...vi commands The following tables contain all the basic vi commands. Starting vi |Command |Description | |vi file |start at line 1 of file | |vi +n file |start at line n of file | |vi +$ file |start at last line of file | |vi +/pattern file |start at pattern in file (do not insert a space between the ``+'' and ``/'' characters. | |vi -r file |recover file after a system crash | Saving files and quitting vi |Command |Description | |:e file |edit file (save current file with :w first) | |:w |save (write out) the file being edited | |:w file |save as file | |:w! file |save as an existing file | |:q |quit vi | |:wq |save the file and quit vi ...
Words: 1301 - Pages: 6
...UNIX for DBA`s Author: Sandeep Akkasani 1. INTODUCTION TO UNIX 1.1 Single-User Systems The personal computer (PC) is a small General-purpose system that can execute programs to perform a wide variety of tasks. The PC, however, was designed for use by one person at a time, that is, it is Single-User oriented with MS-DOS as the de facto standard operating system for this range of machines. Single user systems became very popular due to the low cost hardware and wide range of software available for these machines. 1.2 Multi-User Systems As opposed to single-user systems there are also larger systems, which more than one person can use at any time. Such systems are referred to as multi-user systems. Multi-user systems would be required when a number of applications have to be run simultaneously, or common resources, like printers and disks, are to be shared by a number of users. 1.3 Hardware – Multi-User Systems While the hardware components of a multi-user system are similar to that of a singleuser system, the following differences should be noted. The CPU of a multi-user system is more powerful and has capabilities to support multi-programming and multi-tasking, two features essential for multi-user systems. The Hard disk of a multi-user system is bigger in capacity. Most multi-user systems use magnetic tape as external storage for backup of software. Single-user systems use floppies as the backup device. This is because multi-user ...
Words: 8312 - Pages: 34
...************************************** IN THE FOLLOWING FILE, ALL REFERENCES MADE TO THE NAME UNIX, MAY ALSO BE SUBSTITUTED TO THE XENIX OPERATING SYSTEM. BRIEF HISTORY: BACK IN THE EARLY SIXTIES, DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS AT MIT, A GROUP OF PROGRAMMERS STUDYING THE POTENTIAL OF COMPUTERS, DISCOVERED THEIR ABILITY OF PERFORMING TWO OR MORE TASKS SIMULTANEOUSLY. BELL LABS, TAKING NOTICE OF THIS DISCOVERY, PROVIDED FUNDS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENTISTS TO INVESTIGATE INTO THIS NEW FRONTIER. AFTER ABOUT 2 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH, THEY PRODUCED AN OPERATING SYSTEM THEY CANLMD "UNIX". SIXTIES TO CURRENT: DURING THIS TIME BELL SYSTEMS INSTALLED THE UNIX SYSTEM TO PROVIDE THEIR COMPUTER OPERATORS WITH THE ABILITY TO MULTITASK SO THAT THEY COULD BECOME MORE PRODUCTIVE, AND EFFICIENT. ONE OF THE SYSTEMS THEY PUT ON THE UNIX SYSTEM WAS CALLED "ELMOS". THROUGH ELMOS MANY TASKS (I.E. BILLING,AND INSTALLATION RECORDS) COULD BE DONE BY MANY PEOPLE USING THE SAME MAINFRAME. NOTE: COSMOS IS ACCESSED THROUGH THE ELMOS SYSTEM. CURRENT: TODAY, WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO COMPUTERS, SUCH MULTITASKING CAN BE ACHIEVED BY A SCALED DOWN VERSION OF UNIX (BUT JUST AS POWERFUL). MICROSOFT,SEEING THIS DEVELOPMENT, OPTED TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN UNIX LIKE SYSTEM FOR THE IBM LINE OF PC/XT'S. THEIR RESULT THEY CALLED XENIX (PRONOUNCED ZEE-NICKS). BOTH UNIX AND XENIX CAN BE EASILY INSTALLED ON IBM PC'S AND OFFER THE SAME FUNCTION (JUST...
