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Unit 3 Graphic Calculator

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Submitted By knightcaster
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|Student Name |Date |
| | |
|Questions |Student Response |
| | |
|Part I | |
| | |
|Original DNA Strand: |Transcription (base sequence of RNA): |
| | |
|3’-T A C C C T T T A G T A G C C A C T-5’ |UUC CCU UUU GUU GCC UCU |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Translation (amino acid sequence): |
| | |
| |Phenylalanine, Proline (Pro), Phenylalanine (Phe), Valine (Val), and |
| |Alanine, |
| | |
|Mutated gene sequence one: |Transcription (base sequence of RNA): |
| | |
|3’-T A C G C T T T A G T A G C C A T T-5' |UUC GCU UUU GUU GCC UUU |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Translation (amino acid sequence): |
| | |
| |Phenylalanine, Alanine (Ala), Phenylalanine (Phe), Valine (Val), and |
| |Phenylalanine (Phe) |
| | |
|Mutated gene sequence two: |Transcription (base sequence of RNA): |
| | |
|3’-T A A C C T T T A C T A G G C A C T-5’ |UUU CCU UUU CUU GGC UCU |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Translation (amino acid sequence): |
| | |
| |Phenylalanine (Phe), proline (Pro), Phenylalanine (Phe), Leucine, |
| |Glycine, and Serine (Ser) |
| | |
|What is the significance of the first and last codons of an mRNA |Explanation: |
|transcript? | |
| |The significance of the first and last codons pertains specifically |
| |with the following: first codon – is considered as the start codon |
| |(AUG) of the mRNA which starts base pair with the (UAC) anticodon of |
| |methionine tRNA, and the last codon- represents the stop codon, which |
| |signals the ribosome to terminate protein synthesis. It allows tRNA |
| |anticodon to pair between the codons of mRNA, which allows the correct|
| |amino acids to be used to synthesize a protein. |
|What meaning do these mRNA codons have for protein synthesis? |Explanation: |
| |The meaning of these mRNA codons has to do with the transcription of a|
| |protein coding gene, which produces an mRNA molecule that is supported|
| |by the template strand of the DNA of a gene. It starts with the first,|
| |and then every codon within the mRNA is a sequence of three basses |
| |that specifies an amino acid. Enzymes in the cytoplasm attach the |
| |amino acid to each tRNA, which is based on the tRNA anticodon. The |
| |mRNA later relocates to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, while tRNA |
| |carries their attached amino acids to the ribosome. The tRNA |
| |anticodons bind to the complementary based in mRNA codons so the amino|
| |acids can attached to the tRNA which lines up in sequence specified by|
| |the codons. The ribosome joins the amino acids with peptide bonds to |
| |form a protein. |
| | |
|Did the two mutations result in a change in the final proteins? If so,|Response/ explanation: |
|describe the change. |Mutated gene sequence 1 |
| |Mutated gene sequence 1- exhibits changes in the second and the sixth |
| |codon. The second codon DNA sequence line (GCU) which was original the|
| |proline (Pro) protein in the healthy DNA, to Alanine (Ala) in the |
| |mutated gene sequence, and the sixth possessed phenylalanine (Phe) |
| |which was alanine in the original DNA sequence. |
| |Mutated gene sequence 2 |
| |Mutated gene sequence 2- exhibits changes in the following DNA |
| |sequence: first, fourth, and fifth codons. |
| |First codon |
| |In the original DNA sequence the first codon possessed Phenylalanine, |
| |but in the mutated gene I contains Phenylalanine (Phe) as its protein |
| |properties. |
| |Fourth codon |
| |In the original DNA sequence the fourth codon possessed Valine (Val), |
| |but in the mutated gene I contains Leucine as its protein properties. |
| |Sixth codon |
| |In the original DNA sequence the fourth codon possessed Alanine (Val),|
| |but in the mutated gene I contains Glycine as its protein properties. |
|In general, why might a change in amino acid sequence affect protein |Explanation: |
|function? | |
| |The mutation of the DNA sequence can cause mutations in codons, which |
| |will lead to either substitutions deletions, insertions, inversions, |
| |or translocations (Audesirk, 2011). This mutation can have different |
| |outcomes, depending on the replacement process. Some defects could |
| |lead to better functioning organs or parts, or the mutation can cause |
| |the cell to die because it can’t function properly. |

|Part II |Fill out/adapt Punnett Square: |
| | |
|Punnett Square | |
| |C |
| |c |
|Chances (%) for healthy child, not a carrier | |
|Chances (%) for child that is carrier for cystic fibrosis trait | |
|Chances (%) for child with cystic fibrosis |C |
| | |
| |CC |
| | |
| |Cc |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |c |
| | |
| |Cc |
| | |
| |cc |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Chances (%) for healthy child, not a carrier: |
| |25% |
| |% for child that is carrier for cystic fibrosis trait: 50% |
| |% for child with cystic fibrosis: 25% |
|Part III: Essay |Explanation: |
| | |
|How do both meiosis and sexual reproduction (fertilization) produce |Meiosis produce genetic diversity by randomly shuffling homologous |
|offspring that differ genetically from the parents? |maternal and paternal chromosomes which creates new chromosome |
|Include steps in meiosis that increase variability. |combinations. This technique creates chromosomes with unique |
|Include the process of fertilization. |properties that would have occurred without shuffling the homologous |
| |chromosomes. With the process of separation of homologues and crossing|
| |over, a parent will never produce any to gametes that are identical. |
| |Thus adding further genetic variability to the offspring. The process |
| |of meiosis is explained below in detail. |
| |Meiosis I |
| |During this phase prophase I, homologous duplicates chromosomes, each |
| |consisted of two chromatids, which pair up and exchange parts by |
| |crossing over. During Metaphase I, homologues move together as pairs |
| |at the cells equator, one member if each pair facing opposite poles of|
| |the cell. Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I, and two |
| |nuclei form during telophase I. cytokinesis also usually occurs during|
| |telophase I. the daughter nucleus receives only one member of each |
| |pair of homologues and, therefore, is haploid. The sister chromatids |
| |remain attached to each other throughout meiosis (b) Audesirk, 2011). |
| |Meiosis II |
| |Meiosis II occurs in both the daughter nuclei and resembles mitosis in|
| |a haploid cell. The duplicated chromosomes move to the cells equator |
| |during metaphase II. The two chromatids of each chromosome separate |
| |and move to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase II. This second|
| |division produces four haploid nuclei. Cytokinesis normally occurs |
| |during or after telophase II, producing four haploid cells( b) |
| |Audesirk, 2011). |

References:

a) Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., & Byers, B. (2011). Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (9th Edition). Ch. 12, pg. 229. Retrieved from AIU Online E-Book, Virtual Campus

b) Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., & Byers, B. (2011). Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (9th Edition). Ch. 9, pg. 171. Retrieved from AIU Online E-Book, Virtual Campus

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