...Misattribution of arousal (two factor theory of emotion) People search the immediate environment for emotional relevant clues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal, leading to misattribution. Cognitive dissonance: mental discomfort that arises when we are confronted with actions, situations, or feelings that go against our morals values. we seek reduce this dissonance Conformity : a change in ones behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people Two factor theory of emotion -misattribution. Katniss is “falling in love” with Peeta because of the heightened tension, physical activity. Katniss pretending rue is her sister Deindividuation - it ties with arousal because it causes her to do things she normally wouldn't do, such as kiss Peeta while the world is watching, play pu[[et to the capital, and almost trying to kill herself at the end cognitive dissonance -killing other competitors in order to stay alive, even though participants have always bben taught that killing is wrong. -obeying the orders of the capitol and following along with their hunger games, even though they are being treated unfairly and they do not support the capitol. conformity -citizens of the district have to conform and give up their children in order to save the lives of everyone else -Katniss conforms to what the people of the capitol want so that she can get sponsors for the Hunger Games. -The people of the districts conform to the system in the capitol because...
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...Sad? That Motivational Factors That Influence Emotion By Olivia Saporito Olivia Saporito Dr. Friedenburg Final Paper Why So Sad? That Motivational Factors That Influence Emotion Defining and explaining human emotion is an extremely challenging feet. However, in regards to psychology, an emotion is often defined as “a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior.” Emotion can also be understood as an integration of specific ideas such as, subjective cognition, biological similarities, purposive functionality, and social expression. Subjective cognition represents the component of our emotion that explains why one individual feels happiness, subjectively and differently than say another individual. For example, Jane may feel happiness much different and much more frequent than say, Alice. Subjective cognition also accounts for how our thoughts and experiences contribute towards why we emote. An example of this aspect of subjective cognition could be exemplified in the following scenario; Lilly’s father used to always take her fishing. Every time they went fishing he would always wear the same red hat. Unfortunately, right after Lilly turned 8, her father passes away tragically. A couple years later, she is out with her friends and sees a man wearing a red hat, holding a fishing pole in one hand, and his daughter’s hand in the other. Lilly begins to feel overwhelmed with emotion and bursts into tears...
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...Reviews of Theories of Emotion Causation Jennifer Tang Yii Ting B1201569 Department of Psychology PSY 111 Mr. Alex Lui Tutorial 8 Ms. Karuna Sarah The factor of differentiation, intensity, or elicitation are argued frequently should be listed down using the theories of emotion. There are spontaneous bodily responses, which is actuating by noncognitive yet witting perceptual states caused emotion, corresponding by Williams James. James (1890, vol. 2, p.449) reported, “emotions are perceptions of bodily responses: An emotion is our “feeling” of the “bodily changes” following upon the perception of an “exciting fact”.” Descartes and James’s theories often grouped together as both of them indicated that the go through of emotions and passions are caused by the sensory stimulation precede. Furthermore, James and Carl Georg Lange theories about emotion joint together and formed the “James-Lange theory” of emotion. The James-Lange theory gives a clear idea on the nature of emotions starting on comparing the changes in physiological within the body and emotions. However, Lange’s suggest mechanism that touch on emotion would be less accurate and it was connected with James’s theory while it makes Lange’s work become less famous. While defining for emotions, several types of components are dropped down since it is contemplate as a prototypical emotional episode. Here comes the component: cognitive component, feeling component, motivational component, somatic component, and motor component...
