...in the crude or processed state as active ingredients and may contain excipients. (WHO, 1996a; Busse, 1999). Combinations with chemically defined active substances or isolated constituents are not considered herbal preparations (Busse, 2000; GNDP, 2004). According to the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA), herbal preparations are medicinal products containing exclusively herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations as active substances (WHO, 1996b; Busse, 2000). Several chemical constituents with different pharmacological targets are involved in the therapeutic action of herbal preparations. This may be an advantage compared to single isolated compounds, especially when the underlying disease has a multifactorial etiology which is the case in many chronic illnesses. Herbal preparations may include comminuted or powdered plant material, extracts, tinctures, fatty or essential oils of herbal materials. Herbal preparations are made from different plant parts such as roots, bark, stems, leaves, and fruits whose production involves a fractional, purification, or concentration process (Evans, 1989; Evans, 1996). They also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal materials in alcoholic beverages and/or honey, or in other materials. Based on the European Medicine...
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...can occur these problems known as loss of bladder control that sometimes happen as urinary incontinence rather than Enuresis. People who have Alzheimer's disease and dementia are normally linked with this diseases. In childhood, the most abundant aspects with psychosocial problems has been Enuresis disorders. Many researches have shown an absence of union about explanations and terminology. Aspects such as age, frequency and duration of wetting episodes have been the most important point revealed by Psychiatric classification systems. During the day, Enuresis disorder and Daytime wetting are considered as Biopsychosocial problems with signals for Pathophysiologic and commonly are related with Psychiatric/psychological problems. The loss of confidence and self-esteem are important...
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...PREVENTING CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION Elizabeth Quartey Abstract According to the CDC estimates in 2002 there were 1.7 million Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI), and 99,000 HAI- associated deaths in the hospital. The report stated that the four largest categories of HAI, responsible for more than 80% of all reported HAI, are central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI, 14%), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP, 15%), surgical site infections (SSI, 22%), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI, 32%). HAI are a great financial costs to health care facilities. The Centers for disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates the medical cost of HAI in the U.S. hospitals as $6.65 billion in 2007, and that number has increased to almost $10 billion a year currently. Statement and Significance of the Problem One in 20 patients who are admitted to a hospital will be a victim to an infectious agent they are exposed to during their hospitalization according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Goodman, Brenda, 201, Hospital-Acquired Infections cost $10 Billion a year). The five most common infections are surgical site infections, infections associated with the use of devices like central lines, catheters, ventilators and clostridium dificile are costing the health care System in the USA almost $10 billion a year to treat. In the article Vitamin D has the potential to reduce the risk of Hospital-Acquired...
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...around the body. The molecules not needed by the body or ends up as excess in the blood, is discarded as waste products; the system that is responsible for filtering our body, or rather our blood from these waste products, is known as the urinary system. The urinary system consists of organs in the body specific to filtering out excessive fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. This system works together with other organs like the lungs, skin, and intestines, all of which help with the process of eliminating wastes, and regulate the amount of chemicals and water floating in a person’s body (Campbell, “Excretory System”). In addition, these accessory systems to the urinary system ultimately help the body maintain pressure, volume, and composition of the blood (Campbell, “Excretory”). Along with electrolytes, uric acid, and glucose, the urinary system also removes a protein essential for breaking down proteins in the body which is called urea. Urea, together with water and other waste products, forms the liquid that is excreted from organisms commonly known as urine. Excretion is one of the major functions of the urinary system, and it is the process of eliminating the waste products and other materials that are of no use to an organism’s metabolism (“Your Urinary System and How it Works”). Without this process, the urinary Wiltz 2 system would not be able to appropriate fluid volume in the blood, regulate the...
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...Approximately 7 to 8% of girls and 2% of boys have a urinary tract infection during the first 8 years of life. B. (Reason to Listen) Antibiotic treatment of children with urinary tract infections has almost eliminated the risk of death, which was approximately 20% among children hospitalized for severe kidney infections in the early 20th century. Some 50 years ago, one study described scarring found in the functional tissue of the kidney in 210 of 597 children treated for recurrent urinary tract infections. Another study in that era reported on an 11-to-27-year follow-up of 72 children hospitalized for urinary tract infections; 18% had died, 8% had progressive kidney damage, and 22% had persistent untreated or recurrent infection. C. (Speaker Credibility) The North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies21 list primary diagnoses for 9854 children who had received transplants over the previous 20 years. D. (Preview) 1. First, I will discuss what’s the long term consequences a UTI can have if left untreated. 2. Second, I will cover the cause of a UTI. 3. Third, I will talk about how prevention of a bladder infection. II. Body A. (Significance) Newborn infants have a higher risk of kidney damage from a UTI, which can later result to kidney failure in severe cases and possibly death, if the bladder infection is left untreated. 1. Sub-point Approximately 60% of children with febrile urinary tract infections, if evaluated during or just...
