...period) during the late 1600s. The Tokugawa rulers wanted cultural particularism and they could achieve this by having no contacts abroad, so that Japan could engage in introspection. During the Tokugawa period, knowledge of other countries was rather restricted, but toward the end of this period there were few Japanese who speculated where Japan stood in relation to the West. The general population, however, was ignorant to the significance of other better nations existing and expressed little interest concerning the West. Hirata Atsutane, for example, thought he was certain of Japan’s superiority because of the fact that the sun first shines on Japan each...
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...Final Paper: Senkaku Diaoyu Dispute Word Count: 3008 Table of Contents Abstract3 Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands4 Pending Controversy from the Chinese Perspective 4 China’s Strategy in the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute 6 Issue Linkage and Coercive Diplomacy 6 Sino-Japanese political-economic relations 8 Cold Politics and Hot Economics 8 References13 Abstract: The Senkaku Diaoyu crisis is a territorial dispute between China and Japan over a group of islands know as Senkaku in Japanese and Diaoyu in Chinese. The Sino-Japanese dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands dates back to as early as 1895 when Japan annexed the islands. It was not until the 1960’s and early 1970’s that the dispute becomes a major topic of Sino-Japanese relations due to a report by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East that suggested possible large hydrocarbon deposit in the waters off Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands (Zhongqi, P. 2007). China however, has clearly stated that the islands have been its territory for the last five centuries (Yuan 2013). There are many disputes in regards to the ownership of the islands. Firstly, China believes that Japans claim of sovereignty over the islands in 1895 holds no meaning, leaving the lands unclaimed. Second, China and Japan disagree over whether Japan returned the islands to China after the Japanese defeat in World War II. Lastly, China and Japan debate over how their maritime boundary in the East China...
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...His task was to set up trade relations with Japan and create a deal in which any shipwrecked American sailors could find refuge in Japan. He sailed into Edo Bay with a letter from the current U.S president Millard Fillmore to the emperor of Japan. At the time, the U.S had no idea that the shogunate were the true rulers of Japan and that the Emperor was just a figurehead, showing how little was really known about Japan at that time. His fleet was armed with advanced weaponry to intimidate the Japanese into compliance. The Japanese had never seen ships so large and advanced sail into Edo Bay. The Japanese anticipated a battle, but the Americans wanted peace. “These people, who seemed to be mandarins of middle rank, with their Dutch interpreters, stated that the Emperor in expectation of our arrival had given orders to receive us in the most friendly manner After letter was delivered, the Americans left Edo Bay, later to return to receive an answer.” The Americans and the Japanese negotiated in a peaceful...
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...In Giles Milton’s novel, Samurai William, the reader is taken to the other side of the globe to experience the history of old world Japan. Though out the book, Milton provides reason for complex historical events and actions, while still communicating the subtleties and mysterious customs of the Japanese. The novel also closely examines the wide range of relationships between different groups of Europeans and Asians, predominantly revolving around the protagonist, William Adams. The book documents the successes and failures that occur between the two civilizations, then links them back to either the positive or negative relationship they have. As the book goes on, the correlation is obvious. Milton shows us the extreme role that religion, etiquette and trade played in establishing positive relations between visiting Europeans and the Asian civilizations. Religion and traditions played a chief role in the Europeans relationships in Asia all throughout the novel. Milton puts an incredible weight on the shoulders of religion on both sides of the civilisations. The book dives right into explaining the fascination and disgust felt by European priests and Jesuits towards the Japanese monks. They carried rosaries like the Catholics and “in old age, many retired to Buddhist monasteries to live the rest of their days in prayer and contemplation”. The Buddhist All-Souls Day consisted of the ceremonial sprinkling of graves with flower petals. All of this appealed to the Catholic Jesuits...
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...U.S.-Japanese relations began as economic, geopolitical, and trade tensions, but eventually evolved to include cultural and military aspects. U.S.-Japanese relations has continuously been tense ever since the landing of Commodore Matthew C. Perry’s ships on Tokyo Bay on July 8th, 1853. In order to understand the tense relationship between the U.S. and Japan, there needs to be a historical background. Using Walter LaFeber’s “The Clash” as a basis to this historical background until America’s entrance into World War II. Before jumping into the 1990s, a discussion about Japan’s economy after 1945 and Shintaro Ishihara’s argument that Japan will be first among equals. Shintaro Ishihara argues that Japan’s technological advancement should be used to control over...
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... 2016 Robert Dunn April 29th Discussion: Japanese Relocation The Federal Government’s decision to relocate and isolate those in the United States of the Japanese race and of Japanese descent whether they were citizens or not was a harsh choice. Although at the time it may seem like the choice was justifiable, it was an unmoral and such a choice shouldn’t be in the hands of the government. It was a play made on the fears of the American people, fueled by the already bad race relations between the whites and Japanese of west coast America. Within the context of the document, I noticed that a lot of the content within the text was to entertain the current state that Americans were in at the time. It was understood that the United States was attacked very close to home. But even with the threats that the Japanese made to attack the coast, was it constitutional or justifiable? I say no, and that is why I am against the relocation of the Japanese. It was an unnecessary ordeal that started only because of the opinions people had of the Japanese prior to the attack. The document gives a lot of answers as to why it ended up being justified and constitutional, but it also gives a lot of examples that would make you think otherwise. Why hadn’t the Germans or Italians been put in camps on the east coast when the US was at conflict with them? There are many points throughout the document that confirms the choice was based on the relations between the 2 races more than...
