...child. I remember my mother stopping to point out words, the letters in them, and what sound each one made. As I entered Kindergarten,...
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...leaving class to make a phone call isn’t something to do unless absolutely necessary. These days a quick text is sent; while texting is useful, it has over the years become the way of communication for many, especially throughout high school and college years. The problem with having that technology at hand is that, proper formal writing suffers dramatically from having hand held cell phones at people's expense. So what is formal writing? “Formal writing refers to the kind of academic, graded writing that you would do in a college course” (McCarthy). Things like spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure are included. Taking a look at sending a text message, 160 characters was generally the amount of space given for one text message; which has been expanded over the years and now more words are seen to be allowed. For the purpose of this essay generally speaking, that is approximately 29 words. In comparison with formal writing that would amount to a good sentence or two. Text “slang words” has been invented to lessen the number of characters used in the text message, while still being readable. For example: ‘lol’, meaning laugh out loud; ‘brb’, meaning be right back; ‘ttyl’, meaning talk to you later; ‘u’, instead of you.. There’s many more used, and since texting is commonly used this generation when wanting to communicate, it's seen to creep into students more formal writing and even more so the last couple of years. While dealing with the 160 character limit, one...
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...Normally: Question 1: retrieving information from a piece of text Question 2: analysing presentational features Question 3: analysing the feelings/meaning of a text Question 4: comparing/contrasting two texts Question 5: writing to inform/describe/explain (although the question could ask you to do both) Question 6: writing to persuade/argue Question 1: Inferences from the source The first type of question tests your understanding of a text. To answer this well you need to do two things: 1. Find the information the question asks for. 2. Explain why the information you have chosen answers the question. The key skill tested here is how to summarise an argument. For this you need to identify what the text is about and then decide if the writer thinks the topic is a good or a bad thing. You can do this by looking at: • The heading or title - this should help you decide on the main subject of the text. • Vocabulary - the kinds of words (nouns) used to give information will also indicate a particular subject. For example, an article about global warming will include words such as "environmentalist, carbon footprint, greenhouse gasses and sustainability". • Attitude - adjectives and intensifiers should tell you what the writer thinks about their subject. Look for words like "totally brilliant, absolutely ridiculous, complete nonsense, straight forward common sense". • Argument - the author will use points to develop their argument. Look for discourse markers...
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...Study of Nida’s (formal and dynamic equivalence) and Newmark’s (semantic and communicative translation) translating theories on two short stories Shabnam Shakernia Abstract M.A. in Translation Studies, Working as a Translator E-mail: shabnam_shakernia@yahoo.com This study aimed to investigate the use of Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence and Newmark’s Semantic and communicative translation on two short stories. The present study aimed to investigate which of these approaches are the main focuses of the translators in the translations of the two short stories. In order to systematically conduct the study, two short stories with their corresponding Persian translations were analyzed. The findings obtained from the analysis show that the readability of the translation especially in short stories is more important than preserving the original wording. Moreover, the findings manifest that these translations are also tried to have naturalness. Keywords: Formal and dynamic equivalence, Semantic and communicative translations, Stories, Translators, Naturalness INTRODUCTION This paper tends to introduce Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence and Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation. Nida and Newmark are two outstanding western theories in the field of translation. Both of them have rich experience in translation and they have written many articles and theoretical works on translation. Nida’s approaches in translation...
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...is difficult to |The organizational structure is|Purposeful organization is |The organization enhances the central| | | |of direction. Ideas, details, |follow, even with effort. The |strong enough to move the |present, drawing attention to |idea or theme. The order, structure, | | |Score = _____ |or events seem strung together |introduction and/or conclusion |reader through the text without|key ideas. Thoughtful use of |or presentation of information is | | | |in a loose or random fashion; |is/are minimally useful, and |too much confusion. Transitions|transitions that clearly |compelling and moves the reader | | | |there is no identifiable |transitions are missing. |generally suggestive of |connect the ideas. The |through the text with ease. | | |...
