...The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI) is a psychometric test used to measure psychological preferences in how a person makes decisions and perceives their surrounding environment. A mother-daughter pair, Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers developed the test based on the typological theories of Carl Gustav Jung. After more than fifty-years of research and development, the MBTI has become the most widely used and respected personality tool. Eighty-nine companies out of the US Fortune 100 make use of it for recruitment and selection, or to help employees gain a better understanding of themselves and their colleagues (Psychometric Success, 2013). The primary theory behind the MBTI is that each person's personality fits into only one of sixteen types. These categories are based on four features of personality, each consisting of two opposite preferences called dichotomies. The MBTI combines an individual’s preferences from each dichotomous pair, denoted by a letter, to yield one of the personality types. Each type is equally valuable and according to the theory, everyone has an innate preference that determines how he or she will behave in all situations (Myers-Briggs, 2013). The four dimensions are: Extroversion (E) vs Introversion (I). This dimension reflects the perceptual orientation of the individual. Extroverts are said to react to immediate and objective conditions in the environment. Introverts, however, look inward to their internal and subjective reactions...
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...Contemporary Issues in Psychology Evaluate the use of the Construct of Personality in Modern Life Broadly speaking personality can be defined as patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings. Accordingly a person’s behaviour allows us to infer future behaviour and describe how we differ from each other (Pervin & John, 2001). Today the use of personality is widespread and can be seen in many areas of modern life such as clinical, health, educational, occupational and forensic settings. For this reason, in the western world personality is viewed as an important aspect or characteristic of a person, which people are forever seeking advice on how to change and improve (Brody & Ehrlichman, 1998). The use of psychological tests attempting to measure individual differences related to occupational behaviours have been used for over 60 years (Furnham, 1992). Frequently, they are used for selection and appraisal due to the vast number of applicants, the high costs of interviewing and the necessity for objective, comparative data (Hogan, Hogan & Roberts, 1996). Recent research in personnel psychology has relied on meta- analysis to develop generalizations about personality characteristics that are characteristic of success in job- related contexts. Accordingly, relating measures of the Big Five to job performance measures suggest that conscientiousness is the personality trait that is consistently related to measures of work- related performance (Barrick & Mount, 1991) and people who...
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.......................................................................................................... 2 Limitations ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Definition of Personality ................................................................................................................. 4 How We Measure Personality ........................................................................................................ 4 Personality Determinants ................................................................................................................ 5 Personality Traits ............................................................................................................................ 5 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ...................................................................................................... 5 The Big Five Personality Model ................................................................................................. 6 Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB ................................................................................. 7 Personality and National Culture .................................................................................................... 8...
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...Psychological Testing PSY/435 February 25, 2012 Psychological Testing Psychological testing is a recognized way to measure an individual’s knowledge, skill, abilities, characteristics, traits, and behavior. This type of testing is a way to introduce an individual’s personality, and a tool to help organizations select the appropriate employee. The ability test, personality test, and emotional intelligence test are just a few of the many tests available. A good test is one that is reliable and valid. A reliable test will work the same each time it is administered, and a valid test measures what it intends to measure. Although ethical issues exist, many psychological testing is both valid and reliable, and is a benefit for the employee and organization when used appropriately (Spector, 2008). Psychological Testing in the Workplace “A psychological test is a standardized series of problems or questions that assess a particular individual characteristic” (Spector, 2008, p. 110). These tests are often used to evaluate an individual’s knowledge, skills, and abilities, and include items that specify his or her characteristics of interest. Multiple items on the test provide better reliability and validity compared to single-item tests (Spector, 2008). Psychological tests are typically easy and quick to apply and can assess several characteristics in one test (Spector, 2008). Ability Test An ability test is similar to the aptitude test, in which it tests an individual’s capacity...
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...Introduction to Psychological Testing Aryne F. Levine PSY/475 May 24, 2012 Glenn Leighbody Introduction to Psychological Testing The term test is a difficult term to define. There are several major categories and sub- categories of assessments. The major categories of assessments relate to the type of examination. The sub-categories of assessments relate to the manner in which the assessment is taken. Assessments can be used for a wide variety of purposes in the professional, military, and educational worlds. The validity and reliability of a test affect the overall purpose of the test. Human error and individuality can affect the reliability and validity of psychological assessments. Definition of the Term Test The term test is defined as an analytical assessment, examination, or appraisal that is used to measure the abilities, understanding, intellect, proficiencies, or skills of an individual or group (Merriam-Webster, 2012). There are many major and minor categories of tests. The five major test categories are: The five main categories of psychological tests are: mental ability tests, achievement tests, personality assessments, interest and attitude assessments, and neuropsychological tests. The minor categories of tests are: performance, paper and pencil, power, speed, individual, group, maximum performance, typical performance, norm-referenced, and criterion referenced examinations. Separating examinations...