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...Japanese Companies in Germany: A Case Study in Cross-Cultural Management JAMES R. LINCOLN, HAROLD R. KERBO, and ELKE WITT'ENHAGEN* From a series of qualitative interviews with Japanese managers and German managers and workers in thirty-one Japanese-owned companies in the Dusseldorf region of western Germany, this article discusses differences in cultural patterns and organizational styles between the German and Japanese employees and the problems these pose for communication, cooperation, and morale. First, we deal with cultural contrasts: language issues, interpersonal styles (personability and politeness), and norms regarding the taking of responsibility. Second, we examine the impact on cross-nationality relations of established organizational practice: for example, German specialism vs. Japanese generalism; direct and vertical vs. indirect and incremental decision making. We also discuss efforts by these firms to find compromise systems that would meet the needs and interests of both sides. The third focus is the reactions of Japanese companies in North Rhine-Westphalia to German unions, works councils, and codetermination regulations. In the labor view, Japanese firms overall do no better or worse than comparable German firms. Japanese direct investment in Western economies is concentrated in North America and the United Kingdom. In consequence, a rich journalistic and scholarly literature examines the Japanese experience in the Anglo-American countries, the management...
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...The issues our company would face are varied because of the nature of the Japanese culture. The first meeting will not be a meeting to close the deal, but will most importantly be essential to obtaining a second meeting. We will need to build a relationship and that takes many steps. Our partners in Japan will want to know that we are a reliable firm before they do business with us and they will want to know that each of us as individuals are reliable and have integrity before giving us business. Japan is considered a Confuscion based society and therefore has certain expectations that will need to be met in opening our negotiations. To alleviate unnecessary complications with communication we should consider hiring the expertise of a mentor who has lived and worked in Japan and understands the culture. It will be imperative that anyone involved in the business relationship be required to study the history as well as the current affairs of Japan. That would include learning about the current relations between the US and Japan and also learning about Japan’s political structure. Social and business etiquette are vastly different in the two countries. If we are to be successful it will be necessary to be totally confident with conducting our business according to Japanese business customs and standards. We must be aware and sensitive to the fact that religion plays a major part in the values of Japanese society and influences much...
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...11502614 Executive Summary RECOMMENDATION： Take the chance, lead the market! Adopt the new technology and enter Japanese market! As the saying goes "Never be afraid to try something new ". After adopting the new strategies, Net Present Value for the whole project will soar to 6,114,217, which is almost three times the NPV of the former project. Besides, tapping into the booming Japanese market and take 2% market share, company will receive not only significant capital gain but many other intangible benefits. Why using new technology is a winning strategy? 1. Statistically, new technology brings along a higher return. Once adopt the new technology, NPV will increase significantly from$2,233,511 to $4,895,728 , IRR of the new project will also be 16% higher. 2. This is a chance to clean up the competitors ahead and gain the first-mover advantage. The adoption of the new technology will prevent a possible drop in sales if counterparts implement similar technology. Furthermore, company can obtain the competitive advantage by selling the patent of this technology to make profit. 3. Many intangible benefits will be generated. reputation is the life of the company. New technology adoption reduces pollution, implements CSR and helps better promote corporate image and increases brand recognition. Why entering Japanese market is a must? 1. Booming Japanese market ensures higher return. With approve of OEM in Japan, company can penetrate into this big and fast expanding market...
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...International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35 (2011) 49–60 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Intercultural Relations journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijintrel Cultural distance and expatriate job satisfaction Fabian Jintae Froese a,∗ , Vesa Peltokorpi b,1 a b Korea University Business School, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea HEC School of Management, Paris, 78351 Jouy en Josas, France a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Despite its strong impact in domestic settings on job performance, organizational commitment, stress, and turnover intentions, job satisfaction has received little attention in the literature on expatriates. This paper analyzes the predictors of job satisfaction that may arise in an expatriate context. Drawing on the cultural distance perspective, we propose that the national cultural distance, supervisor’s nationality, host-country language proficiency, expatriate type, and company nationality are important determinants of expatriate job satisfaction. Survey results from 148 expatriates in Japan demonstrate that national cultural distance, supervisor’s nationality, and expatriate type have a statistically significant influence on expatriate job satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are provided. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Article history: Accepted 25 October 2010 Keywords: Expatriates Job satisfaction Cultural distance Japan In an...
