...emergence of the curriculum, models of curriculum design and the implication of curriculum evaluation. 1.1 Concept of curriculum There is no single definition of the curriculum .The most common definition of curriculum that most teachers give is that it is a syllabus or a program of study but this is an erroneous definition. For Taba (1962), it is a ‘plan for learning’, while Lawton describes the curriculum as “a selection from the culture of a society” (Lawton, 1975, p6). It has also been described as “a social and political construct that changes over time in response to a range of factors and influences” (Mc Cullock, 1992, p9). Hence, the term curriculum means different things for different people. While it is obvious that the curriculum is not neutral, its content and how it is transmitted depends on the kinds of interaction between curriculum developers, teachers and students. Stated differently, curricula emerges depending on the various ways curriculum developers, teachers and students interact with each other. In this essay, I will outline the internal and external factors that shape the interaction between the official curriculum, what is taught in secondary schools and learning that takes place in classrooms. Internal factors include the influences of philosophy, psychology and sociology, whereas external factors include the social, economic and political aspects that shape curriculum design. Two curriculum models, namely the rational and the dynamic models will then be...
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...the six educaitional models. These six models are: Perennialist, Essentialists, Progressivitst, Existentialists, Recontrustionists, and Futurist. The first two models that were discussed in this chapter is the perennialists and Essentialists. These two models view education as being concentrated on cultural inheritance over time. The teaching focus on ideas that are ongoing. The perennalists believe that’s education is constant like human nature. This model also ensures students to understand great ideas of Western communities. The Essentialist believe that there is a systematic ways of knowledge that needs to be taught to students in a certain way. Essentialist differs from perennalists because they accept the idea of change in curriculums. In this model students are prepared to become better members in society by teaching students how to read, write,and speak clearly. Essentialist. believe that change is necessary. This means that the teach should help the students in their Alicia Smith ELED 415 Summary of Chapter 5& 6 In chapter 5 Queen discusses the process of creating a curriculum, the different meanings of a curriculum, patterns of curriculum organization, balancing subject content and process, and lastly cautions and warnings. In chapter 6 Queen describes content that is taught in early grades K-2 grades. In the book Queen defines a curriculum as basic directions for what is to be taught in schools. A curriculum is a plan or guide for...
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...Managing a Quality Curriculum Outcome 1 I have been asked to write a report, which evaluates the concept of a quality curriculum by examining three models of curriculum in relation to one national/local guideline and two approaches. The national guideline, which I have chosen to examine, is Curriculum for Excellence and my two approaches are the Reggio and Te Whariki. Within all childcare establishments in Scotland we must work alongside curriculum legislation and government bodies. The current curriculum and legislations are all set by the government and must be followed at all times to ensure all children’s needs and developments are being met. We are required to follow all the educational frameworks and the Social Care and Social Work in Scotland (SCSWIS) set the care and standards. Model 1 – Development, Curriculum for Excellence and Lev Vygotsky. When working in a childcare environment a quality curriculum needs to be provided. A national curriculum, which is provided, in Scottish nurseries and schools for children aged between 3-18 years of age is ‘Curriculum for Excellence’. Curriculum for Excellence aims to achieve a transformation in education in Scotland by providing a coherent, more flexible and enriched curriculum. The 3-18 curriculum aims to ensure that all children and young people in Scotland develop the attributes, knowledge and skills they will need to flourish in life, learning and work. The Curriculum for Excellence...
