...Building a Model of the Excretory System Outcomes: Students will be expected to • Describe the structure and function of the major organs of the excretory system (302-5). Materials: • Body diagrams (showing the excretory system) and blank outlines of the human body. • Tag board or other sturdy paper on which to affix the model • Mini-marshmallows • Glue • Kidney beans • Cafeteria Straws • Scissors • Spaghetti (uncooked) • Red Yarn • Brown paper bags • Blue yarn Engage: Open with a class discussion on what the kids know about the Excretory System. What do they know about the Excretory System already? Explore: Working in small groups, provide each group with a brown bag full of materials that they will need to create their model. Write what each student needs to grab out of the bag. You can also provide this list on the whiteboard or overhead. Each student needs: • 3 kidney beans (kidneys) • 3 spaghetti pieces (urethra) • 2 marshmallows (bladder) • 2 straw pieces (urethra) • 2 pieces of yarn (veins) One of each item will be used for the key at the top of the tag board. It is helpful to have a model already assembled as a guide for the students. Explain: To assemble: • Glue the online of the human body onto tag board or heavy construction paper. • Glue the kidney beans in the appropriate place on the human body. Use a diagram of the excretory...
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...each day passed. She thought it would “go away with time.” When she awoke this morning, her toes were purple in color, and she was unable to touch them secondary to the immense pain. Her husband drove her to the hospital immediately. Her weight is 65.0 kg. Other findings include normal heart tones, clear lung sounds, positive bowel sounds and clear yellow urine from a urinary catheter inserted in the emergency department. Her medical history consists of hypertension, partial lumpectomy of the right breast seven years ago, alcohol abuse and hyperlipidemia. She is allergic to angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. She takes metoprolol 25mg twice per day at home for hypertension management. She has been married for 25 years and has two adult children. She reports that she smokes one pack of cigarettes per day and generally drinks two distilled alcoholic drinks per day. Blood work was drawn, but the results are not yet available. The emergency department team has transferred the client to the cardiac catheterization laboratory after inserting left jugular venous access and a urinary catheter. Healthcare Provider’s Orders: Cath Lab orders:...
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...PH 104: ANATOMY I/IV FIRST YEAR FIRST SEMESTER Introduction: Anatomy is a basic science subject dealing with the knowledge of the structure of the human body in health. Mastery of the subject lays a foundation for understanding other basic science subjects, and clinical subjects in subsequent years. The pharmacy anatomy course consists of a single module of lectures and seminars. Objectives: At the end of the course the students should be able to:- Describe the structure of the human body as seen by the naked eye in health. Identify different parts of the human body. Use medical/anatomical terminology. Describe physiological processes in health and disease using the anatomy terms. Describe the processes involved in the development of the human body. Describe congenital malformations and how they come about and the times when drugs can have teratological effect. UNIT I Introduction to Anatomy: Components of Anatomy, Methods for learning Anatomy, Anatomical terminology Introduction to Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, General introduction to tissues of the body, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue UNIT II Human skeletal system: Types of bone, Histology of bone, Individual bones, Human Anatomy of major joints, Applied anatomy Human Muscular system: Histology of muscle tissue, Organization of different type of muscle, skeletal muscles UNIT III Human Alimentary system: Components and general organization; Gross anatomy, Histology of different components, Applied...
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...An organism's excretory system is responsible for getting rid of waste and toxins that build up in the organism. The primary organs of excretion in the human body are the lungs, kidneys and skin. The lungs get rid of carbon dioxide, while the skin excretes waste in the form of sweat. The urinary system gets rid of waste in the form of urine. There are a variety of science projects that can demonstrate these principles and allow students to show an understanding of the systems. Excretory System Model * In this project, students make a model of the excretory system that includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra, as well as the arteries and veins that bring blood to the kidneys for cleaning. The model can be three-dimensional, or it can be drawn and pasted onto a cardboard sheet. Let the students come up with innovative ways to represent the different organs. Give them a few tips and award extra points for students who can make their models out of recyclable materials. For example, a balloon can be used to represent the bladder and kidneys can be modeled from a basic dough that is colored with food dyes. Filter System Project * This science project shows how the kidneys work together as a filtration system. It is a simple science project for younger students that demonstrates the concept of a filter and how it works. You will need either cheesecloth or filter paper, food coloring, a pound of fine-grained sand, a gallon of water and a tall, thin glass jar. Students...
