...Q Fever is an uncommon febrile, pneumonia-like illness that is most often contracted by people whose occupations bring them in contact with infected farm animals. A tiny gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii is the agent that causes Q fever. It’s usually classified with other intracellular parasites known as Rickettsia. Coxiella is the only member of this group that does not need an arthropod vector for transmission. Cases of Q fever are most frequently reported from western and plains states where ranching and rearing of cattle are common. Q fever was first described as a disease among workers in a meat packing plant, the letter Q in the name of the disease derives from the word “query,” meaning “unknown origin,” although the Q probably also refers to Queensland, the Australian province in which the packing plant was...
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...Competency Differences between Associate and Baccalaureate Nurses Scott Dickinson R.N. Grand Canyon University NRS-430 V May 12, 2012 Competency Differences between Associate and Baccalaureate Nurses Becoming a registered nurse involves attending college and graduating from either an Associate’s degree program, taking typically 3 years, or a Baccalaureate program, typically 4 years. Both degrees require the graduate to pass the NCLEX-RN exam. The percentage of nurses passing the NCLEX-RN is statistically insignificant regardless of program type- associates vs. baccalaureate. The NCLEX-RN exam tests for the minimal amount of skills the individual must have for safe practice. It does not measure, nor represent, the additional education a baccalaureate nurse will have obtained (2008). Baccalaureate graduates do excel in stronger communication skills, and have shown greater problem solving skills (Johnson, 1988). Additionally, the baccalaureate nurse shows greater nursing diagnosis skills and implementation of appropriate nursing interventions (Giger, 1990). Dr. Patricia Benner & team- Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , suggests the requirement of all entry level registered nurses (associate degree) become baccalaureate trained, additionally, that within 10 years of any nurses primary licensure (associate or baccalaureate) that the education level of masters be obtained. The purposes of these proposals are to have better educated nurses as many...
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...There is only one cause of Ebola. The cause of Ebola is an infection with the Ebola virus. There are no other causes of Ebola. Causes of Ebola: The Ebola Virus The Ebola virus got its name from a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (previously Zaire), in Africa, where the disease was first acknowledged. Ebola virus is one of two members of a family of RNA viruses known as Filoviridae. There are four identified subtypes of Ebola virus. Three of the four have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire Ebola-Sudan Ebola-Ivory Coast. The fourth Ebola virus subtype, Ebola-Reston, it has caused disease in nonhuman primates (gorillas, chimps ect) but not in humans. The exact origin, locations, and natural habitat of Ebola virus remain unknown; however, on the basis of available evidence, and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the Ebola virus lives in an animal host that is native to the African continent. They continue to search for the exact animal. Just as scientists are unsure of the animal host for the Ebola virus, they are also unsure how an outbreak of Ebola virus occurs. Researchers have hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected with Ebola virus through contact with an infected animal. Causes of Ebola: Transmission Once Ebola virus infects the first human, scientists do know how Ebola virus is spread from human to human. Transmission of Ebola occurs through direct contact with patients who have Ebola...
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...- Examples 3 4 Known Species The Tip of the Iceburg • How many species are there? • 1980 there was 1,792 described species • 1990 there was 3,393 species (173 new per year) • 2000 there was 6,386 species (299 new per year) • 2010 there was 12,926 species (654 new per year) • Oct 2011 there was 13,563 species (Yikes!!!) (Most of these we know nothing about other than their name.) WE KNOW VERY LITTLE 80% of bacteria are unculturable – what you do not know about can hurt you! 61% of the known 1415 species infectious (and counting) to man are from animals (zoonoses) • • • • 5 Want to know the current number of described species? See: http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/number.html Updated daily. 6 Normal Flora The Great Unknown • • • • First no one knows. NO ONE. Second detection does not mean it is normally there. Detected: Oral Cavity • 700 species (Aas 2005 and others) many sites • 6888 to 10,052 species (Keijser 2008) two sites in 71 people Anderson 2008 • Throat 152 species • Stomach 33 - 262 species • Feces 301 species Most abundant bacteria in the mouth – Veillonella parvula –...