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...SULFONAMIDES Abstract Sulfonamides are among one of the oldest drugs to be used as antibiotics. They were invented in 1930's. Nowadays doctors prefer to prescribe them as the traditional drug of choice for urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Currently, the new development of antibiotics to combat illnesses caused by bacterial resistant strains and have limited the usefulness of Sulfa medications. Objectives Upon successful completion of this presentation you should be able to: • Understand and communicate your knowledge of Sulfonamides mode of action and bacterial resistance • Identify and understand the contra indications, common signs and symptoms of allergic reactions to Sulfonamides. • Identify 3 common trade names for sulfonamides and select indication for use between different patient population. Type and class of Pathogen Sulfonamides have been in use since the 1930's , these drugs are effective against both gram- negative and gram - positive bacteria. Sulfonamides are know as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs; they are effective against a wide variety of microorganisms most Enterobacteriaceae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Nisseria, Haemophilus influenzae,, Norcardia, E.Coli , P. mirabilis some staphylococci, and many streptococci (with exception of Enterococcus faecalis). They are used for...
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...purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurological disorders associated with hyperammonemia, such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, hepatic encephalopathies, Reye syndrome, several other metabolic disorders, and some toxic encephalopathies. Ammonia is a productof the metabolismof proteinsand other compounds,and itis required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. However,a 5- to 10-fold increase in ammonia in the blood induces toxic effects in mostanimal species, withalterations in the functionof the central nervous system. Bothacuteand chronic hyperammonemia result inalterationsof the neurotransmitter system. Based onanimal study findings, the mechanismofammonia neurotoxicityat the molecular level has been proposed.Acuteammonia intoxication inananimal model leads to increased extracellular concentrationof glutamate in the brainand results inactivationof the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.Activationof this receptor mediatesATP depletionandammonia toxicity; sustained blockingof the NMDA receptor by continuousadministrationofantagonists dizocilpine (MK-801) or memantine prevents both phenomena, leading to significantly increased survival time in rats.[1] TheATP depletionis due toactivationof Na+/K+-ATPase, which, in turn,is a consequenceof decreased phosphorylation by protein kinase C.Activationof the NMDA...
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...very common and debilitating disorder that affects the urinary system. These stones are formed from substances that are naturally occurring in the body, but become problematic when they reach highly concentrated levels in the kidneys. Although the formation of kidney stones are not fully understood it is believed that certain foods can increase the risk for developing this urinary disorder. Changes in dietary lifestyles have been shown to help prevent the recurrence of kidney stones. During the acute phase of kidney stones, patients may experience certain symptoms such as painful urination, blood in their urine, or have sharp pains in their lower back, flank area, or lower abdomen. In order to diagnose kidney...
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... leadership, research and professional nursing role. Using simulated labs, computer programs and videotapes, the student will develop and master selected psychomotor skills. III. Required Text(s) Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2012). Fundamentals of Nursing (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. ISBN: 9780323079334 Perry. A. G., & Potter, P. A. (2009). Clinical nursing skills and techniques (7th ed.). ISBN10:0323052894 Wilkinson, J.M. & Ahern, N. R. (2009). Prentice Hall nursing diagnosis handbook with NIC interventions and NOC outcomes (9th ed.). Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1 IV. Recommended/Supplemental Text or Reference Material Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2012). Study guide: Fundamentals of Nursing (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. ISBN: 9780323084697 American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association ( 6th ed.), Washington, DC: Author V. Course Objectives: Upon completion of this course the students will be able to: 1. Use scientific rationale to demonstrate basic psychomotor nursing skills. 2. Demonstrate basic skills in nursing documentation. 3. Identify the influence of culture on the health beliefs and practices of selected groups. 4. Identify ethical principles and standards in nursing practice. 5. Identify the purposes and roles of the Maryland government in legislating nursing practice. 6. Describe the relationship between critical thinking...
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...E-coli (Escherichia coli) is a germ that lives in the digestive system of animals as well as humans. E-coli was first isolated by Theodore Escherich a German bacteriologist in 1885 and was named after him. E-coli first became a household name during an outbreak in the western United States that began in late 1992 and lasted into 1993. Which was caused by eating ground beef. It was routinely found in the intestines of cattle companion have developed a vaccine to reduce the number of bacteria in the cattle. It has been commonly used for biological lab experiments and research. There are many types of e-coli, and most of them are harmless. Although some may cause bloody bowel movement also known as hemorrhagic diarrhea. This diarrhea illness was first recognized when the CDC personnel isolated e-coli from patients in two separate outbreak one in Oregon and the other in Michigan. The illness also was associate with eating hamburgers at a restaurant of a national chain. Some people experimented inflammation and bleeding of the colon. Infections dealing with e-coli are more common during the summer season and in northern states. Some strains of e-coli bacteria can cause anemia of kidney failure which leads to death. Other strains of e-coli can cause infection throughout the body such as the urinary tract and many more. By coming into contact with the feces, or stool of humans and animals you can get e-coli.it is normally inhabitant in small intestines and colon but do not cause...