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...Personality Reflection PSY/250 February 14, 2011 Personality Reflection Personality is what makes an individual unique. Personality entails the most important and noticeable components of an individual’s psychological life. There are many theories that explain personality types and why individuals behave in certain ways. Understanding the types of personalities and one’s own key features that define them can help decipher one’s characteristic patterns. This paper the subject of interest will my definition of personality, the key concepts or constructs of my personality, if my features are consistent of if they change, personality tests, and what makes a personality test reliable and valid. How would you define personality? Personality can be defined as the pattern of collective character, behavioral, temperamental, emotional, and mental traits that make up an individual (World Net Web). An individual’s personality helps determine if one is happy or sad, energetic or apathetic, smart or dull. One’s personality involves motives, emotions, and thoughts. It is personality that orchestrates one’s psychological qualities. One’s personality persistently influences how one may feel, what we do, who we are, and how one can influence those around us (The Personality System). How one chooses to act or react depends on one’s feelings. An individual’s thoughts can also help to guide and influence others. Often people become observant of those around us and those whom we interact...
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...Emotion, Facial Expressions, Physiological Measures, Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems, Fight-or-Flight Response, James-Lange Theory of Emotion, Basic Emotions 2. What four components make up what we think of as emotion? 3. What are some types of physiological measures psychologists use to measure emotion? 4. What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system? 5. What roles do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play? When is each system most active? What physiological changes occur? 6. What is the fight-or-flight response? When does it occur and what types of reactions does it typically cause in people? 7. Are polygraphs good at detecting lies? What do polygraphs actually measure? 8. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions does feeling an emotion cause our body to physically react, or do physical reactions in the body cause us to feel emotions? What evidence do we have that this is the case? 9. What are basic emotions? What do psychologists look for when they try to identify basic emotions? 10. How do we know facial expressions for basic emotions are not learned through experience? PERSONALITY 11. Important Concepts: Personality, Unconscious, Id, Ego & Superego, Defense Mechanisms, Repression, Denial, Rationalization, Projection, Personality Traits, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Big Five 12. What is the difference between a personality trait and a state? 13. Did Freud view the...
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...Write a 3+ page, double-spaced essay regarding: Compare and contrast the Big Five Theory of Personality with Myers Briggs MBTI Why is it important to understand personality types What other personality assessments may be important (example: DISC)? Should companies base their hiring practices on personality assessments? Why or why not? Write in APA format. Include an introduction, body and conclusion. Cite consistently throughout your work in APA format. Paraphrase rather than directly quote citations. Write in third person. Include a title and reference page. For an example of a paper in APA format, please see: Personality Profiling Name Institution Course Date Personality Profiling The two personality profiling techniques or approaches, the Big Five and the Myers Briggs MBTI have several similarities and differences. The Big Five taxonomy was created with a major role to cover as many personality aspects as was possible. As the name suggests, big five has five different character traits desired in a successful individual. It is less focused on the mental values and beliefs. Instead, it is concerned about the physical behavior of an individual. Briggs MBTI on the other hand is a theory that was coined to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the personality types. It measures the personality of an individual based on the attitudes that they portray towards their surroundings. The theories can be used...
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...Personality Assessment University of Phoenix CMGT/530 Personality Assessment Personality is defined as the visible aspect of one’s characters based on a combination of their physical, mental, emotional, social, and other behavioral patterns. Over the last few decades there have been numerous methods and tests that have been developed to assess ones personality. The more commonly known tests include the Meyer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBIT), the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Jung Theory of Psychological Types and The Keirsey Temperament Sorter II. The listed methods are all developed by different individuals; with their very own views and opinions; however; each method is based on the basic theory that a person’s behavior are the results of specific traits that can be measured and it is these measureable traits are what make up a person’s inner habits and tendencies. There are several kinds of assessment methods that have been created to help define and measure ones individual personality and traits. For this assignment; the one used to assess my personality was the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter II personality assessment tool; developed by David Kiersey was first introduced in his book Please Understand Me, which was published in 1978. It is an objective test composed of 70 questions that helps to measure and indicate the personality types...
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...Personality Reflection PSY/250 Personality Reflection In this Personality Reflection, I will define personality and define personal features of my own personality structures. Personality is what defines our characteristics as a human being. Individuals have different personality traits that make up our behavioral characteristics, which may include how we think or react. Some characteristics are inherited in our genes. For example, I have a mannerism of always chewing my tongue ever since I was a child, which I am usually unaware of doing except when my friends and family notices it and mentions it to me. My son does the same thing of chewing his tongue when he was between the age of two and three. Personalities are unique and people are genetically born with their own unique personality, although environment plays an important role in molding a person’s personality. Environments can vary from living in poverty versus being rich, having a nurturing family versus being neglected as a child, or living in a violent environment versus living in a quiet environment. The environment can vary, and the experiences of a person can mold the unique personality that he was born with. The key personality features that defines me is I try to maintain an appearance to show friendliness, happy, non-stressed, never moody, and a smile that welcomes people to get to know me. Depending of the environment my personality can change, according to the environment that I am in. In my work environment...
