... Question 1 Describe basic bone structure and classification. There are two basic types of Bone tissue, compact bone and spongy bone. 1. Compact bone is dense and homogeneous and forms the walls of bone. 2. Spongy bone is composed of slender intertwined pieces of bone enclosing a space filed with non-bone tissue. It is found in the interior of normal bone. Bones can also be classified according to shape: 1. Long bones are longer than they are wide. All bones of the limbs except for the wrist and ankle bones are long bones. 2. Short bones are cube-shaped and are found in the wrist and ankle of the limbs. 3. Flat bones are thin and flat and often curved. These bones include some bones of the skull, the ribs and the sternum. 4. Irregular bones as their name suggests do not fit conveniently into any category according to their shape. 5. Sesamoid bones is not a category based on shape although they tend to be short bone. A sesamoid bone is a bone that develops within a tendon. The knee cap or patella is an example. Question 2 Bones grow in length at the growth plate by a process that is similar to ossification. The cartilage in the region of the growth plate next to the epiphysis continues to grow by mitosis. This process continues throughout childhood and the adolescent years until the cartilage growth slows and finally stops. When cartilage growth ceases, usually in the early twenties, the growth plate completely ossifies so that only a thin epiphyseal line...
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...whole muscle to electrical stimulation - define the threshold stimulus and the all-or-none phenomenon. 2. Define a motor unit and describe how motor units are important in controlling the force and rate of muscle contraction. 3. Explain what is meant by recruitment of motor units. 4. Explain what is meant by muscle tone, and how it relates to posture and maintaining balance. 5. Explain the staircase effect. 6. Define tetanic contraction, and distinguish it from a twitch. 7. Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions, and give examples. 8. Describe the two ways in which smooth muscle is organized, and describe their functions. 9. Describe how the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction differs from that of skeletal muscle. 10. List four factors that control smooth muscle contractions. 11. Summarize in a table the similarities and differences between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. 12. Explain the ways in which different groups of skeletal muscles(agonists, etc.) interact to produce smooth, coordinated movements. 13. Describe with diagrams what is meant...
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...were insignificant in sedimentation. The Capitan is linked between a reef breccia, the smaller unit, and the reef limestone, the larger unit. The scarp forming limestone embodies an accretion of reef organisms. The slope forming breccias is represented by a carbonate debris obtained from erosion of the reef limestone and formed the forereef through deposition. Fossils in the Capitan formation are primarily found in the upper limestone unit. These fossils are embedded in a matrix of silt and sand-sized skeletal debris. These fossils include bryozoans, sponges, crinoids, and hydrozoans. The bryozoans are deposited by algae but these fossils did not form an organic framework providing that this area isn’t a barrier reef but an organic bank. These algae are sediment-binding carbonate mudstone that is generally lying in a parallel direction of the bedding. All these algae structures enclose skeletal silt and sand. These algae take part in a major role of the building up of the carbonate sediment of the limestone even though a organic framework never occurred making this area an organic bank. There are nine different sedimentary structures that construct the Capitan formation. There is no forereef but there is subdivisions of the backreef that consists these nine different structures. First is a massive crudely bedded that is a mix of skeletal organic limestone and skeletal calcarenite. Second is bed of massive...
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...Cell Theory Cell Theory is a way to describe the biology of living things. Cell theory says that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells by themselves are alive, but they can also be part of a larger living thing. The smallest living organisms (like bacteria but not viruses) and the biggest ones (like humans and whales) are all made of cells. Very small organisms like bacteria and amoebas are only made of one cell each, so they are called unicellular organisms ("uni" means "one"). Larger organisms are made of many cells, and they are called multicellular organisms. Definition: The Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of Biology. Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow. The Cell Theory states: * All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. * The cell is the basic unit of life. * Cells arise from pre-existing cells. The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that: * Energy flow occurs within cells. * Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. * All cells have the same basic chemical composition. Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial: In Greek, ἐπί (epi) means "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē) means "nipple". Epithelial layers are avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane. Epithelia...
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...Muscle Contruction 2014 Assist. Prof. Dr. Yekbun Adıgüzel Istanbul Kemerburgaz University School of Medicine MED 121 Cell Tissue and Organ Systems I Biophysics Lecture Percentage Contributions of/in Muscles • Muscle composes 40 percent of body weight in adults, and 50 percent, in children • Muscle contains – 75 percent water – 20 percent protein – 5 percent organic and inorganic compounds • 40 percent of body is skeletal muscle • 10 percent of body is smooth and cardiac muscle CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES LOCATION http://biochem.umn.edu/muscle_lectures%5CLec13_Barnett2.pdf NEURAL CONTROL Voluntary ANATOMY OUTPUT TYPICAL ACTIVITY Normally relaxed Skeletal Attached to the skeleton High Cardiac Involuntary Heart High Rhythmically active Normally contracted Smooth Involuntary Viscera Low Modified from: http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/sk_musc_macro.jpg, http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/neur_musc_junc.jpg Spaces between the myofibrils are filled with intracellular fluid called From:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma. sarcoplasm, containing large quantities of potassium, magnesium, ultranet/BiologyPages/S/sarcomere.png and phosphate, plus multiple protein enzymes. Also there are tremendous numbers of mitochondria… n Myofibril is composed of about 1500 adjacent thick (myosin) filaments and 3000 thin (actin) filaments, which are large polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for the actual muscle contraction...