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...number of sections, to make clear where you are moving from one topic to another. There should be a logical progression in the content from one section to another. You are not expected to number paragraphs but you should number sections, and have headings for these. Conclusions. These should give an overview, and come to a conclusion related to the question you were asked to answer. They should not just repeat what you have already said earlier in the report. Where you have been asked to make recommendations you might want to put these in a separate section. References/Bibliography References should be a list of the authors that you have referenced in the report, listed alphabetical by author. Look at the Napier NULIS website or any text book to see how to lay out references. While referencing journals that you just happen to have accessed electronically (e.g. through one of the electronic databases like Ingenta or Emerald) you can just reference the article as though you had read the paper version. However if it is information from websites you...
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...the same page or thing. One of the thing that cause problems in a group communication is that there are different people with different personalities as some may speak a lot and others may rarely speak. Some people may not be confident enough to be able to speak in front or with a lot of people and some might not be interested which make them not want to get involved in the group. This will cause problems if it’s a group activity or discussion which will require all the members to give their thoughts and ideas. Due to these problem we now tend to see a group leader who will be leading the discussion making sure that everyone is participating or getting involved. Formal and informal communication can be used between colleagues, professionals and service users or the client. In businesses they tend to mostly use formal communication which is a system of passing messages and information between positions...
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...Vertical Reports= Control, Lateral Reports= Coordination. Formal, informal, periodic, internal, external, analytical, inform. Reports travel upward and are objective and usually are for a limited audience. The Problem Solving Process 1. Recognize/Define The Problem- problem statement/purpose approach or null hypothesis approach and limit the scope of the problem. 2. Select a Method of Solution- Find research from either primary, secondary or both. 3. Collect/organize data and document sources-avoid too small samples, biased, too much info, not representative, gathering not enough info 4. Arrive at answer (2) Secondary Research- information that has already been reported by others Primary Research- Firsthand data such as observational studies, experimental research (taking 2 equal samples and adding a variable to 1.), Normative Studies (surveys, questionnaires,) or Sampling (not taking 100% of population). All research needs to be valid and reliable. (3) Secondary: Don’t collect too much secondary data. Be concise. Read articles rapidly, from memory list main points, review the article to double check. Use either direct quotation or paraphrasing. Primary: Surveys should be easy to follow, logical sequence, appealing, single answer, provide all of the above in MC, avoid threating questions. Mail- Inexpensive, reach wide #, allows anonymity---could get low response rate, not good for detailed info Personal Interviews-in depth, personal contact----very time consuming...
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...to avoid using the rude and not useful words especially in high schools. When non-native speakers use the language in informally way, in particular teenagers, that would confuse them because they don’t realize that they speaking impolitely. Furthermore, that would make difficulties in differentiate between what is appropriate "formal" and what inappropriate "not formal". By a survey with a questionnaire divided into two sections, first one is for the English teachers and another one is for the students, it's...
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...percent of young adults send text messages every day (Knight 1). Texting became popular when these young adults were teenagers, in 2000. It is also the best way to communicate with today’s teenagers, with 63 percent of teens sending messages every day (Ngak 1). While this form of communication may be relatively new, it is here to stay. The question is, what is the affect of texting on teens? Although people may believe that texting is detrimental to teenagers’ literacy rates in terms of spelling abilities due to the use of “textisms” or texting abbreviations, it actually has a positive effect. Texting is beneficial to teenagers because it affects teen literacy in a constructive way, by improving spelling and reading skills and giving teachers a tool to use in the classroom, while also evolving the English language. The first text message was sent in 1992. The next year, in 1993, Nokia created the first phone with texting capabilities. It only worked if the recipient of the text had the same cellular plan as the sender. Finally, in 1999, texting people on other networks was finally allowed and it began to take off. The standard texting plan at the time was 35 texts per month. 2002 was when texting really took off, with 250 billion texts sent that year. Text messaging became more common than calling, making texting the number one form of communication in 2007. Texting became so big, that in 2008, Presidential candidate Barack Obama sent a mass text message to his supporters to...