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...cancrum oris, fusospirochetal gangrene, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, and stomatitis gangrenosa is a devastating disease that is famously quoted as “the face of poverty”. This rare disease with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan countries is lethal and has been linked to acute and rapid disease progression in persons that are immunocompromised. Evidence based research suggests a high prevalence of the disease is observed in populations experiencing extreme poverty, malnourishment, and exposure to infectious diseases, while living in a continued state of poor hygiene. This gangrenous infection has a microbial origin, often found in the mouth. It is exacerbated by poor hygiene that give rise to the bacterial micro-organisms responsible for aggressive manifestations observed on individuals infected. Etiology of Noma The exact etiology of Noma disease is unknown. However, it is believed to be multifactorial in nature (Ashok, Tarakji, Darwish, Rodrigues , & Altamimi, 2016). The spread of the disease is due to deteriorating sanitation and inadequate nutrition, most common in underdeveloped countries. Noma is an opportunistic infection, which typically show dominance after a weakened immune system is present, preceding multiple risk factors that work together increasing risk potential for the disease. The most prevalent risk factors associated to development of this disease include malnutrition, poor oral hygiene, potentially including oral lesions from gingivitis, a...
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...Arrhythmias * Are common and often benign, but can indicate underlying heart disease. They often occur intermittently and so can be difficult to diagnose. * Can present with palpitations, chest pain, presyncope/syncope, hypotension, pulmonary oedema. Some are asymptomatic e.g. AF. * History taking make sure include: * Precipitating factors, onset, nature (fast/slow, regular/irregular), duration, associated symptoms (chest pain, dyspnoea, collapse). * Causes: * CARDIAC: * MI. * CAD. * LV aneurysm. * Mitral valve disease. * Cardiomyopathy. * Pericarditis. * Myocarditis. * Aberrant conduction pathways. * NON-CARDIAC: * Caffeine. * Smoking. * Alcohol. * Pneumonia. * Drugs (β2 agonist, digoxin, L-dopa, tricyclics). * Metabolic imbalance (K, Ca, Mg, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, thyroid disease, phaeochromocytoma). * Tests: * Bloods: FBC, U&E, glucose, Ca, Mg, TSH. * ECG: look for signs of IHD, AF, short P-R interval, long QT interval, U waves. * If ECG normal consider doing 24 hour tape. * Echo: look for structural heart disease. * Others: exercise ECG, cardiac catheterisation etc. * Types of Arrhythmias: * Bradycardias: * If asymptomatic and rate >40bpm then no treatment. * Look for cause and stop any drugs that may be the...
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...The influenza virus, as stated by the Victorian Government Department of Human Services (2004), is a severe communicable respiratory disease that has three alternate types as well as a variety of strains, where common symptoms across the board include fever, headache, muscle pain, lethargy, nasal congestion, sore throat and cough. Other symptoms, particularly in children, may also include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. These symptoms when severe can lead to potential death. Contributing to its communicability are the reservoirs of the virus. Primarily, influenza is known to be harboured in humans, making them the primary reservoir. However, recent research has evoked suspicion of animals also having the ability to act as a reservoir for new arising influenza strains. This of which is assumed to occur when humans and animals live in close proximity to each other resulting in increased interspecies contact. Furthermore, the influenza virus is in general transmitted from person to person through direct contact with respiratory aerosols and secretions from an...
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...On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus departed Palos, Spain to begin his new journey across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the first of many of his voyages. This one was a little special because it allowed him to explore a New World where many discoveries were made. Many of the plants, animals, cultures and resources were different because Europeans had never seen them before. The sharing of these resources and combination of the Old and New World has come to be known as the Columbian Exchange. During these explorations, the Europeans brought over many diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhoid and bubonic plague to the New World, wiping out the entire Indian populations. There were also many other populations wiped out due to complications...
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...regional legislatures, whereby the people’s representatives were elected by popular vote. Britain introduced a Western style infrastructure to all aspects and levels of Indian affairs, which was fare more sophisticated and efficient than the Mughal period. Britain subsequently modernised India in terms of rail networking, electricity and infrastructure. Source R suggests that issue of inequality is prevalent as the Indians “despised the local British”… implying the Indians already developed an element of dislike for the British people. Thus the term “despised” portrays the negative attitude towards the British and essentially the unwillingness of adopting the ways of the British culture in to their own. The origins of this source could be questioned as it was written from unknown Indian’s perspective (1951), after India’s independence in 1947. Nirad Chaudhuri recalls his childhood spent in Calcutta. He explains that he wasn’t interested in “hobnobbing with the English in India” this in effect enforces the idea of the Indians not liking the English as socialisation was limited as well....
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...The most notable symptom, and the symptom to give black plague its name is the big black bubbles, filled with blood and pus, which appeared all over the victim’s body. The bubbles filled with blood and pus showed up in the victim’s arm pits and hands first, then it quickly spread to the rest of the victim’s body. These were also very painful and swelled up. Then the bubbles all start to burst, when this occurred there was so much blood and pus, that people in hospitals would be stuck to their hospital sheets, unable to move. While victims of the black plague had the bubbles, they also and fever and flu...