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...muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Skeletal muscle b. Benefits of exercise to muscles 1. Muscle Strength 2. Muscle Endurance 3. Muscle Size 4. Muscle Nerve-Interaction 5. Blood Circulation c. Muscle Soreness After Exercise 1. Causes of muscle Soreness 2. Treatment for muscle soreness 3. Tips for dealing with muscle soreness 4. Tips to prevent muscle soreness III. Conclusion INTRODUCTION Exercise is one of the most important thing for the body, not only to make it strong but also for us to avoid diseases. Disease care is very expensive in any health cares or hospitals. Most of the money spent for health care are really spent for medicines or treatments. Many people now are have no time for exercise because of busyness or just taking aside of it. They didn’t think that having no exercise can lead to the weakness of the body and also can cause of incurable diseases. In this study we will know the importance of having a regular exercise. We will learn the possible effects of exercise to muscles, to motivate us to do exercises for our healthy lifestyle. One in having a regular exercise, it gives energy to the muscles through healthy blood circulation. So as long as we do exercise, the more we will have energy in every muscle. So in that way we can make our performance in work and activities good with a healthy body. MUSCLES AND EXERCISE Three types of muscles Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles have no clearly defined stripes unlike skeletal muscles. Smooth muscles are...
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...ANT250 I Anatomy and Physiology I The Muscular System Module Three Case Assignment 20 May 2013 Professor: Dr. Koronika Q1. Describe normal anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) ...
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...The Skeletal System Overview Can you imagine what the human body would be like if it were devoid of bones or some other form of supporting framework? Picture a "blob" utilizing amoeboid movement. Ugh! The skeletal system consists of bones and related connective tissues, which include cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is a living tissue and is functionally dynamic. It provides a supportive framework for vital body organs, serves as areas for muscle attachment, articulates at joints for stability and movement, and assists in respiratory movements. In addition, it provides areas of storage for substances such as calcium and lipids, and blood cell formation occurs within the cavities containing bone marrow. The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, 80 of which are found in the axial division, and 126 of which make up the appendicular division. Many of the bones of the body, especially those of the appendicular skeleton, provide a system of levers used in movement, and are utilized in numerous ways to control the environment that surrounds you every second of your life. Few people relate the importance of movement as one of the factors necessary for maintaining life, but the body doesn't survive very long without the ability to produce movements. The study and review for this chapter includes microscopic and macroscopic features of bone, bone development and growth, location and identification of bones, joint classification, and the structure of representa tive...
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...Lithology-based sequence-stratigraphic framework of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession, Lower Cretaceous, Atlantic coastal plain Brian P. Coffey and Richard F. Sunde AUTHORS Brian P. Coffey ∼ Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, present address: Apache Corporation, Houston, 2000 Post Oak Boulevard, Texas 77056; bpcoffey@ gmail.com Brian Coffey received his B.Sc. degree in geology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1995 and his Ph.D. in geology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1999. He has worked at ExxonMobil, Simon Fraser University, and Maersk Oil and has been a private consultant specializing in carbonate reservoir characterization. He currently works as a carbonate specialist at Apache Corporation in Houston. Richard F. Sunde ∼ EnCana, 500 Centre Street, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2G1A6; richard.sunde@encana.com Richard Sunde earned a D.E.C. degree (Diplôme dietudes Collégiales) at Dawson College, Montreal, in 2000 and a B.Sc. degree in geology at McGill University, Montreal, in 2004. He then completed an M.Sc. degree at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, in 2008; his thesis research focused on the content presented in this article. Richard currently is employed as a Geoscientist at Encana Corporation in Calgary. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT This study presents a lithology-based sequence-stratigraphic framework and depositional model for Lower Cretaceous, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate...