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...I. INTRODUCTION The role of curriculum in educating the students is a dynamic process that seeks to cope with the changes in our society. Understanding the traditional and emerging concepts of curriculum as well as the factors that affect its development will guide the educators to respond to the needs of the learners. In planning, constructing and evaluating a curriculum, educators and curriculum practitioners may use one or more approaches. The contrasting approaches that are generally used in curriculum development are Technical/Scientific Approach and Non-technical/Non-scientific Approach. In scrutinizing these approaches, the advantages and disadvantages are revealed and the differences they generate in creating a curriculum. According to Bago (2008), information about personal and collective commitments to a particular viewpoint and the values considered important by individuals, school, and society are exposed when examining an approach. Curriculum can also be designed based on a particular context. It solely depends upon the elements namely: contemplation of aims, projected learning outcomes, syllabus, learning and teaching methods, and assessment. There are three common patterns to design a curriculum: through subject – centered, experience – centered, and problem – centered. These are incorporated into the curriculum by looking into its possible effects to the certain elements mentioned above. A design that addresses to the conceptual framework of science education...
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...CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT:DYNAMIC PROCESS Curriculum development is not an exact science. In most cases, it is a dynamic process that involves many people, often with different priorities, vested interest and needs. Priorities of politicians and parents can be very different, as can the priorities of teachers and employers. But it can be argued that each of these groups has a legitimate interest in what is included in the curriculum, and most significantly, in its outputs. Curriculum has been a rich source of research and theory for many decades. While the debate has been complex and robust; it has resulted, at least in English-speaking countries in two prominent models of curriculum development being proposed; 1. objectives – sequential, rational or behavioral model 2. interactive or dynamic OBJECTIVE MODEL Conceptualizes the curriculum development as a sequential series of stages 1. stating objectives 2. selecting learning experiences or subject 3. organizing learning experiences or subject 4. evaluating – whether objectives have been met INTERACTIVE MODEL Conceptualizes curriculum development as a less predictable process which can begin with any element or stage. Is continuing process of interaction, refinement, and review. THE CURRICULUM RESOURCE PACK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Acknowledge the legitimacy of both curriculum development models. It advocates a thoughtful analysis of the context and a consideration of the needs and interest of all stakeholders...
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...childhood education field recommends programs utilize what are known as Developmentally Appropriate Practices, it does not yet have the research base to promote any single curriculum model as “best.” In addition, no state government or federal entity mandates use of just one particular curriculum in their publicly funded preschool programs. Preschool curriculum models vary widely. Some may detail exactly what to teach. A single curriculum may not address all of the different areas of learning. Even if a curriculum fits a program’s philosophy and provides the needed amount and type of content, it might not be appropriate for the children enrolled. Not all curriculum models have been empirically evaluated or even based on a systematic and comprehensive review of research of how young children learn. In addition, no single curriculum or approach has been proven to be best for all preschool programs. (http://www.isbe.state.il.us/earlychi/pdf/preschool_curriculum.pdf) For example, preschool Palace Curriculum is an age-appropriate, complete 10 month preschool curriculum for ages 2 1/2-5 designed for daycares, preschools, and homeschooling families. The curriculum includes daily lesson plans, monthly planner, craft ideas, and printable worksheets related to the themes of the month. The Preschool Curriculum is arranged into 3 cycles. Each cycle covers the entire ABC's, numbers 1-20, standard colors, standard shapes, and standard themes such as seasons, apples in September, pumpkins...
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...journal of Advanced Nursing, 1994, 19, 1024-1031 Curriculum evaluation in nursing education: a review of the literature Judith Chavasse BA RGN Dip Nurse Tutors Postgraduate Student, Departments of Education and Nursing Sfdies, The Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland Accepted for publication 29 September 1993 CHAVASSE J. (1994) lournal of Advanced Nursing 19, 1024-1031 Curriculum evaluation i nursing education: a review of the literature n Most curriculum evaluations in the literature have been reported by nurse evaluators; aims, criteria and methods are drawn chiefly from sociology, general education or management. There is an absence of studies exploring relevance to national health care need, nurses’ accountability to their clients and outcomes of cumcula. There appears to be much interest in innovatory programmes, students’ experiences and sociological understandings, with some concern for specific aspects of cumcula generally recognized as being problematic. The number of qualitative or mixed methodology studies is compatible with process cumcula and with academic and professional validation. EVALUATION OF NURSING CURRICULA The following year the erstwhile Joint Board o Clinical f Nursing Studies, finding that course planners lacked Evaluation of nursing curricula as a major consideration in knowledge and skills to evaluate their courses, produced nursing education in Britain and Ireland began to be a package which helped to introduce the practice...