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...The James-Lange Theory, in summarization, suggests that our emotions are triggered by physiologial reactions to events. When we cry due to a loss it leads us to feel sorrowful, yelling and becoming violet towards someone who upsets us causes us to feel anger, shaking or being scared easily if someone was to jump out at us causes us to feel fear. According to James and Lange there is a physiological, or visceral experience, accompanying every major emotion. We can determine the exact pattern of these responses that can help us to reveal the emotional experience. Researchers argue with this theory. According to some, this information cannot necessarily be proved. If a stranger approaches you from a dark alley during the night, and you're walking alone, you're going to immediately feel frightened. Whereas, before a big speech you accquire the same feeling over a length of time, and it stays with you until the event is over. Some don't see how this could be pin-pointed as the exact source of immediate emotional experience. According to Feldman (2010) : The James-Lange Theory poses another difficulty: our internal organs produce a relatively limited range of sensations. Although some types of physiological changes are associated with specific emotional experiences, it is difficult to imagine how each of the myriad emotions that people are capable of experiencing could be the result of a unique visceral change. Many emotions actually are associated with relatively similar sorts of visceral...
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...Moods and emotions can affect people in various aspects, such as the feeling of happiness, health. Emotion is defined as intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. They are reactions, not a trait. Moods are that feelings tend to be less intense than emotions and which lack a contextual stimulus. They are not directed at an object. The increasing importance of moods and emotions management of business management inside enterprises has caught the attention of managers . Through the comprehensive analysis of effective events theory, moods and emotions’ positive and negative effects on employees’ performance and organizational outcomes will be clarified. Then four reasonable ways will be put forward as suggestions for managers. In the last part of this essay some external factors will also be brought forth in order to make this subject more comprehensive and convincing. There are various theories in relation to emotions and moods. One of this is the AET. Affective events theory (AET Theory) is to understand emotions at work, which has been significantly helped by a model. It demonstrates that employees react emotionally to things that happen to them at work and this affect their job performance and satisfaction. Affective events theory puts emphasis on the structures, precipitating factor and consequence of emotional response of individuals during their work, and supports the idea that steady working environment features would lead to the appearance of positive...
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...motivation action plan details the strategies suggested for each employee based on individual characteristics in an attempt to maintain or increase his or her levels of motivation. In regard to employee Brian Tumbarello, Riordan chose a motivational strategy and action plan conducive to the self-determination theory, “which proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation” (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 211). Because Brian is definitely satisfied in his position, the need to increase his wage at this time is not necessary. Positive plans for motivational strategy should focus on maintaining his interest while allowing him additional freedom to make decisions. Supporting both his growth and development within the organization may allow Brian to advance into a management position if he desires. Although Linda’s performance rating appears to be low, she does possess skills and knowledge beneficial to the company. Motivational strategies suggested for her would be to introduce her into a job rotation for a trial period of two months. During this time, the company should recognize her accomplishments as well as monitor her progress to determine if there is an area she would be more efficient and satisfied in given her skills and knowledge. Riordan also needs to set specific goals for Linda verifiable, tangible, and measurable. These...
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...Operant conditioning Psychopathology- the study of abnormal behaviour Biological functions such as eating, drinking and sleeping are regulated by… • Homeostasis: steady state of equilibrium within bodily systems. A system is returned to a resting level through motivational states that energise and direct homeostasis-restoring behaviours. ! • Thus, homeostatic systems include several features: 1. Set Point: biologically optimal level the system strives to maintain. 2. Feedback mechanisms: provide information regarding the state of the system with respect to variables being regulated. 3. Corrective mechanisms: restore the system to its set point when needed. Physiological needs describe a deficient biological condition. Occur with tissue and bloodstream deficits, as from water loss, nutrient deprivation or physical injury. ➡ If water loss occurs below an optimal homeostatic level (around 2%) this creates the physiological need that underlies thirst. defined as • THIRST iswater deficit.a consciously experienced motivational state (drive) that readies the body to perform behaviours needed to replenish ➡ So drive is a psychological (not biological) term. Conscious manifestation of an underlying biological need that has motivational properties (to energise and direct behaviour). ➡ How does thurst arise? Water lies inside (intracellular fluid contributes 40% body weight) and outside (extracellular fluid contributes 20% body weight) cells. ! We may distinguish between osmometric...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Unit- 1. Definition, need and importance of organisational behaviour- nature and scope- frame work – organisational behaviour models. What Managers Do Manager: Individuals who achieve goals through other people. Managerial Activities • • • Make decisions Allocate resources Direct activities of others to attain goals Where Managers Work A consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. Management Functions Management Functions Planning: A process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities. [1] Organizing: It determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are tp be grouped, who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Leading: A function that includes motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflicts. Controlling Monitoring activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations. Mintzberg‟s Managerial Roles [2] Definition - Organisational Behaviour. OB is a systematic study of the actions and reactions of individuals, groups and subsystems. O.B. is the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people- as individuals and as members of groups –act within organizations. It strives to identify ways in which...
