...Geography- Urban Dynamics- Sydney Discuss and analyse the impacts of TWO urban dynamics operating in the city of Sydney Introduction The following report will discuss and analyse the impacts of urban dynamics operating in the city of Sydney. Urban Dynamics Urban dynamics are the processes responsible for any changes taking place in the spatial organisation of large cities. These urban dynamics shape the morphology of a city and create a unique history and character of this city. Some urban dynamics at work in cities include suburbanisation, exurbanisation, counter urbanisation, urban consolidation and urban decay and renewal. Throughout the history of a large city it is highly likely that many of these processes have occurred. The large city of Sydney in NSW, Australia has experienced many processes associated with urban dynamics. Some of these include suburbanisation, urban consolidation and urban decay and renewal. These have caused both positive and negative effects on the city. They have changed the technological, economic, social and cultural characteristics of Sydney. Sydney Sydney is defined as a large city in the developed world. Located at 33°52'S and 151°0'E, Sydney is one of the largest cities in the world in terms of geographical area at 499km2. Suburban Sydney radiates out from Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) and accommodates a population of 4 284 379. Approximately 1/5 of Australia’s population lives in Sydney’s Metropolitan area. Established as a city...
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...nonprofit of their choice. Four individuals with banking and volunteering backgrounds- Mary Houghton, Milton Davis, Jim Fletcher, and Ron Grzywinski- purchased a bank in south shore, a community whose economic and physical infrastructure was near total collapse. Their intention was to reinstall credit, rehabilitate self-confidence, and reestablish a functioning market economy. The market is supposed to make itself through the initiative of individuals. Urban areas, abandoned buildings, crime, and flight to the suburbs had taken over. Shorebank’s founders believed that the traditional government and nonprofit approaches to extreme urban decay did not work. At the start, they were barely able to raise money to buy bank, and Grywinski had to personally guarantee the loan. But from $41 million in deposits in 1973, they passed the $1 billion mark in 2003. Their average loan rate loss of .37 is lower than the .46 rate of their national peer group. The strategy Shorebank used to address the condition of simultaneous economic and social decay involved developing a combination of for-profit and nonprofit subsidiaries. Rothman and Scott describe the innovative organization structure Shorebank created as a wholly owned residential and commercial real estate development and subsidiary. They also describe it as the neighborhood institute, the first tax exempt affiliate ever developed by a bank holding company, which was formed to tackle deep-seated housing and employment problems. The subsidiaries...
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...The ability for social capital to be harnessed for both positive and negative purposes is especially apparent in the discussion of the “urban crisis.” The issue was brought to the forefront during the 1950s and 1960s during a period when black families began moving into historically white neighborhoods. Homeowners’ associations, community groups, and other neighborhood-based organizations, which seem to be benign groups promoting positive social capital, are criticized by some scholars such as Thomas Sugrue as insidious organizations designed to impose racial order. He argues that racism and aggression, using the negative social capital of white homeowners’ organizations, is the cause of the urban crisis because it forced black homeowners...
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...one place to another to find food and other basic needs. In modern terminologies, if you live like a nomadic person does, you are called itinerant,that now refers to the indigenous groups in a country who live in rural areas. But our brothers and sisters in urban areas tend to be moved from one place to another, yet they are not indigenous. They have the tendency to vacate their place, but not due to the loss of food and basic necessities, but because of the fact that they have to resettled and relocated to a new location. Resettlement is a voluntary or involuntary movement of large number of people from one place (which is usually the original settlement) to another (which is a new settlement), and this movement is not without consequence (Akpanudoedehe, 2010). It is a planned or impulsive transfer of people from their original places to a new settlement site wherein they have to adapt to the new environment. Here in the Philippines, resettlement is a common picture in our environment, and the most dominant kind of resettlement that we can see is involuntary. Involuntary resettlement is largely a consequence of planned change generated by major development projects such as dams for irrigation and hydropower, urban renewal, and highway construction (ADB 2000). Illegal settlers who live in these expropriated lands are relocated to places that may be far from their original home and is much different to the surroundings that they are used to. Over the years, the National...
