...Turbine Engines The history of turbine engines date back to nearly a century ago when Frank Whittle was the first to register a patent in 1930; six years later Hans von Ohain registered his independent work (Bellis, 2012). Frank Whittle, as an English aviation engineer and pilot, gained private financial support to start designing and manufacturing his first turbojet in January 1930 (Bellis, 2012). His first engine was a single-stage centrifugal compressor attached to a single-stage turbine was tested in 1937 (Bellis, 2012). The jet engine has become very complex engine based on simple concepts; in simplest terms, the jet engine produces thrust for flight by compressing, combustion, and accelerating air out the exhaust faster than when it came in the inlet. Throughout my career, I have maintained, troubleshot, and repaired several different types of turbine engines, all of which are similar because of this theory of operation. When looking at a jet engine, everyone usually sees the fan blades, but before this component, there is the inlet, or intake, which is the structure in front of the fan. For aircraft that cannot fly supersonically, the inlet is a basic housing that directs air straight into the fan; for much faster aircraft, the inlet is longer and contains a slight curve as it leads to the fan. This is because when the aircraft is flying at supersonic speeds, the air entering the jet engine must be slowed to subsonic speeds (“the jet engine,” n.d.). It is...
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...Wind Turbine San Jose State University, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering E10 Introduction to Engineering By Justin DeCastro, Cari Geldreich, Hugo Quiroz, and Ashley Mishra March 24, 2011 Professor Athanasiou Section 6 Project Summary The project that was assigned in lab was the wind turbine lab. The objective of this lab was to develop and construct a wind turbine that would create enough energy to conduct electricity. The goal of the assignment was to construct the most creative and stable structure so that it would withstand high winds. After constructing the turbine, which was 17 inches high and weight 255 grams, the next task was to test its stiffness using various amounts of weights and to look for the displacement. The maximum amount of displacement by the turbine was 4.81 mm. After finding out how stiff the turbine was, the next task was to measure the amount of power the turbine generated. The turbine worked quite well except for the fact that the blade broke within the first few minutes. The blade speed started out with 9703 RPM and went down to as low as 6000RPM when it had 6 light bulbs on. The turbine successfully completed all the objectives with ease. The only thing that it could’ve done better in was the stiffness test because it displaced more weight than it needed to. Table of Contents Introduction pg. 4 Turbine Structure Design Structure & Blade Design pg. 5 Structure & Blade Construction pg. 6 ...
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...1. Blade Design: The design of the blade does not just depend on the stress analysis; several other factors play significant roles as well. The leading edge is thicker than the trailing edge for a streamlined Flow. Furthermore, the blade should be as thin as possible to improve cavitation Characteristics; it is thicker near the flange becoming thinner and thinner towards the tip. In Addition, the blade has to be distorted on the basis of the tangential velocity. Blade design is the most complex thing in Kaplan turbine. It consists of six steps. 1. Velocity triangle is evaluated at the leading and Trailing edge of the blade. 2. Angle of distortion of the chord lengths (β∞). 3. Lift Coefficients. 4. Chord length to Spacing (L/t) ratio. 5. Drag Coefficient. 6. Profile. 2.1. Velocity Triangle: U U As shown in the figure different types of velocities occur as the fluid flows from the blades of this turbine. Thorough understanding of the velocity triangle (fig 1. 1) is necessary for a good design. Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 β∞ β∞ Wu Wu Cu Cu Wm Wm Cm Cm Blade Tangential Velocity ………. (1.1) Tangential Flow velocity ……………… (1.2) Relative Tangential Velocity……………. (1.3) Relative Axial Velocity…………………… (1.4) Where, U = blade Tangential velocity [m/s] Wm= Axial Component relative velocity [m/s]. Cm = Axial Component flow Velocity [m/s]. Cu= Tangential Component flow velocity [m/s]. Wu= Tangential Component relative velocity [m/s]...
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...Current Event 09-07-12 Wind Turbines I First Willacy County Turbine Farm Opens, More to Follow: A little over a year ago, a Chicago-based renewable energy company E.ON held a ribbon-cutting ceremony at the new site and began construction in October of 2011. The Magic Valley Wind Farm is what they decided to call it and it is located roughly 5 miles east of Raymondville. It is Willacy County's first wind farm. Within the last year, they put up 112 Danish-produced Vestas 1.8 megawatt turbines that generate more than 200 megawatts together, which is enough to power 60,000 houses. There was over 200 people hired for the construction phase of this wind farm and a staff of around 20 people on site. The project was approximately a 200 million dollar investment for E.ON and is the company’s 16th operational wind farm in North America upping the company’s generating power to 2,000 megawatts in Texas. The location of this wind farm is supposed to have minimal impact on wildlife and the environment due to environmental studies. During construction of this wind farm, more than 24 miles of public roads where constructed. Why do you think that is? I’m assuming they were constructed to cart in the enormous shafts and blades. There were more than 60,000 cubic yards of concrete poured and more than 50 miles of underground cable laid. Now if you head South of the Magic Valley project you will run into two more wind farms owned by Duke Energy that are supposed to operational at the end of the...