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...Emotions Paper Psy/355 August 18, 2014 Introduction Emotion is a complex, subjective experience accompanied by biological and behavioral changes. Emotion involves feeling, thinking, and activation of the nervous system, physiological changes, and behavioral changes such as facial expressions. Different theories exist regarding how and why people experience emotions. These include evolutionary theories, the James-Lange Theory, the Cannon-Bard theory, Schacter and Singer’s two-factor theory, and cognitive appraisal. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Walter Bradford Cannon was best known for his developments in homeostasis; however he developed a theory of emotion called the Cannon-Bard theory. In the years of 1915 to 1920, Cannon began performing experiments to suggest that emotions came before reaction. “For example, Cannon surgically removed the entire SNS of a cat and found that whilst this abolished physical signals of arousal, the cat still showed anger, fear and pleasure. Cannon therefore argued that we are capable of feeling emotion before any bodily changes have taken place”. (Open. Web) He refined his results and expanded on the views and developed this new theory that was opposite of the present theories of the time, his theory was thought to be more sensible. According to the theory, arousal is something that does not have to come before an emotion. “It is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus...
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...Check Point Emotions Biopsychological research on emotions has concentrated on fear in this chapter not because biopsychologists are a scary bunch, but because fear has three important qualities: It is the easiest emotion to infer from behavior in various species; it plays an important adaptive function in motivating the avoidance of threatening situations; and chronic fear induces stress (Pinel, 2011). Darwin argued, largely on the basis of anecdotal evidence, which particular emotional responses, such as human facial expressions, tend to accompany the same emotional states in all members of a species. He developed a theory of the evolution of emotional expression that was composed of three main ideas: 1. Expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. 2. If the signals provided by such behaviors benefit the animal that displays them, they will evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function, and their original function may be lost. 3. Opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures, an idea called the principle of antithesis (Pinel, 2011). This leads us to the James-Lange theory. According to the James-Lange theory, emotion-inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system (Pinel, 2011).. James and Lange argued that the autonomic activity...
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...Abstract Motivation and emotion go hand in hand; they are interlinked and influence each other to a great extent. The question many ask is how? Well, it’s simple really, let’s see what motivation and emotion are defined as individually. Motivation is the x-factor that drives you to achieve your goal. With motivation, you know what you want and why you want it. All you need to do is to go about finding ways to utilize your motivation to reach your goals. Motivation explains why in any action taken by you. Psychologists have agreed that it is driven by a need or a want that gets molded into behavior that is goal specific, and that the need is then given direction. (Gorman, 2004.) Emotion, we understand emotions better when we describe them as feelings. We feel emotions, and they are physically expressed via tears, laughter, anger, melancholy, or violence to name just a few. Psychologists feel that emotion stems from perception, and is then brought about due to a hormonal response to this perception. Emotion involves four factors that are integrated as parts of a syndrome. These four factors are tendency to act, bodily, or physical reaction, cognitive appraisals, and expressive movements. Feelings and motivation work in tandem to help us reach our goals. At the same time there are instances when emotion does not need to have an objective to exist, unlike motivation which is completely goal orientated. The Relationship between Motivation and Emotion Ever wonder why some people...
