...1 National Employment Policy and Strategy of Ethiopia November 2009 Addis Ababa ii Acronyms AIDS ART CETU CSA EEF EPRDF ERP FDI GDP HERQA HICES HIV ICT IHDP IMF M&E MDG MFI MOFED MSE NEC NEPS NES NGO PASDEP PSNP TVET UEAP Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome Anti-retroviral Therapy Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions Central Statistical Agency Ethiopian Employers’ Federation Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front Economic Reform Program Foreign Direct Investment Gross Domestic Product Higher Education Relevance and Quality Agency Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey Human Immunodeficiency Virus Information and Communication Technology Integrated Housing Development Program International Monetary Fund Monitoring and Evaluation Millennium Development Goals Micro-finance Institutions Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Micro and Small Enterprises National Employment Council National Employment Policy and Strategy National Employment Secretariat Non-governmental Organization Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty Productive Safety Net Program Technical and Vocational Education and Training Universal Electricity Access Program iii Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................ iv PART ONE Background ......................................................................................................
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...MACROECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT-1 CASE STUDY: INDIA’S LABOUR MARKET The labour market trend which is a cause for concern The number of unemployed people remains relatively high, both in urban as well as rural areas, with urban areas showing greater unemployment in numbers, possibly due to inadequate employment planning in urban areas. Also, low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in both rural and urban economies for the age group 18-29 is also a trend that causes concern. These are areas are critical since they indicate (a) degree of growth in number of jobs in both rural and urban areas, and, (b) employability of youth in the prime working age group A critical perspective on the trend The number of unemployed people in India remains relatively high, with an average unemployment rate of 4.7% by UPS approach. The UPS measure includes, in the definition of employment and workforce, both principal and subsidiary status activities. This measure, therefore, includes not just regular employment, but also employment in the unorganized sector. We should expect that improvements in principal status employment or household well-being can and should lead to reductions in subsidiary employment. The absence of individuals from each group is for different reasons and has different social implications. For the population under the age of 24, the low participation in the workforce may be attributed to their attending school. This feature, though sharp in both males and females between...
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...GDN Working Paper Series Education, Training and Youth Unemployment in Kenya Joy Kiiru, Eldah Onsomu and Fredrick Wamalwa Working Paper No. 26 October 2009 About GDN The Global Development Network (GDN) is a leading International Organization of developing and transition country researchers and policy and research institutes promoting the generation, sharing, and application to policy of multidisciplinary knowledge for the purpose of development. Founded in 1999, GDN is now headquartered in New Delhi, with offices in Cairo and Washington DC. This Working Paper has been prepared within the GDN’s Global Research Project Institutional Capacity Strengthening of African Public Policy Institutes to Support Inclusive Growth and the MDGs. The project has been fully funded by the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Bureau for Development Policy (BDP) and Regional Bureau for Africa (RBA). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone. © GDN, 2009 2 Education, Training and Youth Unemployment in Kenya Joy Kiiru, Eldah Onsomu and Fredrick Wamalwa 1 Abstract Young people in Kenya constitute 30% of total population while youth unemployment constitutes 78% of total unemployment. In nearly all developing countries the rate of urban unemployment in the 15-24 age group is at least double the rate of all other age groups. These high rates of urban unemployment in this age bracket are also seen in developed countries, although the rates are far lower than...
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...IV. Unemployment among Indian youth: An overview The preceding review of the Indian efforts at formulating the policies to mitigate youth unemployment has highlighted the difficulties of attacking the problem in a continental country. It has indicated that it is difficult to obtain precise estimates of the number and proportion of the youth in the country and the level of unemployment among them. The widespread errors of age reporting, which result from the high level of illiteracy and the lack of awareness about the date of birth, are a serious problem. (a) Facts of the Situation There are marked differences between estimates of the number and proportion of youth based on the decennial censuses and the sample surveys, as well as the Sample Registration System. The projections made by different agencies such as the Office of the Registrar General on behalf of the Planning Commission and the United Nations also differ with respect to the number and relative share of the youth in the population. However, according to the best national estimates, the youth formed about 18.5 to 19 percent of the national population in the early 1990s, and numbered about 159 million at the time of the 1991 Census. Over 53 percent of them (85 million) were in the labour force. By 2001, the number of youth is projected to rise to 212 million, and the number of youth in the labour force to 107 million (almost 23.6 percent of the projected total labour force of 453 million). The data...
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...TERM PAPER UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS SITUATION IN ASIA Submitted to: Sir Abdul Farooq Submitted by: Muzammil Shahid (10) Ifzal Ahmed (09) Hajra Fazal(29) Adeel Abid(08) (F005-BBA) Date: 11, December 2006 Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Statement of problem 3 1.2 Objectives of Study 6 1.3 Methodology and source 7 1.4 Organization 7 2. Review of literature 8 3. Analysis of Data 23 3.1 Global Causes of Unemployment 23 ...