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...This visit gave me a first hand view of a career path I may want to explore in my future as a nurse. The rapport with the client seemed more personal than in a hospital setting or SNF because it is their “space”. I also enjoyed the lack of chaos and gossip which has been noted at the majority of nurses stations in any location. The true value was to see how important it is to be well prepared for each home visit. The necessary knowledge, skills, documentation, and medical supplies as it pertains to a specific client. Principles learned were the importance of verification of current doctor’s orders for treatment, prescribed medications, and follow up visits required. Observations for client safety included, placement of furniture, unobstructed floor space for walking, medical equipment, cleanliness, proper food storage, compliance with medications and instructions. The practice of proper hand hygiene before and after the visit, client assessment, teaching and education. Proper documentation of the visit was written in detail and a copy provided to the client. The following factors may be considered in all areas of nursing care in any setting: level of self-care, ability for activities of daily living; level of nursing care needed; prognosis; education needs; mental status; level of compliance with instructions from healthcare professionals. Ways in which the nurse adapted care to the home setting are briefly stated in the following: Changing a Foley catheter on a male client...
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...PBL 5 Concept: Destructions of the spinal cord results in disruptions of the motor and sensory tracks and loss of reflexes integrated at the level of destructions. Hypothesis: Spinal cord injury Area: Descending tracks, ascending tracks, functions of spinal cord, reflexes, burden of disability, functions of spinal cord, ethics of breaking bad news. Learning issues Basic sciences The motor neurone http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/HumanBody/NervousSystem/images/MotorNeuron.jpg Motor pathway http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/839/flashcards/464839/png/screen_shot_2012-01-18_at_2.07.18_pm1326931684916.png Sensory mortality and tracks Dermatomes for L1 and L2 A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. Symptoms that follow a dermatome (e.g. like pain or a rash) may indicate a pathology that involves the related nerve root. L1 - Midway between the key sensory points for T12 and L2. L2 - On the anterior medial thigh, at the midpoint of a line connecting the midpoint of the inguinal ligament and the medial epicondyle of the femur. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_anterior.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_posterior.png Muscle supplied by L1 and L2 L2 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from L2. They may be innervated with L2 as single origin, or be innervated...
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...attach these organs to the pelvic cartilage. The Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure is performed to reinforce the bladder neck, which prevents unintentional urine loss also known as urinary stress incontinence. Stress incontinence is the unintentional loss of urine prompted by a physical movement or activity, such as coughing, sneezing or lifting heavy items, which puts pressure or stress on the bladder. Stress incontinence is also the most frequent for of incontinence and is most frequent in women, especially those who are past menopause. (Blaivas) It is reported that stress incontinence is more frequent in women because of the female anatomy, and the pelvic muscles weaken with age as well as childbirth because it places burden on the muscles. Even though it is more prone in women, male incontinence also occurs and is primarily caused in response to blockage in the prostate or after prostate surgery. To better understand urinary stress incontinence, it is important to understand the vital organs that are in the urinary system, such as: two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and the urethra. The urinary system is responsible in helping the body get rid of wastes and excess water in the form of urine, which is a vital part of maintaining homeostasis within the body. The urinary organs also help transport the urine, or store it and released until it is time for one to micturate. The kidneys are responsible for filtering and cleaning the body’s blood of wastes...