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...their rent. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) oversees the three major programs offered by the federal government, i.e. public housing, privately owned subsidized housing and housing choice voucher (section-8). This paper doesn't focus on one of them specifically, but rather on the efficiency of the overall programs. The loopholes and inefficiencies addressed in this paper relate to the eligibility requirement, the lack of coordination across the various programs, their portability, the lack of incentives, and their perception across the indutry. Keywords: HUD, government, Section 8, housing, assistance, rental Are Government Rental Housing Assistance Programs Fulfilling their Social Mandate? Government Rental Housing Assistance has three programs to help low income families with their housing: public housing, privately owned subsidized housing, and housing choice voucher programs, the latter popularly known as Section-8. These programs are the result of a long process that started a hundred and fifty years ago with the Civil Rights Act of 1866. However, while the Civil Rights Act of 1866 established the conceptual foundations for fair housing policies, the country was still left without mechanisms to unable a fair housing market. It is only in the 1960's first federal structure really started taking place. President Lyndon Johnson had already founded the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and introduced the Fair...
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.... The rise of globalized business and financial services in the cities is giving rise to career and income structures that are distinctly different from those in the manufacturing industry. This new career structure consists of a mix of high-skilled, high-paying jobs and low-skilled, low-paid jobs. Technically, soft skills are likely to enhance the flexibility among all kinds of employers and improve the image of corporate. Therefore, employers are more attached to soft skills than traditional ones has become a development trend. A significant change also happened in employers’ attitudes towards skills, that is soft skills have become more important than technical skills. (Hillage et al., 2002). According to the research conducted by Grugulis and Vincent (2009), highly skilled workers such as IT professionals are more likely to benefit a lot from soft skills, as soft skills can bring additional values by allowing workers to effectively and efficiently use their technical skills and knowledge. For example, an engineer with excellent communication skills can ensure the design intent be fully understood by clients and employers. By contrast, low skilled work still in disadvantage position even they have a proven track record that can demonstrate a good command of "soft skills". Even though more and more employers are asking for soft skills from job candidates, only technical skills such as sales and software knowledge can get employees through the door (Gallie, 1991). Soft skills...
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...Since the late 19th century, capitalism, together with industrialization, has created a soaring population consistent with economic growth. The emergence of automobile industry opened an opportunity for free mobility and thus spurred the urban dwellers shift from inner city into exurban areas. Such city expansion pattern, called “urban sprawl”, usually involves suburb exploitation, auto-dependency and long commuting distance. Along with the increasing popularity of automobile, the suburbanization wave rapidly swept the world and reshaped the characteristic of urban life. While the extended urban scale opened up a lucrative market for businesses, the ecological and social hazards are getting serious in sprawled cities. The unrestrained growth of cities increased reliance on automobile, one hand more carbon emissions have been poured into atmosphere, which is closely related to climate change, and also the car-oriented strategy marginalized other transport alternatives, squeezing out the poor and disadvantaged communities with degraded public transport that leads to social polarization. As these opposite forces of urban sprawl loomed large on a global scale, authorities placed environmental and social issues as major items on the public agenda and underlined the alarm on the gravity of such global crisis. Subsequently, the conference of business groups contends that technological solutions are the most economic and effective way to address problems and advocates striving for alternative...