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...85 Hydraulic turbines—basic principles and state-of-theart computational fluid dynamics applications P Drtina* and M Sallaberger Sulzer Hydro AG, Zurich, Switzerland ¨ Abstract: The present paper discusses the basic principles of hydraulic turbines, with special emphasis on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool which is being increasingly applied to gain insight into the complex three-dimensional (3D) phenomena occurring in these types of fluid machinery. The basic fluid mechanics is briefly treated for the three main types of hydraulic turbine: Pelton, Francis and axial turbines. From the vast number of applications where CFD has proven to be an important help to the design engineer, two examples have been chosen for a detailed discussion. The first example gives a comparison of experimental data and 3D Euler and 3D Navier–Stokes results for the flow in a Francis runner. The second example highlights the state-of-the-art of predicting the performance of an entire Francis turbine by means of numerical simulation. Keywords: hydraulic turbines, flow prediction, stage simulation, hill chart, Navier–Stokes and Euler computations NOTATION C, c E g h at h d H H s k K c K u K w n Q R, r T U, u W, w Z a b e f g absolute velocity (m/s) energy per unit mass (m2/s2) gravity (m/s2) atmospheric pressure head (m) vapour pressure head (m) turbine head (m) suction head (m) turbulent kinetic energy (m2/s2) normalized velocity normalized circumferential velocity normalized relative...
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...only be talk of wind power and the good and bad sides to using it. Wind power is a totally renewable resource. Since, there is wind all over the world turbines could go up anywhere, on land and in the sea. The pros to putting wind turbines are that they are green. They do not produce any radiation or other type of pollution that can affect the local area. Efficiency always comes in to play when planning something that big and they are very efficient, both with space and what they provide. Some of the largest turbines offer power to generate enough watts for 600 homes; they also can protect against power outages, whereas telephone poles cannot since they can get knocked down more easy, for example in an ice storm. Wind power has been around since the early 1800’s when it was used to power water pumps to get water out of wells to go to farming. And, besides, once the structure is up and running and paid for the power is, for the most part, free. With the pros stated, now it is time for the cons to be gone over. Since the biggest part of a wind turbine is the wind, it can be hard to say where and for how long a certain place it going to be windy for. There could be a lot if wind one day and none the next, or no wind for weeks; along with this, is the very costly set up of structure it-self. There is a large price range for turbines they can run from fifty grand to five million dollars. Plus, there is the cost of wildlife, namely birds and bats that can suffer...
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...Wind energy is a renewable resource, which means that future supply will not be affected by current use. The rising concerns about global warming, pollution, and depletion of natural resources makes wind a viable and logical source of energy for the near and distant future. There are many advantages to wind energy; it is a sustainable energy source that is non-polluting. With a 30 percent annual increase, wind is the world’s fastest-growing bulk power electricity source. Montana has a bright future in wind energy. The American Wind Energy Association ranked Montana’s wind-energy potential in the top five in the nation. Currently, the state has several utility-scale wind farms in operation. History of Wind Energy Wind energy has been used by civilizations throughout time. As early as 5000 B.C., wind energy propelled boats up and down rivers. Simple windmills pumped water in China in 200 B.C. Wind energy technology and its applications continued to grow and diversify throughout the ages. By the late 19th century, settlers of the New World were using windmills to pump water, and eventually, to generate electricity. Small windmills were used until the late 1920s to bring electricity to rural Americans. Farm and ranch communities in Montana used wind generators that produced direct current (DC) electricity that was often stored in batteries. However, these systems were short-lived due to the Rural Electrification Act (REA) of 1936. The REA subsidized the construction of rural...