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...Governors State University OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship Student Theses Spring 2011 Exploring the Effects of Text Messaging on the Spelling Skills of Ninth and 12th Grade Students James G. Muhammad Follow this and additional works at: http://opus.govst.edu/theses Part of the Communication Technology and New Media Commons Recommended Citation Muhammad, James G., "Exploring the Effects of Text Messaging on the Spelling Skills of Ninth and 12th Grade Students" (2011). Student Theses. Paper 32. For more information about the academic degree, extended learning, and certificate programs of Governors State University, go to http://www.govst.edu/Academics/Degree_Programs_and_Certifications/ This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses by an authorized administrator of OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship. For more information, please contact opus@govst.edu. Exploring the Effects of Text Messaging on the Spelling Skills of Ninth and 12th Grade Students By James G. Muhammad B.S., Bowling Green State University, 1976 THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts, With a Major in Communication and Training Governors State University University Park, IL 60466 2011 ii Acknowledgements I am forever grateful to Dr. David Rhea for his counsel, guidance...
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...and font colour. This is significant to make the text appealing because too much brightness would result in difficulty...
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...English 093 Professor Miller mmiller@mcc.commnet.edu Essay Topic #2 In light of reading the essays “Dumpster Diving” or “Serving in Florida” analyze your own understanding of homelessness, poverty and making a living with minimum wage in the U.S. You might consider whether the essay(s) changed preconceived notions that you had? Compare these preconceived notions to what you learned through the experiences of either Eighner or Ehrenreich. The following are topics and thesis statements on “Dumpster Diving” or “Serving in Florida.” Please feel free to use these topics and/or the accompanying thesis statements “as is” or with your own modifications: • How Eighner discussed such an informal topic in a formal way: Lars Eighner's discussion of dumpster diving is very methodical, intelligent and polished in contrast to the subject matter of digging through the trash. • Eighner’s attitude toward his lifestyle: Lars Eighner's account of dumpster diving was surprisingly positive given the fact that he is homeless. • The common problems of an employee: Although Barbara Ehrenreich set out to discuss the life of a minimum wage worker specifically, her experience was universal to most working class people. • Problems specific to minimum wage workers: Barbara Ehrenreich's essay "Serving in Florida" revealed the daily struggle of a minimum wage worker in America. General Essay Reminders: Essays are to be submitted via hard copy and electronically...
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...2424A STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: THE MEANING OF MEANING RMIT University, Melbourne School of Accounting and Law, Symposium on Statutory Interpretation Chapter House, St. Paul‟s Cathedral 13 August 2009. The Hon. Michael Kirby AC CMG RMIT UNIVERSITY, MELBOURNE SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTING AND LAW SYMPOSIUM ON STATUTORY INTERPRETATION CHAPTER HOUSE, ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL 13 AUGUST 2009 STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: THE MEANING OF MEANING The Hon. Michael Kirby AC CMG THE MAIN TASK OF MODERN LAWYERS Although we still describe ours as a common law system (to distinguish it from the countries of the civil law tradition), the label is now looking somewhat dubious. The distinctive feature of contemporary Australian law derives from the overwhelming importance of the laws made by or under parliament. I refer to statutes, regulations, by-laws, executive instruments, rules of court and all the other ways in which the written law now manifests itself. In my youth, the statutory law of the State of New South Wales was collected in twelve manageable volumes, supplemented by a threevolume index1. These books included many important statutes commencing in the colonial period, some of which, like the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), still apply today. Past Justice of the High Court of Australia (1996-2009). President of the Institute of Arbitrators & Mediators Australia 1 R.J. McKay (ed.), The Public Acts of New South Wales 1924-1957, Vols.1-15, Law Book Co. Sydney 1958. 1 The volumes...
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...Verbal communication is communication expressed through words spoken from your mouth, this is the probably the most commonly used form of communication and it is also the quickest and easiest to use. Verbal communication refers to the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally; communication is used to have people understand what we are trying to convey. First language First language is an effective way of communication between different ethnic groups, localities, communities etc. First language is the first spoken language that you speak from the time that you are first learning to talk. This can be used formally and informally. First language is an effective way of communication because it can effectively show your thoughts and feelings. First spoken language can also be an individual’s preferred language. (Walsh. M. (2007) ‘BTEC National Health And Social Care. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. ) Dialect Dialect is words and their pronunciation which are specific to a geographical community or members of social class. Dialect is a verbal/oral form of communication that may be spoken in a formal and informal way to specific service users. A person who isn’t from the same area may not understand the local dialect that some people use in that area use. Jargon Jargon is words used by a particular profession or group that are hard for others to understand. Jargon can be used both in a formal and informal way between service users. Jargon can be used...
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