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...INTRODUCTION: The skeletal muscle is an important organ in the human body that allows for movement and support of the skeleton, helping the body execute various tasks from precise control movements (writing a letter or picking up a chalk) to more abrupt, powerful movements (lifting weights or running). The skeletal muscle is one of the main types of muscle in the body (the other two being cardiac and smooth muscles) that allows movement by contraction of the muscles. When a motor unit, a single nerve that innervates all the muscle fibers, activates these muscles fiber, it causes a muscle contraction. These muscle contraction occurs when motor neurons from the spinal cord leaves and activates multiple muscle fibers, the number of muscle fibers depend on the type of muscle. According to the Hennemen size principle, muscles that react rapidly and exert fine control have smaller motor units than those with larger, weight-involving muscles, whose movements are less precise, will require larger motor units. The means of movement and force generation is based on the skeletal muscles contraction. Contractile units of the skeletal muscles include thick myosin and thin actin myofillaments or fillaments. Sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber. The repetition of the sarcomere structure make up myofibrils and hundreds to thousands of these myofibrils make up a single muscle fiber (Sherwood 258). Contraction is initiated by an increased in the intracellular calcium...
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...Human Body Systems By: Thomas McDonough 5/1/15 Biology Period 5A Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Skeletal System Chapter 2 The Muscular System Chapter 3 The Integumentary System Chapter 4 The Circulatory System Chapter 5 The Respiratory System Chapter 6 The Digestive and Excretory Systems Chapter 7 The Nervous System Chapter 8 The Immune and Endocrine Systems Introduction The human body. A collection of organ systems that make up you, a living thing. But how does that work? How does your body function? The goal of this book is to help you understand all of that. As previously stated, the human body is a collection of organ systems. But what is an organ system? An organ system is a...
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...Introduction A system is made up of different tissues and organs working together to perform a specific function in the body. Skeletal system: Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body. Together these structures form the human skeleton. Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body around which the entire body is built. Almost all the hard parts of human body are components of human skeletal system. Joints are very important because they make the hard and rigid skeleton allow different types of movements at different locations. If the skeleton were without joints, no movement would have taken place and the significance of human body no more than a stone. Components of Human Skeleton Human skeleton is composed of three main components; Bones, Associated cartilages and Joints. Bones: Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton. Cartilages: Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not. Joints: Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”. Divisions of Human Skeleton:...
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...Chapter 15 Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System Learning Outcomes 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they function. An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System Learning Outcomes 15-4 Identify the major sensory pathways, and explain how it is possible to distinguish among sensations that originate in different areas of the body. 15-5 Describe the components, processes, and functions of the somatic motor pathways, and the levels of information processing involved in motor control. An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System An Introduction to: Sensory receptors Sensory processing Conscious and subconscious motor functions Focusing on the “general senses” 15-1 Sensory Information Afferent Division of the Nervous System Receptors Sensory neurons Sensory pathways Efferent Division of the Nervous System Nuclei Motor tracts Motor neurons 15-1 Sensory Information Sensory Receptors Specialized cells that monitor specific...
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...one atom of oxygen) and macromolecules ( = "large molecules", e.g. DNA) 2. CELLS (e.g. white blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells), which contain cell organelles (e.g. mitochondria, little powerhouses that produce energy for the cells) 3. TISSUES, made up of cells (e.g. muscle tissue, nerve tissue) 4. ORGANS, groups of tissues (e.g. liver, heart, kidney) 5. SYSTEMS, groups of organs designed to do a specific job (e.g. the digestive system, reproductive system, nervous system). Cavities of the Body Membranes of the Body MEMBRANES THORACIC CAVITY PLEURAL lines thoracic cavity and covers lungs ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY PERICARDIAL surrounds heart and covers its surface PERITONEAL lines abdominopelvic cavity and covers organs inside (stomach, intestines, etc.) 2 ORGAN SYSTEMS 1. Body covering 2. Support, protection and movement 3. Integration and coordination 4. Processing and transporting 5. Reproduction - integumentary system - skeletal system - muscular system - nervous system - endocrine system - digestive system - respiratory system - circulatory system - lymphatic system - urinary system - reproductive system Some New Words You must learn the following descriptions of the relative positions of body parts. Superior/inferior superior = toward the head: “the thorax is superior to the abdomen” inferior = away from the head: “the legs...
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...BTEC 90 Credit/Extended Diploma in Public Services Unit 5 Physical Preparation, Health and Lifestyle for the Public Services Learner Resource Pack Introduction The human body is a very complex piece of machinery. It is made up of many different systems that work together to allow us to take part in a wide range of sports and everyday activities. It is important that anyone working with clients in the sport and exercise industry has a good understanding of how each of these systems works and copes with the stresses of exercise. This unit will explore the structure and the functions of the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how each of them is affected by exercise. It will also focus on the energy systems and their role in sport and exercise performance. Section One - The Structure and Function of The Skeletal System and How it Responds to Exercise Part 1.1: The structure of the skeleton system The skeleton provides us with a complex framework of bones, joints and cartilage without which we could not stand upright or move. It consists of 206 bones which can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial and appendicular skeleton The axial skeleton provides the supportive structure of the skeleton and is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper limbs, shoulder girdle, lower limbs and hip girdle and provides...
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