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...DULOXETINE VS PLACEBO FOR URINARY INCONTINENCE DULOXETINE VS PLACEBO FOR URINARY INCONTINENCE TAMMY RILEY OKLAHOMA PANHANDLE STATE UNIVERSITY STRESS INCONTINENCE Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine on effort or exertion or on sneezing, coughing, or laughing. These symptoms affect many women between the ages of 33-75 years of age. The current treatment options for stress incontinence is limited to pelvic floor muscle training, devices, behavioral interventions and surgery . EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE GUIDELINES The title of the guideline is Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guidelines. The guideline was developed as a framework for diagnosis and treatment of non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) and to provide direction to clinicians and patients regarding how to recognize non neurogenic overactive bladder. The direction of the study was to “conduct a valid diagnostic process and approach treatment with the goals of maximizing symptom control and patient quality of life while minimizing adverse events and patient burden” (National Guideline Clearinghouse, 2014). Another guideline objective was to serve as a guide for all types of providers who evaluate and treat OAB patients, including those in general practice as well as those who specialize in various branches of medicine. The guideline of the evidence based practice states that the first line of treatment...
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...The urinary tract is the body’s drainage system for removing urine, which is composed of wastes and additional fluid. In sequence for normal urination to happen, all body parts in the urinary tract require to work as one in the proper order. The lower urinary tract includes the bladder and urethra. (National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), 2012). Urination is the process of emptying the bladder. To urinate, the lower urinary tract has two detached phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is collected in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is unconfined through the urethra The state of the reflex system is reliant on both a conscious signal from the brain and the firing rate...
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...drink less water are the victims of Kidney Stone. The substance of urine reduces the amount of uric acid pH, due to which more acid is produced in the kidney and hence the stone starts forming in the kidney. The quantity of this uric acid is reduced by water consumption, which is why the amount of pH in the body remains balanced and the risk of kidney stone remains low. If we drink less water then the amount of uric acid in the kidney increases, due to which it affects the natural pH equilibrium and by which the kidney stone is formed which is formed from the molten mineral. Medical conditions There are many medical conditions which can increase the risk of kidney stones. Some situations like Crohn's disease, renal tubular acidosis, urinary tract infection, Dent's disease and hyperthyroidism. If you are going through one of these situations then you can become a victim of Kidney Stone, so it is important that you start taking the right treatment after consultation with the doctor, in this way you can reduce the risk of kidney stones. . The conditions which affect the process of normal calcium absorption are gastric problems, chronic diarrhea and swelling in stools. Due to all these conditions kidney stones can also be generated. Fluoridation Fluorine is a toxic element and water floridation is considered to be the main cause of increasing kidney stones risk. Toothpaste also transports fluorine to the body. Therefore, if you have already gone through the problem of Kidney...
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...trial on the effect of clamping the indwelling urinary catheter in patients with hip fracture Critical Appraisal In this quantitative research article, the authors have dealt with one of the most common clinical problem i.e. clamping of urinary catheter after hip surgery. Hip surgery is very common among the people of old age group especially above 75 years. Further, older women are more susceptible to hip fracture and commonly undergo hip injury (Johansson & Christensson, 2010). Bladder catheterization is a common clinical practice in surgeries. It helpful in monitoring urine output in patients. However, it is also associated with one of the major clinical problems, i.e. operative urinary retention (POUR). It can be defined as the inability of a patient to pass urine in spite of full bladder (Baldini, Bagry, Aprikian, & Carli, 2009). It is has been reported that patient of hip surgery are at higher risk of urinary retention (Balderi & Carli, 2010; Johansson & Christensson, 2010; Singh et al., 2010). In the case of hip replacement the incidence of POUR has been reported to be between 12- 84%. Similarly, in case of hip fracture the prevalence of POUR is 18% to 56% (Borghi et al., 2004; Oishi et al., 1995). The most effective intervention reported till date for reducing the risk of urinary retention is clamping of urinary catheter. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the efficacy of clamping of urinary catheter through randomized controlled trial...
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...evaluation of function and quality of life usually by an interdisciplinary team. While assessing a geriatric patient, the nurse should consider that at this point in their lives a lot is going on, there is degenerative changes, multiple disorders, caregiver problems, missed or delayed diagnosis. On average, elderly patients have 6 diagnosable disorders, which their primary care giver might be unaware of A disorder in one organ system can weaken another system, exacerbating the deterioration of both and leading to disability, dependence, and, without intervention, death . The nurse should also pay particular attention to certain common geriatric symptoms (eg, delirium, dizziness, syncope, falling, mobility problems, weight or appetite loss, urinary incontinence) because they may result from disorders of multiple organ systems. Occasionally, problems of elderly patients are related to neglect or abuse by their caregiver (see Elder Abuse).The nurse also should consider the possibility of patient abuse and drug abuse by the caregiver if circumstances and findings suggest it. Certain injury patterns are particularly suggestive, including Frequent bruising, especially in difficult-to-reach areas (eg, middle of the back) Grip bruises of the upper arms Bruises of the genitals Peculiar burns Unexplained fearfulness of a caregiver in the patient. Due to their state...
