoms are most commonly mistaken for the common flu when examined by a healthcare professional. The common biological agents that one may be familiar with are Anthrax, Smallpox, Malaria and others, but there are many more that not only terrorists use for attacking. There are five different types of biological agents: bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, fungi, and toxins (Wenner). Bacteria as we all know can cause deadly diseases such as the Plague or Tularemia and are single-celled organisms. Rickettsiae are microorganisms that are similar to bacteria but are parasites that reproduce insides of cells. Typhus and Q fever are examples of diseases that are causes by the Rickettsiae parasites. Viruses are intercellular parasites that are ten times smaller than the size of bacteria, and diseases like the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis are caused by these little parasites. Therefore, fungi are used in food and can be weaponized to use against crops to...
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