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... problems East Asian nations share and reveal that they must deal with them in a way that is both uniquely domestic but also influenced by factors that arise from the United States and other International actors. Common Problems in China, Japan and North Korea and American Involvement There are two major dilemmas that are addressed in this paper that are shared by these three nations. The first can be identified as an issue of International Sovereignty where these countries all have a vested interest in exerting their will in the international arena but all have limited ways of making this happen. Associated with the issue of establishing their sovereignty comes the issues of how they address National defense, relations with foreign nations and their influence with international organizations such as the United Nations. Additionally, these nations all have different ways of dealing with problems that occur within their borders. These internal problems include the issue with ethnic minorities, civil rights,...
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...Japan in Asia: A Hard Case for Soft Power by Thomas U. Berger Thomas Berger is an associate professor of International Relations at Boston University. he concept of ‘‘soft power’’—defined by Joe Nye as ‘‘the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than through coercion’’1— has proven a seductive one for Japan. Since the concept was popularized in the 1990s, Japanese scholars and policymakers have enthusiastically taken it up, eagerly exploring how Japan’s soft power resources could be exploited to burnish Japan’s image in the world and help reshape its environment in subtle but important ways. Some—perhaps encouraged by the new attention given to the popularity of Japanese anime and manga, and by the general buzz about ‘‘Cool Japan’’—have even described Japan as a ‘‘Soft Power Superpower.’’2 It sometimes seemed, in more overheated moments, that Pokemon and Sailor Moon would conquer the world, succeeding where the Imperial Army and Navy had failed.3 That soft power would prove attractive is unsurprising. Although Japan has considerable hard power resources, it has shown great reluctance to actually use them in the way that students of international relations would T 1 The idea was originally advanced by in Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990). He has since expanded on the concept in Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004). 2 See the very useful volume by...
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...Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute Name: Institution: SENKAKU/DIAOYU ISLANDS DISPUTE The dispute on the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands concerns a dispute over territorial ownership of these islands between China and Japan, as well as those of Tiaoyutai in Taiwan. China disputed the handover of the islands to Japan by the US after its administration of the islands between 1945 and 1972 came to an end. The dispute is fuelled, especially, by the islands’ rich fishing grounds, proximity to vital shipping lanes, and probability of oil reserves (Lohmeyer, 2008). While Japan argues that a survey of the Islands has found them to solely belong to them, China claims that documentary evidence indicates that they belong to China and were taken as part of Japan’s imperial conquests. The US has no official position regarding the islands but they are included in the US and Japan’s Treaty of Mutual Security and Cooperation, which ensures that any attack on the island would require the USD to aid Japan. The Government of Japan bought three of the remaining disputed islands from private ownership, triggering a wave of anti-Japan protests in China (Lohmeyer, 2008). In this case, the ESCAP and the ARF should be involved in trying to resolve the issue, even though the conflict has not degenerated into war because the liberal international theory seems to relate best to the situation. What regional and international organizations would or should have involvement? Why? ESCAP, or the Economic...
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...Professor Macek June 14, 2010 On Dec. 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. It was a tragic event in American history which led to the US into World War II. I will discuss the events that led up to the attack and the attack itself. I will also discuss the possibility of our government letting this happen. It is hard to accept or to believe, but there are questions that many people ask about this tragedy. How could our government not have known this was to happen? This question has been asked time and again with no definitive answer. I will discuss this further in my paper. I will also discuss the Japanese-American Internment camps that were formed after the attack. The US and Japan were not on the best of terms before the attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1931 the Japanese occupied Manchuria and a year later converted it to Manchukuo. “This was a direct threat to the Versailles system and the open door.” (Davidson, et al. 2008, p. 763). The US would refuse to recognize Japan’s takeover of Manchuria. In 1933 Japan withdrew from the League of Nations because of being condemned for their takeover and bombing of Shanghai. “The seeds of war in Asia had been sown.” (Davidson, et al. 2008, p. 763). We also need to remember the embargo America had on Japan on July 24, 1941. “Japan stood ready to conquer the entire Southeast Asian peninsula and the oil-rich Dutch Indies.” (Davidson, et al., 2008, p. 769). This angered the US, thus the embargo. Negotiations were attempted, but both...
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...Contents Executive Summary 3 Japan 5 Government and Politics 5 Foreign Relations 6 Economy 6 Imports and Export 7 Imports 8 Export 9 Business Opportunity 10 Making the Opportunity Work 13 Recommendations 14 Declaration 16 Works Cited 17 Executive Summary Japan is a country east of South Korea, China, Russia and North Korea. It consists of 6852 islands. The country’s authority is vested in the monarchy. There is an Emperor, who is a ceremonial figure. The country has two parliaments, i.e. the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors. Japan has strong foreign relations being a member of the APEC, G8 and ASEAN. It has been a member of the United Nations since 1956. It is the third in the world as far as the national economy is rated. Japan’s main imports are raw materials, fuels, machinery and equipment, textiles, chemicals and foodstuffs. Its main import partners are the United States, Saudi Arabia, European Union, China and United Arab Emirates. The country’s main exports are motor vehicles, office machinery, semiconductors, scientific and optical equipment and other electronic components. It exports products to the United States, European Union, South Korea, Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. The idea is to start a company and locate it in one of the African countries. This company will be involved in the purchase of Japanese products and supply to the African market. This means that the company will be...
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