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...Morgan STATE UNIVERSITY | Newland Medical Technologies | ENTR 664 Case 2 | | Olushola Ogundele I.D: 00147829 | 1/15/2016 | This assignment is being submitted January 15, 2016 for Dr. Leyland Lucas’s ENTR.664 Entrepreneurship course being offered in Winter 2016 | 1. Discuss the process that Sarah Foster and her partners have gone through to bring to market their medical device. How might they have avoided some of the pitfalls they have encountered? Even though Sarah Foster and her partner have done an awesome job in coming up with a great product it is however important to get advice and guidance from a professionals in that field in the case we find Sarah and her partner virtually stumbled upon the idea from testing and when they found out that the product could do more in the sense that the baskets could hold the kidney stones rather than just ease urine passage. The importance of involving experts in the project will give them a specialized point of view; provide wealth of experience from past tests and in a sense cut out errors that can cause broader complications in humans testing and ensure that it’s fit for use in the market. Another benefit proper endorsement which will enable Sarah foster can have a product that is endorsed by the national association of urologists or general doctors thereby enabling the product gets greater publicity or increased acceptance. In products testing and problem resolution Sarah and her partner only conducted tests on...
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...Urinary Catheterization in Nursing Research task 2 RN to BSN Feb 25th, 2016 Western Governors University The current procedure that is being performed in my facility for the insertion of a urine catheter with one licensed professional is as follows: Introducing yourself to the patient, wash your hands, identify the patient by date of birth and first and last name, and informing them of the procedure that is about to take place. The patient lays down in a supine position and legs are spread apart. After opening the kit the sterile gloves are placed on. One hand is placed on the genital area which no is longer sterile, the other hand is used to clean the area with the provided swabs in the sterile box. The urethral area is swabbed three times from the center of the urethral outward. Once cleaned the catheter is then lubricated and placed inside the urinary tract until you see the return of urine. Once you see the return, the balloon is inflated in order to hold the catheter in place. A secure clip is attached to the patient’s leg and bag is hung below the level of the bladder. The current process that is being performed in the facility is a procedure that has been used for the past 50 years but just recently the infection rate has increased drastically that it needs to be changed. An article that was published in Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology discusses how aseptic techniques were unsuccessful many times. “A total of 81 insertion attempts among...
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...history of traumatic head injury and an MRI of her brain was normal. Next, a two-hour water deprivation test was performed on Morgan. After two hours of not being able to drink water, the osmolality of her plasma and urine were measured a second time. This time her urine osmolality was unchanged; however, the osmolality of her plasma increased to 315 mOsm/L. She was then injected with a drug called DDAVP. One hour after the injection, the osmolality of her plasma decreased to 290 mOsm/L and the osmolality of her urine increased to 425 mOsm/L. Based upon the results above, Morgan’s medical history, and the results of the MRI, a diagnosis of idiopathic pituitary diabetes insipidus was made. Questions 1. What is considered a normal amount of urinary volume in an adult? 1.5 L – 2 L leaves the body as urine 2. What is the normal range for plasma osmolality? Plasma concentration (osmolality) is normally between 285 – 300 mOsm/L 3. What is the normal range for urine osmolality? Urine concentration (osmolality) will range from 70 mOsm/L to 1200 mOsm/L 4. List and briefly describe the four types of diabetes insipidus. (1) Central diabetes insipidus. This type is the most common and is caused when there is damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. ADH cannot be produced, and as a result there is a lot of urine output. (2) (2) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. This is when a genetic defect causes damage to the kidney, and they can’t respond to ADH as a result. (3) Dipsogenic diabetes...
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