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...Advanced Nursing Practice I NSG6001 Genitourinary Care Plan Case Genitourinary Care Plan Patient Initials: H.M Age: 60 years old Sex: Male Subjective Data: Client Complaints: Decreased Urinary flow, dysuria, nocturia, urinary frequency, low grade fever. HPI (History of Present Illness): This 60 year old Hispanic male presents at the clinic today with a chief complaint of urinary frequency, decreased urine flow, increased nocturia, slight terminal dysuria and low grade fever. The patient was experiencing these symptoms for the past two years, but they had increased a whole lot more during the last two weeks. Upon assessment, it is noted that the patient has a systolic murmur that is more audible at the right sternal border. Five years ago, patient was in the hospital with suspected angina. At the moment, the patient presented with a PSA level of 6.0. In the past patient did not seek medical advice or treatment for his symptoms which have worsening now and forced him to look for medical assistance. PMH (Past Medical History—include current medications, any known allergies, any history of surgery or hospitalizations): Patient has history of urinary frequency, decreased urine flow, nocturia and dysuria which he did not seek medical help for. Patient was hospitalized five years ago, where he was treated for chest wall syndrome. Patient is currently under treatment for high cholesterol and hypertension...
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...Case Study: Ectopic Pregnancy A 28 year old female patient whom is about 8 weeks pregnant was rushed to the ER (Emergency Room) after noticing some vaginal spotting. She also had two abortions in the past 3 years. The patient has been diagnosed and treated for gonorrhea and chlamydia once. She’s been having chills throughout the night but no fever. Some nausea and vomiting was reported. Her weight is at 110 lbs and her BP (Blood Pressure) is 97/54 mmHg. She complained about cloudy urine and pain after urination. She was treated for recurrent UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) and bacterial vaginosis. The RN (Register Nurse) had her to take a urine test, draw blood and orders a CBC (Complete Blood Work) and following up with a pelvic exam. The examination revealed normal external genitalia. The patient was diagnosis for different test to rule out any UTI, GTI (Genital Tract Infection), Ectopic pregnancy, and normal pregnancy. The doctor ordered an ultrasound exam. Her hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) was at 15,900 mUI/mL. The radiologist reported the patient’s ultrasound shows a thickened endometrium and slightly enlarged uterus. The result shows increased vascularity adjacent in the right ovary while the left ovary was normal. The doctor rushed in the room and told the patient that ectopic pregnancy was suspected. After being rushed in the surgery room, they prepare the patient for surgery. During the diagnostic laparoscopy, a corneal pregnancy was noted on the left side. They removed...
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...control practices, in one form or another, have existed since surgeons such as Lister recognized the significance of bacteria in producing postoperative wound infection. In the early 1970s, the first infection control nurse was appointed in the U. K. This created the start of an era, the acknowledgment of infection control as a specialty in its own merit. In some countries, medical insurance companies pressured health services to decrease infection rates, and that led to an increase in infection control systems and programs. Countries with developed health care systems have taken action to the need to control hospital infections, reflected in escalating charges of hospitalization and increased length of stay in patients with illnesses, by establishing infection control procedures that span the gamut of hospital practice and clinical...
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...Breonna Mosely 7/17/2014 Dr. Ganser Endocrine system effects on Sleep Deprivation Deprived sleep is a universal widespread problem observed in both children and adults. It is a vital process that helps in the functioning of learning, memory processing, cellular repair, and brain development. Statistics show that the average total hours of sleep have decreased per person to less than 7 hours per night over the past 3 to 4 decades. Many people experience sleep loss due pressures at work, stress, and our day to day lifestyle. The reduced hours of nocturnal sleep have shown to lead to serious health problems such as depression, obesity, hypertension, along with many other diseases. It also affects cognitive performance and emotionality. (1) The Endocrine system is responsible for the body’s stress systems and the release of the stress hormones necessary for adaptation and survival in the environment. Sleep deprivation are associated with increases in the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis, increased levels of cortisol and autonomic sympathetic activation and increased catecholamine levels during wakefulness. Increased sympathetic levels causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Just briefly waking up from sleep for only a few seconds is associated with autonomic reflex, causing a temporary rise in heart rate and BP to the level seen while awake. This is more related to disruption and discontinuity of sleep than to the duration of sleep deprivation or...
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...Case study: The 2000-Meter Row: A Case in Homeostasis Study Questions- At the start: #1. What is responsible for raising Jim's heart and respiratory rate and stimulating sweat just before the race? When the race is almost ready to begin, Jim's nervous system sends signals to his heart causing his respiratory rate to increase. Since Jim's heart and respiratory rate increases this causes him to breathe more rapidly and causes him to sweat to maintain a normal body temperature. #2. Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the race? When Jim is about to start the race he feels the pressure and the stress of having to do his best which makes his autonomic nervous system more active due to the stresses he is facing. #3. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary system at this time? When Jim's stress level rises his digestive system feedback starts to occur. Changes in Jim's urinary system are occurring due to him sweating. Since Jim body is stressed because of the race, his Kidneys are working harder. Kidneys play a major role in the urinary system which control a lot of your body functions such as electrolytes, water, and acid-base balances in the body. #4. What is happening to Jim's blood glucose levels just before the race? Since Jim has been constantly sweating, this causes dehydration at the beginning of the race. Jim has been sweating profusely which caused his glucose level to drop. #5. Why is Jim's...
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