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...forces of human undertaking. Today, American society is faced with a residential, geographic phenomenon among urban and suburban communities that disadvantages African American citizens through the discriminatory denial of residential and economic freedom, a Constitutional promise that is guaranteed to all Americans. Modern America is confronted with a socially and geographically segregated society structured on the hierarchies of race, having the greatest consequences for African American communities, the most segregated racial group in American society. The Great Migration of the early twentieth century was a symbolic beacon of hope for African Americans leaving their homes in the rural South to a new land of promise in the urban North. While this migration created vast amounts of opportunity for African Americans that could have not existed in the Jim Crow-era South, the movements of these people would carry the racial divisions and hostilities of society to the level of a national plight. Northern whites implemented various practices in order to manipulate urban housing markets in the effect of restricting the residential mobility of African Americans and to confining African Americans to undesirable urban neighborhoods, and therefore setting the nature of race relations in northern communities and leading to the national development of twentieth century urban ghettos. In effect of this mass migration, racially motivated actions of individual American citizens, private...
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...of a city providing safety and also allows for a healthy level of informal human contact, balancing between the need for privacy and the need for community. A high ratio of adults and enough sidewalk space allows children to play freely, relieves some of the burdens and costs of parenting. Small parks can benefit an already vibrant neighborhood, but they must fit their context. Out of place or excessively large parks interrupt street life and denigrate its safety. Underused parks can be redeemed by specializing in a certain service or activity. It is most effective, politically and socially, to consider cities in three senses: as whole cities, as neighborhoods, and as districts, each with different needs and strategies. Jacobs argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most city-dwellers. Jacobs is well known for organizing grassroots efforts to protect existing neighborhoods from, "slum clearance," and particularly for her opposition to Robert Moses in his plans to overhaul her neighborhood of Greenwich Village. She is responsible for the eventual cancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through Washington Square Park, and was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on the...
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...had the dubious distinction as one of the largest and poorest slums of any Metropolitan region in Brazil according to the World Bank . 60% of Recife’s total population of 1.4 million occupy squatter settlements (Appendix 1). After years of studying and assessing the poor living conditions of the Jacarezinho slum, the state government of Pernambuco, along with the municipal officials of both Recife and the neighbouring municipality of Olinda, partnered with the World Bank and signed the documents for an urban renewal project called Prometropole in 2003. The cost of the project was US $84 million with a loan of US $46 million from the World Bank . The project was finally launched in 2007 with a planned completion date of 2008 but due to setbacks the project was still not completed in 2010. The objective of the project was to resettle the population in new homes close to the existing slum, to remove the shacks along the waterway, to construct roads and to improve urban infrastructure by providing sewage and drainage so that the inhabitants could have a safer and cleaner place to live. This paper will provide an overview of the obstacles faced by the population as they stood by and waited to be resettled into cleaner, safer and more modern accommodations. I will attempt to show the problems encountered, successes and failures and finally why the project did not ultimately achieve its goal of eliminating the Jacarezinho slums. Background The slums in Recife are...
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...Improvement In slums such as Dharavi the conditions are famously poor, where there are open sewers, narrow lanes and cramped huts, but still so many people move here. This is a consequence of rural to urban migration; people are attracted to the city by the "bright lights syndrome" and the prospects of jobs and a better standard of life. TNC's tend to build their businesses here due to the cheap labour available, but there are just too many people moving in and not enough jobs. This rapid growth leads to unstable infrastructure along with poor sanitation, such as there only being 1 toilet for every 1,500 people, which ultimately leads to the widespread distribution of diseases such as malaria and cholera. Crime is also increasingly high as there is no source of police or security. Residential Slums As said before the people living in these slums tend to be the heart of TNC's as they take on work with very low wages, yet this is still only a small majority of people living in the slums. Therefore many of the residents will end up working in the informal sector, taking jobs which may not be legal or safe, barely 10% of the commercial activity here is legal . Some examples may be stealing car parts or pickpocketing. Though it is not completely possible to re home residents with formal buildings but instead the government should think of upgrading homes, sanitations and infrastructure in the slum, seen as though the average household wage in Dharavi is well above that in rural...