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...Early Gas Turbine History 1791 First patent for a gas turbine (John Barber, United Kingdom) 1904 Unsuccessful gas turbine project by Franz Stolze in Berlin (first axial compressor) 1906 GT by Armengaud Lemale in France (centrifugal compressor, no useful power) 1910 First GT featuring intermittent combustion (Holzwarth, 150 kW, constant volume combustion) 1923 First exhaust-gas turbocharger to increase the power of diesel engines 1939 World’s first gas turbine for power generation (Brown Boveri Company), Neuchâtel, Switzerland (velox burner, aerodynamics by Stodola) The man behind the early steam and gas turbine Prof. Aurel Stodola (1859-1942) Final Grade report at ETH Zurich: GPA = 6 (A+) [courtesy ETH Zurich] back to top Seminal work by Stodola English Translation of “Die Dampfturbinen” 1906 One-dimensional treatment – Velocity Triangles back to top World’s first industrial gas turbine – 1939 From the paper collection of Eddie Taylor, the first director of MIT GTL (1947–1969) back to top Commissioning of world’s first industrial gas turbine, Neuchatel, 1939 (Stodola at age 80) [picture courtesy ETH Zurich] Drawing of first gas turbine [from Eddie Taylor’s paper collection] back to top World’s first industrial gas turbine “Neuchatel”, 2007 ASME Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in Birr, Switzerland (ALSTOM Headquarters) GT Neuchatel operated for 63 years (generator failure in 2002) [picture...
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...better understanding of how gas turbines operates, and the parameters which influence their efficiency. Theory Apparatus The Gunt ET972 Small Gas Turbine Demonstration Unit is an educational instrument, designed with ergonomics in mind, and is equipped with a number of displays to convey performance information. Propane is used as the fuel. As small size and a range of options are required in an educational setting, efficiency is not a priority and hence suffers as the unit is optimised for practicality rather than power output. Gas turbines are effectively vibration free as there is no reciprocal motion as in a piston engine, have a very high power to weight ratio, and when coupled to an electrical generator, are used to account for unexpected rises in power electricity demand. Schematic diagram on the front side of the Gunt ET972 Small Gas Turbine Demonstration Unit, outlining the main controls and information displays to the user. Table of Results | | | | | | | Experiment No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | Gas TG °C | 22.8 | 25.3 | 26.8 | 27.6 | 27.7 | | Gas Nozzle Pressure, PD [Barrel] | 0.64 | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.98 | 1.1 | | Compressor Inlet, T1 [°C] | 32.3 | 33.4 | 32.8 | 33.2 | 34 | | Compressor Inlet, T2 [°C] | 79.2 | 88.4 | 97.7 | 103.2 | 111.1 | | Comb. Chamber Differential Pressure, ΔP [P2-P3] | 0.012 | 0.0136 | 0.0146 | 0.0154 | 0.0166 | | Turbine Inlet, T3 [°C] | 769 | 793 | 808 | 820 | 840 | | Turbine Inlet, P3 [Bar] | 0.56 | 0...
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...Very Simple Kaplan Turbine Design Grant Ingram 30th January 2007 Nomenclature b blade height g gravitational acceleration H head k loss coeficient m mass flow rate ˙ P power output Q volumetric flow rate r radial direction R radius U blade speed V absolute velocity, subscripts denote stations and components W relative velocity, subscripts denote stations and components x axial direction α absolute flow angle β relative flow angle ω rotational speed θ tangential direction η efficiency 1, 2, 3, 4 stations through the machine 1 School of Engineering, Durham University 1 2 3 draft tube 4 inlet stator rotor r x Figure 1: General Arrangement of Kaplan 1 Introduction This short note indicates how a preliminary design of an axail flow Kaplan turbine can be carried out - see Figure 1 for a cross section of the device. Note that this analysis is approximate and is useful for a first appoximation only. In order to carry out a preliminary blade analysis consider a mean radius through the machine. In order to draw or manufacture the blades you will need to know the inlet and exit angles of the stator (α1 and α2 ) and the rotor (β1 and β2 ). This is shown in Figure 2 In this analysis the effect of blade shape or number is not considered - to a first approximation you can ignore them - simply pick a reasonable shape and a reasonable number of blades. The approach is to set the flow rate through the machine and then calculate the power output. Once this has been determined...
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...Operating principles of reciprocating and turbine engines Robert Zimmerman Embry Riddle Operating principles of reciprocating and turbine engines. Many airplanes are equipped with reciprocating engines. This is due to their reciprocating or back and forth movement of the pistons. Two kinds of these motors are. 1. by cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft—radial, in-line, v-type or opposed, or 2. By the method of cooling—liquid or air-cooled. The main advantage of a radial engine is the favorable power-to-weight ratio. V-type engines usually have more horsepower than in-line engines. The horizontally-opposed engine is the most popular engine on smaller aircraft. Opposed engines always have a even number of cylinders. Most are air cooled and have a high power-to-weight ratio due to a light crankcase. The main parts of a reciprocating engine include the cylinders, crankcase, and accessory housing. The intake/exhaust valves, spark plugs, and pistons are located in the cylinders. The crankshaft and connecting rods are located in the crankcase. The magnetos are normally located on the engine accessory housing. Operating Principles Federal Aviation Administration. (2013, July 1) found the basic principle for reciprocating engines involves the conversion of chemical energy, in the form of fuel, into mechanical energy. This occurs within the cylinders of the engine through a process known as the four-stroke operating cycle. These strokes...