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...Approach to Curriculum Development by L. Van Crowder Agricultural Education Officer Extension, Education and Communication Service (SDRE) FAO Research, Extension and Training Division See also "Participatory curriculum development in practice: An experience at the Eastern Caribbean Institute for Agriculture and Forestry in Trinidad and Tobago". Introduction Participants at the 1991 FAO Expert Consultation on agricultural education observed that major new developments in world agriculture, advances in science and technology and changes in population and society require the "integration of academic learning and development tasks". It was recommended that institutional approaches to decision making incorporate "a more participatory approach to the planning process" and that "feedback from the users...in curriculum review and revision offers an effective way of keeping research and teaching relevant and interesting". It seems clear that agricultural education institutions need to foster their relationship to the development process through the integration of academic scholarship with development tasks, including national but especially local development tasks. The implication is that a wide range of stakeholders in local development should participate in the curriculum development process -- that curriculum development can be an important mechanism for integrating teaching and learning with local (and national) development needs and concerns. Curriculum development:...
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...CURRICULUM Introduction As part of transforming South Africa, the educational landscape has undergone dramatic changes where ultimately teachers have to decide to either implement a curriculum as mandated or to adapt the curriculum to take into account their particular context. Teacher’s in South Africa battle on a daily basis with the effects of teaching large number of learners in an under-resourced context. Teachers are expected to adapt to those changes and such changes impact heavily on the roles of teachers in the classroom. They must find a way to facilitate teaching, learning and assessment despite difficult conditions. The gap between curriculum as intention and curriculum as reality confronts teachers regularly. The aim of this essay will address the narrow and broad definitions of the concept curriculum, as well as the official, explicit, implicit, covert and hidden curriculum as they are viewed by different authors. Defining Curriculum Two views on curriculum: Narrow and Broad Many educationists argue that awareness of different interpretations is important in developing a Good understanding of what curriculum is (Booyse & Du plesis, 2014: 4). However they make a point that different approaches, either as a blue print or adaption approach, may be appropriate for different situations. Take a closer look at the various interpretations: Eisner (1985) defines curriculum as a series of planned events that are intended to have educational consequences...
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...Curriculum Development Curriculum development is an evolving process. Societal expectations, new technologies and growing understanding of the learning process all drive the educational community to adapt and develop new strategies for developing and presenting needed curriculum. Curriculum can be defined in many ways. At its most fundamental roots, curriculum is a roadmap of planned ideas that are aimed at assisting the learner to acquire knowledge. In a more constructive sense, curriculum is an educational plan to assist in the delivery of information related to specific subject areas which meet specified learning goals (Dowd & Battles, 1996). When developing curriculum, it is important to recognize the issues and trends that affect the desired outcome of the educational process. In order to understand the changes that are occurring within curriculum development, it is important to recognize the fundamental principles utilized in the curriculum development process. There are many different models available for curriculum development. However, these models include the same fundamental principles develop an effective curriculum. The first step to developing a productive educational product is to identify the problem or need that the curriculum will address ("Six-Step Approach To Curriculum Development", n.d.). The second step is to know the target audience and understand the needs of the learners ("Six-Step Approach To Curriculum Development", n.d.). This will allow...