Words: 950 - Pages: 4
... CIS 155 December 10, 2011 Operating System You may have heard of UNIX, or maybe not. Where did this so called UNIX come from? What exactly is an operating system you ask and what is it comprised of? Read on to find out more. Birth of a New Creation: UNIX is the creation and brain child of Bell Laboratory researchers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. Ken Thompson was working with Space Travel. Space Travel was a program that simulated the motion of the planets in our solar system. The Space Travel program was under the operating system called Multics (Multics is one of the first operating systems that provided a multiuser environment, and ran on a General Electric 6000 Electric Computer) (Afzal, 2008). Multics was a slow and very large and required a substantial amount of computer resources. Ken Thompson found a small little PDP-7 computer (created by the Digital Equipment Corporation) and transferred the Space Travel program on to it. On this computer is in which Ken Thompson created the new operating system that he deemed to be UNIX. Ken Thompson adapted Multics advanced concepts to the operating system. UNIX took advantage of the other operating systems by incorporating some of all of the other operating systems into its own, and combining...
Words: 1257 - Pages: 6
...Protection Scheme with Unix Adam Macon POS/355 8-10-13 Mr. Groves When considering a protection scheme that will protect up to 5,000 users the best choice would be Unix. Unix is an operating system developed in the 70’s in AT&T Bell Laboratories. The unique thing about Unix is that it is written in C, which gives it the ability to be portable and able to be integrated with other Unix machines. Program written on one Unix machine can be easily adapted to other Unix machines (C is particularly well-integrated with the operating system itself) (David 2013). We will discuss exactly what the protection scheme is with Unix and how 4900 users can be one file. Unix system has the ability to serve many users and these users can be organized in groups. A Unix file can distribute ownership to three different classes of users, which are user, group, and other. User is the directory owner, which is the person who created the file, group is the members of the group, and others are the users who aren’t members of the group and are not the file owner. There are three permissions for User, Group, and Others, which are Read, Write, and Execute. A user with Read permission can look at contents of that particular file, a user with Write permission can change contents in that file, and a user with Execute permission can use that particular file as a Unisex system command. Permissions only an be changed by the chmod command. To be able to achieve having 4,990 users on one file you can...
Words: 287 - Pages: 2
...UNIX, Linux, Mac, and Windows OS Comparison Paper B. James Bryant UNIX, Linux, Mac, and Windows OS Comparison In 1956, General Motors produced the first OS for its IBM 704 series mainframe. Since then companies around the world, both big and small, have been tirelessly researched, testing, and releasing newer and faster operating systems for the world to use. Among these are systems developed by/for UNIX, Linux, Microsoft, and Apple. In fact, it’s safe to say that these four companies have a monopoly on all current technology used in both the military, corporate, and private sectors all around the world. UNIX Operating System Unix operating systems have the ability to be multi-user, multi-tasking and portable. Multi-user capabilities are accomplished through time sharing which means the processor allocates slices of time to first one process and then the next, sharing the available time in sequence with waiting processes (Nagpal, 2009). Unix can run in either command line interface, CLI, or graphic user interface or GUI mode. A key and unique feature of Unix is that it has a modular design which allows parts of the system to be added or removed without affecting performance of the other parts making Unix systems highly customizable. Unix operating systems have four core components, (1) the kernel, (2) the shell, (3) the file system, and (4) the utilities or tools and applications (Love et al, 2005). The kernel is the lowest layer of the operating system that...
Words: 5010 - Pages: 21
...Chapter 1 Introduction to Linux At a Glance Class Notes Table of Contents • Overview • Objectives • Teaching Tips • Quick Quizzes • Class Discussion Topics • Additional Projects • Additional Resources • Key Terms • Technical Notes for Hands-On Projects Lecture Notes Overview Linux technical expertise is essential in today’s computer workplace as more and more companies switch to Linux to meet their computing needs. Thus, it is important to understand how Linux can be used, what benefits Linux offers to a company, and how Linux has developed and continues to develop. In the first half of this chapter, you will learn about operating system terminology and features of the Linux operating system, as well as the history and development of Linux. Later in this chapter, you will learn about the various types of Linux and situations in which Linux is used. Chapter Objectives In this chapter, you will learn to: • Understand the purpose of an operating system • Outline the key features of the Linux operating system • Describe the origins of the Linux operating system • Identify the characteristics of various Linux distributions and where to find them • Explain the common uses of Linux in industry today Quick Quiz 1 1. What term is used to describe a running program on Linux? a. Application b. Process c. Runtime d. Project 2. What is represented...