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...Mechanics and Manufacturing, Vol. 1, No. 2, May 2013 Hydro turbine Runner Design and Manufacturing Fatma Ayancik, Umut Aradag, Ece Ozkaya, Kutay Celebioglu, Ozgur Unver, and Selin Aradag Abstract—This research describes a methodology for the parametric design, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) aided analysis and manufacturing of a Francis type hydro turbine runner. A Francis type hydro turbine consists of five components which are volute, stay vanes, guide vanes, runner and draft tube. The hydraulic performance of the turbine depends on the shape of the components; especially on the shape of the runner blades. The design parameters for the other components are affected by the runner parameters directly. Runner geometry is more complex than the other parts of the turbine. Therefore; to obtain accurate results and meet hydraulic expectations, CFD analyses and advanced manufacturing tools are necessary for the design and manufacturing of the hydro turbine runner. The turbine runner design methodology developed is presented using an actual potential hydraulic power plant in Turkey. Index Terms—CFD, francis turbine, runner, design and manufacturing. I. INTRODUCTION Turbines are used for hydropower generation. There are basically two types of hydraulic turbines, the first one is impulse and the second one is reaction type turbines. Impulse turbines work based on momentum principle; while in the reaction type turbines, the flow is fully pressurized and it works according to conservation...
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...landscape. When several wind turbines are grouped together they are called wind farms. These wind farms offer many benefits to the environment, economy, and people whom are receiving the wind generated electricity. But without proper research and improper planning schemes wind farms are being placed in migratory paths for birds and bats killing or injuring them, attract and kill pollinator insects, and (according to some) decrease the aesthetic beauty of the landscape. The first wind farm in the United States was in Crocheted Mountains, New Hampshire in 1980. Since then they have grown to 119 wind farms in the United States. There are two basic forms of wind turbines, vertical axis and horizontal axis wind turbines. The vertical axis turbine blades have several designs but the commonality between the designs is that they have open spaces some people refer to as lattice spaced openings. Horizontal axis turbine blades look like propellers on an airplane. It is estimated that roughly 573,000 birds are injured or killed annually, roughly 600,000 bats are injured or killed annually and innumerable pollinator insects are killed annually by wind farms. The problem with vertical axis turbines is that the spaces in the blades are wonderful perching and nest building sites for birds when they aren’t moving. So when the blades start to move the birds are injured and the nest and eggs are destroyed. The problem with horizontal axis turbines is that they can run at high...
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...of Wind Turbines The purpose of this presentation is to inform the audience about general information on wind energy. I want to inform the audience of the basic design of a wind plant. I will also introduce them to the basics of wind turbines and what a wind turbine site consists of. The best audience for this presentation is anyone without previous knowledge of wind turbines. This presentation is designed to generally educated people on wind turbines and wind sites. It is not designed to go into real depth with wind turbines. If there was anyone interested in getting wind turbines on their land this presentation would help to let them know what to expect. They type of audience that would resist this knowledge is any group that works in fossil fuels. These communities usually worry that their jobs our in jeopardy because of green energy. This topic is important because of the increase in wind turbines throughout the United States and world. It is important for us to understand the basics of what they do and what a plant is made up. The reason this is important is because we the people vote to allow turbines in our communities. The more information we have on the technology the better decision people can make for their communities. Research shows that due to better technology and the demand for green energy Wind Turbine development is increasing across the United States. Today I’m going to give a brief back ground of the history of turbines and talk...
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...electricity use and increase power input. It means that devices should be off when they are not in use, replace obsolete bulbs with energy efficient bulbs and at the same time build more energy harvest systems to enhance electricity production. Electrical energy can be produced by renewable sources and non-renewable sources of energy. With development in the technological field, renewable resources like water, solar, and wind current are preferred to produce electricity in order to replace fossil fuel which would not last very long. In fact, natural resources can produce multi-folds of electricity without being eradicated. However, this essay is comparing solar panel to wind turbine. Their major differences are location, method and efficiency. Initially, the difference of both solar panel and wind turbine is method of generating electricity. Since the solar panel has defined as an object that absorbed the sunlight and turns it into electricity. The method to generate electricity by solar panel is complex. Firstly, after the sunlight shines into the panel, it has been converted from protons to electrons (Llorens, n.d.). After that, the current’s output is in a form of direct current. This is a type of electrical current which flows in one direction in a circuit and mostly loss energy when energy is carried over a long distance (“Alternating Current,”n.d.). However, the current of electricity that people use in the...
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