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...options. By definition, disease is essentially “a disorder of structure or function that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affect a specific location (not just from a physical injury)” (WHO, 2007). The true boundaries and limitations of disease remain elusive. Healthcare specialists and researchers use “normal” conditions as their basis in order to understand what disease is. By understanding what disease is, one can target and identify the causes of the “abnormal” condition. The truth about diseases is that they are all relative. The question of how disease came to be remains unanswered though. Diseases are about as old as time—they have always plagued mankind. A vast majority of existing human infectious disease have their origin in other...
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...Q(a): Explain in your own words what is meant by a 'model of abnormality'?[2] A: Models of abnormality each offers a different explanation for the origins of mental disorders. They are basically the conceptual models, each research and treatment adopted according to it. (b): Describe models of abnormality. [8] A: There are four type of models: Medical model (or Biological method), Psychodynamic model, Behavioral model and the Cognitive model. Medical model (or Biological model) is a view of abnormality that sees mental disorders as being caused by abnormal physiological processes such as genetics, brain damage and chemical imbalance. Abnormality according to this model is seen as an illness or disease. They treat mental disorders with the help of chemotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy and psycho surgery. According to Psychodynamic model, abnormal behavior is caused by underlying psychological forces of which the individuals is probably unaware. It focuses on unconscious mind primarily and according to Sigmund Freud, if a child does not successfully complete any of the psychosexual stages, it will cause abnormality. It is treated by talk therapies and test like the rorshack and free-word association. The Behavioral model has a view that abnormal behavior are maladaptive, learned responses in the environment which can be replaced by more adapted behaviors. These disorders emerge due to classical conditioning, operant conditioning or social learning. It can be...
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...have a blood relative with some form of IBD, most often a brother or sister and sometimes a parent or child. The most common complication is blockage of the intestine. Blockage occurs because the disease tends to thicken the intestinal wall with swelling and scar tissue, narrowing the passage. Crohn's disease may also cause sores, or ulcers, that tunnel through the affected area into surrounding tissues such as the bladder, vagina, or skin. The areas around the anus and rectum are often involved. The disease can be aggravated by a bacterial infection. It begins with the development of patches of inflammation on the intestinal wall, which can spread from one part of the digestive tract to another. The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. It can affect the digestive system anywhere between the mouth and the anus, but usually affects the final...
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...Sexually Transmitted Infections Caused by Chlamydia, Hepatitis B, Scabies Victoria Momma Mp4b Biology Mrs. Lamers 13 – 10 – 10 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are diseases or infections, which have a high chance of being transmitted via sexual contact and sexual behaviour. These diseases are often caused by pathogen such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Unfortunately, in 2010 sexually transmitted diseases have become very common. This is undoubtedly because increasingly more people are having enjoyable, but sometimes risky, sex lives- often with several sex partners. Chlamydia is a type of bacterial disease. It is caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium only found in the human body. Hepatitis B is an example of a viral infection and is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). If caught, the infection can usually be fought off naturally by the immune system. However, if this fails the liver becomes infected. The liver, being an essential organ, becomes inflamed and cannot carry out its functions correctly. Scabies is a form of a parasitic disease. It is caused by mites who burrow into the skin. These mites are smaller than half a millimetre and cannot be seen to the naked eye. They can however, be seen under a magnifying glass or microscope (figure 1). Chlamydia is usually caught when contacted sexually, including as little as sharing bed sheets or clothing. This is much like all other...
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...building was fully equipped with safety equipment and numerous chemical and fire detectors that comply fully with OSHA regulations. One safety device that the facility is not equipped with is a Methyl Isocyanate detector. At approximately 3:00 p.m. on July 7, 2013 numerous employees working in the insecticide production area of the plant began experiencing nausea, difficulty breathing, sweating, fever, chills, and eye irritation (EPA, n.d.). At that time, a chemical leak of some kind was suspected. The supervisor for the insecticide production area immediately had one of the unaffected workers call the emergency response number (ERG, 2012) while he made sure all of his people were out of the area and accounted for. The worker who called emergency response advised that there was an unknown leak in their area and gave an initial count of people affected and their symptoms. The supervisor grabbed the portable eyewash stations and medical kits as him and his staff evacuated the area. The recommended safe distance for a methyl isocyanate leak is 150-feet (ERG, 2012), but because the origin and source of the leak was not determined at that time, all employees evacuated the building to await emergency personnel. Once outside, all employees were staged in the parking area to the west of the plant because the wind was blowing to the east (ERG, 2012). Employees who were exhibiting signs of exposure were kept apart from other personnel to avoid cross contamination....
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