Words: 3777 - Pages: 16
...What is the function of a redirector? To determine whether a request is meant for the client CPU or the server What are the three tiers in a 3-tier architecture? Client, middleware, server If Alex’s user account belongs to the Teachers group on a Windows Server 2008 network, and the Teachers group has read and execute permissions for the Lessons folder, what can Alex do with documents in the Lessons folder? Open an existing document. Suppose you own a computer that contains a 1 GHz processor, 512 MB of RAM, and an 8 GB hard drive. If you wanted to install Windows Server 2008 on this computer, what is the minimum hardware upgrade you must perform, if any? Increase the hard drive space to 10 GB. You have created a printer object for a new HP LaserJet in your Windows Server 2008 Active Directory. Before users can print to this printer, what else must you create in Active Directory? a. A printer share What is the purpose of a container in an LDAP-compatible NOS directory? To organize similar objects for easier management What is the relationship between threads and multiprocessing? Processes are made of threads; threads within a process can be handled by different processors to improve server performance. When a server’s RAM is fully utilized, where can the NOS store unused information blocks? In a page file on its hard drive What primary advantage does Windows Server 2008 gain by assigning each operation its own 32- or 64-bit memory area? a. Multiple applications...
Words: 636 - Pages: 3
...Running head: Case Project Case Project Student College Case Project Linux as an operating system is a powerful tool used in businesses for its secure kernel and command line interface. From a small business to a large enterprise, Linux is used to run servers, store vital information and documents. In Outdoor Adventures, this store needs a more efficient computing system. The system will need to keep information available and secure enough to ensure that the information can only be seen by the right people. To help keep things organized, a file structure will also be required to keep all the files with special permissions together for easy access. To better illustrate the security capabilities of Linux Ed Sawicki of Biznix.org said, “The Linux firewall has functionality that rivals expensive commercial firewalls. Its rules allow fine grained control over stateless and stateful packet filtering. The Linux firewall is extensible, allowing new filtering capabilities as the need arises.” This comparison is powerful when considering what would be the most cost effective direction for a business, but also the safest. Another advantage of linux is that it is generally free to try before applying it to a commercial setting. The product can in effect speak for its self by allowing itself to be made publicly available so there is no need to consider it a “business risk” when a technician can experiment with it first before applying it on a much grander scale. “Linux…is...
Words: 1333 - Pages: 6
...Management According to Stallings (2012), “In most applications, the file is the central element.” A large number of UNIX operating systems are established on file access control. Unfortunately, permissions for both read and write cannot be assigned to only a certain number of users on the access control list (ACL). Suppose a system that must support 5,000 users was needed but only 4,990 are required to access one file, this would result in need for two user groups to be created, one group with read only permissions and another group for read and write permissions. Before implementing this protection scheme, a basic knowledge of file management hierarchy is needed. UNIX operating systems are established on file access control schemes. Every user is given an exclusive user ID along with a password to access the system. The user is also part of a primary group, which are identified with a group ID (GID). Every group has different access permissions, depending on the needs of the users within the group. They can range from read, write, and execute. By defining the permissions of each group, the users within that group can only perform the permissions assigned to them. This establishes file security because a user cannot change permissions assigned to them unless they are the superuser, known as “root”. For security measures, the superuser should be a UNIX administrator because the superuser or root has access to the complete system and is not controlled by the permissions...
Words: 687 - Pages: 3
...to start when trying to understand the basics of any computer hardware system would the operating system. Operating systems are a program which manages the computer’s hardware. These systems provide a basis for application programs and intermediate between the computer’s user and its hardware. There are many different types of Operating serves that are available to use. There are four main Operating systems that are used in today’s Technological world: UNIX, Linux, Mac, and Windows. Each one of these systems has its own unique aspects to offer users, while still sharing the same basics that an operating system needs. Memory Management UNIX/Linux In comparison to other operating systems, UNIX is quite different when it comes to managing its memory. It uses extremely sophisticated memory management algorithms to make the best use of memory resources. Though UNIX and Linux are extremely similar when it comes to how things work internally, there are slight differences that make UNIX distinct. One process that UNIX uses is Swapping; this is done by moving chunks of the Virtual Memory, known as pages, out of the main memory and moving others in. In order for this process to work at its best, those pages that are needed must be accessible in the Main Memory at the demand of the CPU. When a page is expected to be needed in the very near future it is called a resident set. This can lead to errors due to memory allocation issues. If the CPU attempts to access a page that...