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...A Study of Uprising Gangs in Americas Inner Cities A Senior Thesis Proposal Presented to Senior Seminar University of Central Missouri Bachelor of Science By Aloni Benson Senior Thesis Proposal Title: A study of Uprising gangs in Americas Inner Cities occurring during the 1990’s till Now Statement of the Problem: i. Purpose of the study A. Explain the influence of uprising gang conflict. B. Compare the trends of Gang violence over decades. C. Uncover reason why gangs are growing at an alarming rate II. Need for the study A. insufficient data on the Macro study of gangs B. Data is needed for law enforcement to know how to control the growth rate of gangs. Methodology: I. The Purpose of this study is to explain the uprising of gangs in Americas inner cities II. The study will focus on the following research questions. A. What are influences of Gangs in Americas? B. Is the trend of gang Violence different from the early 1990’s till Present? C. What will it take to control Gangs in America? III. Research Question 1 The influences of Gangs will be characterized by the following guideline: A. Number of Gangs in America B. Founder of Gangs C. Different types of gangs D. Gangs vs. social groups IV. Research Question 2 Trends of Gang Violence from the early 1990’s till present will be characterized by: A. Differential between drug and violent offenses compared...
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.............. 9 III. Need Assessment ................................................................................................... 10 IV. Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 12 Introduction The term, “smart city” can be rather nebulous when taken by itself; there exists no widely accepted definition (Ministry of Urban Development, 2015, p. 5). The significance of a smart city varies across countries and cities, making it imperative to examine what the name means in the Indian context. As per the government, a smart city has three major features: a strong infrastructural core that induces high-quality living, a sustainable, clean environment and “smart solutions” (Ministry of Urban Development, 2015, p. 5). Even this concise description of smart cities seems to depict a highly dense, multi-faceted landscape and thus it perfectly conveys the complexity of a city that is to be considered “smart”. Naturally, implementing such an ambitious model for urban development in India would require tackling an endless number of issues. This is why the following report chooses to focus on but one, examinable, component of a smart city;...
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...Planning and Building Regulations * Legislation The principal legislation is the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (‘TCPA 1990’), as amended. Much of the detail of the system, however, is to be found under various statutory instruments brought into force under this Act. * When is planning permission needed? Planning permission required for the carrying out of ‘development’. In basic terms, planning permission is needed in respect of any activity which constitutes ‘development’. ‘Development’ is defined in s 55 of the TCPA 1990 as follows: “… the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operations in, on, over or under land, or the making of any material change in the use of any buildings or other land…” This definition includes the erection of new buildings, the demolition of and alteration to existing buildings and/or the making of a material change of use (please refer below) to a property. Note that provided any one of these elements is present, the possibility of the need for planning permission needs to be considered. It is possible for there to be building works but not a change of use and, equally, for there to be a change of use without building works: in both cases, the proposals may amount to development and so require planning permission. As regards change of use, only a material change in use requires permission. ‘Material’ is not defined and is a question of fact and degree in each particular case. * Matters which...
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...from the Dresden University of Technology: Dr. LUIS INOSTROZA PINO and his seminar about „ URBAN ECONOMICS IN LATINAMERICA-The Economics of Cities and Regions in Latin America“(5RE481) The Center for Latin American studies (CLAS) within Faculty of Economics has the honor to welcome Dr. Luis Inostroza Pino from the Dresden University of Technology, who will give us a seminar about „URBAN ECONOMICS IN LATINAMERICA-The Economics of Cities and Regions in Latin America“ (5RE481) Dr. Luis Inostroza Pino is associated researcher from the Dresden University of Technology (Technische Universitat Dresden), highly proficient Urban Development Specialist with 14 years experience acquired in a series of demanding roles within public administration, consultancy, education and researching at international level. A skilled and experienced presenter, trained in political environment, with strong educational experience at undergraduate and postgraduate level. In this course we will study the main economic forces that lead to the existence of cities and regional agglomerations. We will explore a range of topics related to current issues in urban and regional economics in Latin America. Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to understanding on urban economics in the Latin-American continent, being capable to understand current economical trends in this particular urban and regional space. The course will take 12 days from Monday 03 to Friday 14 of December...
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