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...Part I: Description of Curriculum to Be Analyzed What is the title of the document being analyzed? For what grade level was the material intended? The title of the document is Spanish Level II. Who developed the curriculum? Were teachers and parents involved? This curriculum was developed for Public Schools by teachers and content supervisors. Part II: Organization and Content of the Curriculum Document Organization of the Document The guide is organized with a foreword by our superintendent, that states that the purpose of the guide, strategies for success in using the guide, and the overall goals for the document. Also included is a graphic organizer that serves as a key of how to decipher what certain notations found throughout the document mean. Along in the front of the guide is a detailed outline of the relationships of Learning goals, expectations, indicators, objectives and assessment limits that are present throughout the guide. The thematic units are as follows: Bridge and Unit 1: Let’s Have Fun and Family members and Friends Unit 2: Villages and Cities Unit 3: Your Body and Staying in Shape Unit 4: Memories Unit 5: Enjoy Your Meal Unit 6: The Environment Each unit is divided into a unit overview, a scope and sequence, teacher resource pages, student resource pages, audio labs, sample lessons, activities to be used and unit assessments. The detail and organization in which this document...
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...The curriculum consists of 17, 45 – 60 minutes lessons once a week taught by trained uniform officers to students. The lessons being delivered where shaped by the officers and partnering teachers whose classes were involved. However, though the lessons were targeted to curtail the prevalence of substance use and crime, research has continued to echo the sentiments shared between 1994 and 2002. The D.A.R.E. program was ineffective (West & O’Neal, 2004; Singh et al., 2011). It was becoming increasingly clear that a “just say no” approach would prove difficult in helping students effectively resist drug use (Rosenbaum, 2007). Though the evaluations to why D.A.R.E. was not having a long-term and significant effect were unclear (Des Jarlais et...
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...WHAT IS CORE CURRICULUM A core curriculum is a curriculum, or course of study, which is deemed central and usually made mandatory for all students of a school or school system. A core curriculum, a predetermined body of skills, knowledge, and abilities is taught to all students. Curriculum has numerous definitions, which can be slightly confusing. In its broadest sense a curriculum may refer to all courses offered at a school. Curriculum means two things: (i) the range of courses from which students choose what subject matters to study, and (ii) a specific learning program. In the latter case, the curriculum collectively describes the teaching, learning, and assessment materials available for a given course of study. Core curriculum is the subjects and courses that are required study for the students of a particular school. Core curriculum is a curriculum in which all or some of the subjects or courses are based on a central theme in order to correlate the subjects and the theme. Curriculum–The curriculum is built on a mandated core, which is defined and designed outside the classroom. All students learn a common set of knowledge, skills, and abilities. Though academic content remains the primary focus of the core curriculum, some core teaching is moving toward application and problem solving. a curriculum (plural: curricula or curriculums) is the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university. The concept of a “core” curriculum is based on the idea that...
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...High/Scope classrooms are organized to allow for exploration. There is use of defined areas for activities.(Spencer, 2014). The use of symbols, diagrams, and words shows where each item belongs and the shelves and storage is organized in such a way that children develop responsibility and independence. Each of these philosophies to teaching are all very similar yet unique in their own way. They can easily be combined into a curriculum that will work well with young children. They can also easily address discipline/guidance (specifically the scenario with Lisa), support teaching, and create effective partnerships with parents. In creating a plan that addresses discipline or guidance scenarios it is important to have strong classroom management as a key...
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...Part I. The curriculum approach that closely adheres to my current school district lies within the Systematic model. Although my school district contains similarities from some of the other models, the idea of "systems" is the most suitable term for my curriculum's foundation. The education model in this entire state has been in reform for quite some time and we can only anticipate more change in the upcoming months. Our great nation still thrives as a powerful country today because of its systematically structured business model. Needless to say, this approach seems to be the most attractive curriculum model when it comes to the viewpoints of the stakeholders. The curricular goals are also equivalent to the framework of a business. Ultimately, the flaws are fixed by the building of efficient "systems" that seek to eliminate any and all problems. The only difference among school districts and state education departments are the methods used to solve the problems in what they call a "proficient" manner. In other words, "Fix whatever is broken, then move on to the next!" South Point School District matches the Systematic Curriculum in that it replicates a business, the curriculum seeks to include input from the communities, and its focus on effective teacher training. To begin with, my school district operates much like any other monopoly. To achieve this systematic way of thinking, our curriculum's emphasis is heavily based upon the measurements of student achievement...
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