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...For identification and classification of traits and characteristics of a person’s personality, two methods/approaches have really engrossed their importance in the fields of psychology and behavioral studies. These two approaches are: 1. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) 2. The Big Five Personality Model 1. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) What is “Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)”? To keep the answer really simple, I would like to explain this approach as: “The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or MBTI is a systematic assessment process which involves a 100 questionnaire designed to assess the perception of people about the world and the mental capabilities by using the results of the answers by the interviewees about the decisions they make in some given particular conditions and situations” On the result of the above questionnaire, a person is classified as one of the following: · Extroverted or Introverted (E or I) · Sensing or Intuitive (S or N) · Thinking or Feeling (T or F) · Judging or Perceiving (J or P) Brief explanations of the above classifications are given below: Introverts are usually shy, timid and quiet. 1. Extrovert and Introvert 1. Extroverts are usually action oriented people and generally focuses on taking actions more frequently while introverts are usually thought oriented people and prefer to take actions with less frequency as extroverts. 2. Extroverts like to do more interaction as compared to introverts. Introverts...
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...Reliability and Validity in Personality Testing 02-16-2015 Introduction Psychological tests are often used in the selection of projective personnel (Anastasia & Urbina, 1997). The idea is that by using the scientific approach to personality and emotional intelligence testing in hiring, the employers will be able to increase the number of successful employees (Beaz lll, 2013). “Personality refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits”, which in relationship to a person’s projected Emotional Intelligence (EI) may lead to matching the right person to the right job. Job proficiency tests are used to select candidates for employment and are the number one tool used to match the right person to the right position (ND.gov, 2015). However, there are quite a few complaints about the fairness of this process and due to many court cases challenging the validity of these tests, many organizations have chosen to drop the assessment. A plaintiff must establish adverse impact upon a protected group by the employment practice used, in order to force an employer to show content validity in terms of examined traits to be consistent with job relatedness. In a court case against Target, the court found that the questions relating to personality traits in terms of religion and sexual orientation did not have any bearing on the desired emotional stability of the projective employee who had applied for the security officer’s job (Schaffer & Smidt...
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...Mieke Christiani (01120119287) Everybody have different personalities. What is personality? The word personality is derived from a Latin word “Persona” which means mask. About 2000 years ago Greek actors used to wear mask in theatres so that they may resemble characters whose roles they used to enact on the stage before the audience. Thus, according to the concept of mask, personality was conceived to be the effect and influence, which the actors wearing a mask left on the audience. Nowadays, the term of personality has been defined in various ways by the psychologists who had worked on the problem of personality and the variables influencing its development. "Personality can be broadly defined as the total quality of all individual behavior” (Russell 222). “In the words of Boring, personality is the integration of those systems of habits that represent an individual’s characteristic adjustments to his environment” (Goldberg 224). “Personality is an individual of is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect, temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the course of one's life." (Harris 333). Personality is the characteristic patterns thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique and different with others. The various definitions of personality state above can be grouped into categories of definitions that are related to social value, summatic...
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...assessment. Their study focused on a preliminary standardisation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (a non-verbal measure) for Setswana-speaking university students. The US normative sample is described as participants (N = 899) aged 18 to 29 years who were screened beforehand to exclude individuals with a history of neurological, learning, emotional and attention difficulties. The South African sample consisted of university students (N = 93) from both genders, between the ages of 18 and 29, who were screened in terms of hearing and visual impairments and any history of psychiatric or neurological difficulties. These students were from the University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus. Critically evaluate the South African normative sample by answering questions 1 and 2. Question 1 There are similarities and differences between the South African and the original norm sample. Given the purpose of the test, which characteristic(s) implies/imply that the local sample is appropriate? (1) age (2) absence of hearing and visual impairments (3) absence of psychiatric and neurological difficulties (4) all of the above Question 2 Which unique characteristic would probably have the greatest effect on the performance of the local sample in comparison to the original norm sample? (1) age (2) hearing or visual impairments (3) language Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (a non-verbal measure) (4) culture Gradidge and De Jager (2011) evaluated the psychometric properties of the Wellness Questionnaire...
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...Attitudes Attitudes, Job Attitudes, Personality and Values Attitudes Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events Cognitive Component The opinion or belief segment of an attitude Affective Component The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude Behavioral Component An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something 1 2 Nature of Evaluations Underpinning Attitudes • Attitudes not represented on single continuum e.g. totally +ve to totally –ve • Rather, evaluate attitude objects on both positive and negative dimensions (Cacioppo et al 1977) – – – – positive attitude = Hi +ve reaction & Lo -ve reaction negative attitude= Lo +ve reaction & Hi –ve reaction indifference = Lo +ve reaction & Lo –ve reaction ambivalence = Hi +ve reaction & Hi –ve reaction The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes Individuals seek to reduce this gap, or “dissonance” Desire to reduce dissonance depends on: • Importance of elements creating dissonance • Degree of individual influence over elements • Rewards involved in dissonance 4 • Since evaluations of attitude objects ‘automatic’ some consider attitude formation to be a reflex e.g. Chaiken et al., 1996 – But range of personal and social factors influence nature of our evaluations Measuring the A-B Relationship Recent research indicates that attitudes (A) significantly predict...
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