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...the genetic recombination and environment factors which makes us unique. * Partly like all other individuals with those whom we share similar gender, age, and other such physiological factors. 2. Development includes Growth and Decline (see page 5) * Consider a 75 year old man, his goal will not be able to improve his golf swing, but to maintain his independence and to play golf at all. 3. Traditional vs Life-Span Approach (see page 2) * Traditional Approach suggests that, most if not all changes occur from birth to adolescence (infancy), no change in adulthood and decline in old age. * Life-Span Approach suggests that we undergo changes throughout the course of our life, i.e. all stages of life, from birth till death. 4. Life Span vs. Life Expectancy * Life Span is the longest recorded age a human has lived, which is to be 122 years. Life Span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. * Life Expectancy is the average number of years an individual born in a particular year/era is expected to live. Life Expectancy has gone up by 30 years in the 20th century. 5. Characteristics of Life Span Perspective are it is: lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multi-disciplinary, contextual and involves growth, maintenance, regulation and loss. (pages 3-5) 6. Context refers to a specific setting in which development occurs, which are influenced by many factors. There are primarily three types of influences: ...
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...General Strain Theory: Robert Agnew At one point in life, every individual will experience strain. Theorist Robert Agnew tried to explain that when an individual experiences strain, he/she would feel a certain negative emotion or emotions. These negative emotions may lead a person to cope their strain through delinquent behavior. This paper will first summarize a recent crime on the news and it will also address Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory. The three situations that are believed to cause strain will be explained, as well as the five factors that can make it strenuous for a person to cope in a positive and legal manner. This paper will also discuss why Agnew would explain this criminal decided to commit the crime by giving examples of the individual’s (the criminal’s) environment, personalities, and relationships. Nelly Kantun worked for more than 20 years at the Domino’s Pizza located at 1644 E. Highland Ave in San Bernardino, California. She was the manager of the store when something tragic took place on February 12, 2014. According to a news website, The Sun, Nelly Kantun’s ex-boyfriend Pedro Enrique Duquesne, age 55, from Highland shot her once in the upper body when she was inside the Domino’s store; Nelly was then shot two more times outside of the store when she allegedly tried to run out. Police believed this incident was due to domestic violence. The 39 year old unfortunately died at St. Bernardines Medical Center in San Bernardino. She was well liked and...
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...the years, many theories have been built around the ideas of emotions, arousal and even what causes motivation. There are also many theories that are built around the relationship between the two. In this specific paper, the Cognitive Arousal Theory and Cannon’s Theory of Arousal. There is also much extensive research completed surrounding the relationship between emotions and how they relate to human motivation. Since the research is so vast, there are other factors or beliefs that were built such as facial feedback hypothesis that supports many aspects of this relationship between emotions and arousal and the way they can relate to the motivation one has. Each of these theories has great support from existing research and various other proven theories in the growth of psychology over the years along with the gained information to the professionals in the field. Conclusion In this paper, the relationship between emotions and human motivation is defined by many theories that were built around research done and the beliefs of the individuals that compiled the information. From the thought of these individuals to the execution of the idea into research that shows the theory’s approval and the ideas that these theories brought to others. The facial feedback hypothesis is one of these theories that can relate to many other theories built around it or can also be used as a research resource for new theories. The relationship that has been built between the two has opened many doors...
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...Behaviorism Behaviorism is based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. (1) Behavior is the response to stimuli. It is mainly concerned with observable behavior, not internal events such as thinking and emotion. Humans learn behavior from their individual environments through classical and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is “the alteration in responding that occurs when two stimuli are regularly paired in close succession: the response originally given to the second stimulus comes to be given to the first” (2). Pavlov’s Dogs. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist in the 1890s who did studies on dogs creating “Pavolovian Conditioning” also know as classical conditioning. In his studies he began to look at the correlation between dogs salivating in response to being fed. A dog salivating in response to being fed is not a learned trait but a reflex. The dog salivating is an unconditioned response, which means it requires no learning (3). Pavlov started measuring the salivation secretions in response to being fed (3). Through his studies Pavlov saw that any object or event that the dog associated with being fed would make the dog salivate. “Classical conditioning is "classical" in that it is the first systematic study of basic laws of learning / conditioning” (3)....
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