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...undergoing the largest wave of urban growth.” More than half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas. This global phenomenon is happening across different regions and development levels in the world. Richer countries in Europe and the Americas already large percentage of their population live in towns and cities, while developing countries in Africa and Asia, still a large percentage of their population lives in rural areas, however urbanizing faster than developed countries. The landscape of human settlement is changing due to these global trends, with significant effects on health, living conditions, the environment, and development across the world. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the health, economic and environmental impacts of urbanization in the Philippines. What is Urbanization? Urbanization is defined as “the process by which an increasing proportion of the population comes to live in urban areas” (Yassi et al, 2011, p. 293). Many theories of development view urbanization and industrialization as interdependent processes of modern economics. However, according to Gollin et al (2013, p. 2), these two concepts are not synonymous, and they argue that there is not a strong association between urbanization and industrialization specifically among developing countries today. They pointed out that there are many countries, which have not industrialized significantly but are highly urbanized. One widely accepted theory of urban origins is that cities emerged...
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...Unemployment Problem and Its Causes Based On 2007 Economics Report of Bangladesh. Unemployment Problem and Its Causes Based On 2007 Economics Report of Bangladesh. Prepared for SHAMIM EHSANUL HAQUE Course Instructor BUS: 201 Prepared by SAIMA AFREEN (06304018) HUMAIRA NAZIA (07204013) ZOBAIDA MAHBUB ZEFRY (07304026) A.A.M SHAHRIAR HASAN KHAN (07304038) QUAZI MOFFAKKAR HOSSAIN (073040 Section: 01 Date of submission 4th December, 2008 MEMORANDUM To: Shamim Ehsanul Haque From: Saima Date: December 4th, 2008 Sub: Submission of the report titled Unemployment Problem and Its Causes. In accordance to your advice here is the report on “Unemployment Problem and Its Causes” that we are submitting on 4 December, 2008 which was assigned during the last part of semester Fall 08. To serve our purpose, we have followed standard research methodology to extract our findings. We have applied sophisticated analysis techniques to get consistent and sound output. As per the direction of yours, we have tried our best to highlight our findings through applying our acquired concepts and models. As a BBA student we appreciate having this assignment. We sincerely hope this report will fulfill the requirements for the course of Business Communication. Thanks for giving us the opportunity to work on this assignment. It’s...
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...country to draw nearer to implementation of many of the MDGs, eight goals that the United Nations member states have pledged to accomplish by the year 2015. Halving the number of people living in extreme poverty, ensuring universal access to primary education, eliminating gender disparities, reducing child mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio, and combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases are among the targets officially adopted in 2000. One of the shortcomings in Bangladesh’s efforts to attain MDGs is failure to make growth process sufficiently pro-poor, says the report, adding that depleting share of the poorer segments of the society in national income and consumption shows that the poor are not benefiting from the growth. It said youth unemployment has shot up to 13 percent in 2003 from 3 percent in 1990. Nearly 64 percent of those unemployed have secondary or post secondary and higher education. According to draft Labour Force Survey 2005-06 of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, unemployment rose by one lakh or 5 percent between 2002-03 and 2005-06. “The challenge is clearly to create...
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...Descriptive policy analysis on Youth Entrepreneurship Policy Introduction and Background Many young people in Zimbabwe cannot find employment. This has become particularly acute since the onset of the Zimbabwean economic crisis in the late 1990s. The rate of youth unemployment with regard to both formal and informal sectors of the Zimbabwe economy stood at 19 percent for females, 11 percent for males (Chakanya, 2008). This has left a huge problem to policy makers to come up with policies specifically targeting youth unemployment reduction. The major cause of this situation has been the collapse of the Zimbabwean manufacturing industry. While it has been the envy f many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, it capacity has consistently declined since the inception of the economic crisis. This has been noted by a very low level of GDP contribution of 12% in 2012 (Ministry of Industry and Commerce). Recognising that there is little hope for the Zimbabwean youth in the formal sector, this paper describes a youth entrepreneurship policy designed to combat youth unemployment. These inclusive entrepreneurship policies will be intended to give every youth the opportunity to start up in business or self-employment regardless of their social background and to improve labour market outcomes for people who are under-represented or disadvantaged in entrepreneurship and self-employment. The Policy The policy aims at creating an all inclusive youth entrepreneurship program. Inclusive in the sense...