Words: 4984 - Pages: 20
...CSCI 1483 Intro to UNIX/Linux Ch 1-5 Slide Objectives for Midterm exam prep Ch 1 Objectives * Define OSs, including PC and server OSs * Describe the UNIX and Linux operating systems * Explain the purpose of UNIX/Linux shells * Discuss how to select user names and passwords * Connect to UNIX/Linux using Telnet or SSH * Use basic *nix commands & editing features * Explain the role of a system administrator * Change your password for security * Use multiple commands to view the contents of files * Redirect output to a file Ch 2 Objectives * Discuss UNIX/Linux FSs and list several examples * State the standard tree structure * Define partition and list 3 recommended ones for *nix * What are inodes, and what is stored in them? * Describe contents of: /boot, /bin, /dev, /home, /lib, /mnt, /media, /proc, /root, /sbin, /tmp, /usr, and /var * State purpose of the mount and umount commands * State the path (pathnames) to any file, and prompts * List commands to do the following: * Navigate the FS, create and remove directories, copy and delete files, configure file permissions Ch 3 Objectives * Compare ASCII, binary, and executable files * Understand the types of editors * Tell how to enter the 3 modes of the vi editor * Be able to create and edit files using the vi editor * Be able to create and edit files using the Emacs editor * Nothing to submit for these last 2 objectives ...
Words: 397 - Pages: 2
...The UNIX OS What is UNIX? UNIX is a Main Frame operating system developed by AT&T employees at Bell Labs (1969 – 1971). UNIX originally was named “Unics” (Uniplexed Information & Computing Service). It was renamed “Unix” when it could support multiple users. In 1972 UNIX was rewritten in the C programming language. C was developed for the UNIX OS to write programming for the UNIX OS. C is a low level programming language but not as low level as assembly. So C makes writing programs easier than Assembly and also makes them hardware independent. The entire UNIX OS was rewritten in the C programming language. So this made UNIX portable. You don’t have to rewrite the operating system whenever you wanted to port it to a new type of hardware. In 1975 AT&T, because of a court order centering around an anti-trust case, was forbidden from entering the computer software business. Thus, unable to sell the UNIX OS, they gave it away. If you wrote to them and asked for a copy of UNIX-they would give you a free license and send you all the source code. This made it attractive for government agencies, universities and corporations. They could get this free, and very powerful operating system, to run on their main frames. 1975 was the point when computers were beginning to take off and there are a lot of people at universities learning about computers for the first time, getting access to main frame computers for the first time and they’re using UNIX. So UNIX becomes the...
Words: 576 - Pages: 3
...Unix/Windows Systems Review for Riordan Manufacturing Micah Gerber POS/420 December 21, 2012 Charles Mathieu Abstract Riordan Manufacturing is the leader in the plastic injection molding industry with facilities in both the United States and China. As a large global operation, having adequate systems in place to support the organization network and databases is of upmost importance. A critique which addresses the benefits and disadvantages of using UNIX or Linux versus Microsoft Windows Server within Riordan Manufacturing will be completed by Team A. Areas to be addressed within the critique will cover security, administration, networking, performance, programmability, and reliability as it relates to UNIX or Linux and Microsoft Windows Server. Riordan Manufacturing currently has a combination of Unix and Windows servers which support the organization, however, the team will recommend that the organization standardize it’s systems to support one platform across the agency. Through this recommendation Riordan’s Manufacturing infrastructure will have one platform Security Review The histories of both Windows and UNIX security development have taken diametric paths. The Windows operating system (OS) is monolithic by design, which means that most of the features are integrated into a single unit and is located into the core of the OS. UNIX, on the other hand is based on the core of the operating systems residing in a distributed manner where...
Words: 1893 - Pages: 8
...UNIX operating system and its features UNIX is a certified brand of The Open Group that belongs to a family of computer operating systems. UNIX stands among some initial operating systems which has to be written in a high level programming language that is C. Further Bell labs circulated it in a way that anyone could customize it according to his own wishes. As a result in late 70’s, number of versions of this operating systems were running at several places [Vangie Beal(2015)]. File permissions features of UNIX The most important feature of UNIX Operating system is that it procures a safe and sound method for storing data and information. Each file stored in UNIX has some characteristics and attributes like “owner permissions” in which it specifies that what actions and tasks the owner of the information or file can execute or perform. The second permission is “group permissions” which allows the user who is a part of group can perform different functions on a particular file of the same group but for this one must have to be a part of the group. The third is “other permissions”. It is a permission which determines what type of actions and functions, rest of the users can perform on particular file [Tutorialspoint(2014)]. Security feature of UNIX The security of the systems can be increased by some specific settings which controls the access of different users. This feature includes read, write and execute access options. The read access option allows users to view and...
Words: 452 - Pages: 2