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...study, research questions to the study, justification of the study, scope of the study and significance of the study. 1.1 Background to the Study. Wobst (2013) noted that there are 1.2 billion young people in the world estimating that the youth make up 18 percent of the global population, 25 percent of the total the working age population, about 90 percent of the young people from developing countries where around half of the total population living in rural areas. Holden (2013) noted that young people aged between 18-25 years represent more than 60 percent of the continent’s total population account due to high fertility rate estimated about 133 million young people in Africa. Wobst (2013) noted that 25 percent the highest average annual population over the last ten years was registered in sub- Saharan Africa amongst the youth in rural areas. Ezewu and Ibukum (2012) noted that unemployment amongst the youth in Africa was caused mainly by illiteracy, inadequate skilled man powering the labour market thus exclusion from production, economic, social development in the continent. Holden (2013) also noted that Senegal, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Liberia are amongst the African countries most affected by youth unemployment. In East Africa, the youth in the region are also becoming better educated but less productivity is benefited their countries. Estimates according to the Work4Youth project (2013), show that the proportion of 20-to-24-year-olds who complete secondary education will...
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...equivalent. In another study, focusing on youth and young adults, it was demonstrated that recidivism rates are at 50 percent or higher for youth released from secure facilities, and as high as 70 percent for youth released from residential placement...
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...form of overstaffing in which employees are not being fully utilized. All forms of underemployment have repercussions for the economy and the health of the business community. By not allowing people to work to their full potential, underemployment can generate worker frustration, leading to a dissatisfaction with a job or employer. For employers, overstaffing can be problematic, because it requires paying people who are not producing, potentially leading to a decline in income. Whiles Unemployment is defined as a situation where someone of working age is not able to get a job but would like to be in full time employment. Therefore, If a Mother left work to bring up a child or if someone went into higher education, they are not working but would not be classed as unemployed as they are not actively seeking employment. 1B. Graduate Unemployment It is a bigger problem of youth unemployment because the graduates form a skilled set of labour yet they cannot find their place on the job market. Most governments want to ensure...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historical Background Unemployment as a concept has attracted large coverage both domestically and internationally. It has been the most persistent and unmanageable problem facing both developed and developing nations of the world. The fact remains that a hundred percent employment exist in no nation of the world. All nations experience at least a minute proportion if not large rate of unemployment and a major macroeconomic goal of most if not all nations is to combat unemployment problems in their economies. Unemployment has been categorized as one of the serious impediments to social welfare. Apart from representing a colossal waste of a country’s manpower resources, it generates welfare loss in terms of lower output, thereby leading to lower income and wellbeing. The need to avert the negative effects of unemployment has made the tackling of unemployment problem to feature very prominently in the development objectives of many developing countries. One of the steps taken by the Nigerian government to reduce the problem of unemployment in Nigeria was the establishment of National Directorate of Employment (NDE). Unemployment has been defined as the absence of a job by an able bodied person. It is a term often denoting the percentage of people in the labour force who are not working. The concept of unemployment is not an entirely new one in Nigeria. Patrick Koshoni, (2005), a former Labour Minister has this to say “The problem of mass unemployment...
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...3. Youth employment and unemployment in Sri Lanka…………………….7 4. Policies for youth unemployment……………………………………….11 Supply side: improving human capital Education and training Guidance and counseling Job placement and labor mobility Demand side: creating job opportunities Job creation and public work Job prospects for youth in information economy Promoting self-employment and supporting small enterprise 5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………20 6. Bibliography…………………………………………………………….21 Introduction Out of all the precious resources of our country, the most important resource is the human resource. Let me give you some figures: Sri Lanka’s population is 19.7 million and it is expected to increase up to 22 million during the next 10 years. Our labour force is 8 million. Young men and women in Sri Lanka account for 18.5 % of the population. Unemployment rate of the country at present is 7% and of which youth unemployment between ages 16-24 is 22%. Sri Lanka for decades is facing major challenges in providing employment and meeting aspirations of the youth. Economic policies during the past few decades have contributed to the economic growth, at present it is 6.5 - 7%. However, benefits of growth have not reached many segments of the population and sufficient domestic entrepreneurship development has not taken place among the youth. Lack of entrepreneurial culture of the youth and thus queuing for public sector employment is the present day scenario. Youth unemployment...
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...of the maturity gap and the limited opportunities to become an independent adult are all changes influencing relationships with family and friends. Also, educational opportunities and choices, labour market participation, leisure activities and lifestyles often create hindrance in the way of developing adolescence normal behaviour. There are some new pressures that influence on young people while undergoing the transition from childhood to independence. The factors which create a bridge with the way of getting delinquent in Bangladesh are rapid population growth, the unavailability of housing and support services, poverty, unemployment and underemployment among youth, the decline in the authority of local communities, overcrowding in poor urban areas, the disintegration of the family, and ineffective educational systems are some of the pressures which young people are dealing with. Young people who are at risk of becoming delinquent often live in difficult circumstances. Children who for various reasons such as poverty, breakdown of the family, manipulation of...
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