...of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Urologic Nursing, 34(5), 238-245 8p. doi:10.7257/1053-816X.2014.34.5.238 An Evidence-Based Approach To the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Urinary tract infections account for at least 35% of all hospital acquired infections with 80% of them being associated to indwelling catheter. Each day an indwelling catheter is in situ increase pose a 3% tom 10% risk of developing an infection. Early discontinuation of the catheter reduce the risk of acquiring infection and in this study, infection rate drop from 4 cases in second quarter to none in the fourth quarter in the protocol implementation (Carter, N. M., Reitmeier, L., & Goodloe, L. R. 2014). 2...
Words: 1130 - Pages: 5
...u r na l of m e dic i n e Clinical Practice Caren G. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H., Editor Urinary Tract Infections in Older Men Anthony J. Schaeffer, M.D., and Lindsay E. Nicolle, M.D. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the authors’ clinical recommendations. From the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (A.J.S.); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (L.E.N.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Schaeffer at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Tarry Bldg. 16-703, Chicago, IL 60611, or at jschaeffer@ a northwestern.edu. N Engl J Med 2016;374:562-71. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1503950 Copyright © 2016 Massachusetts Medical Society. An audio version of this article is available at NEJM.org 562 A 79-year-old community-dwelling man presents with urinary frequency, dysuria, and fever. Culture reveals extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli. He had a similar infection several months ago, with the same organism isolated, and he had a response to nitrofurantoin treatment. How would you further evaluate and manage this case? U The Cl inic a l Probl em rinary tract infection in men without indwelling catheters is uncommon among men younger than 60 years of age, but the...
Words: 6651 - Pages: 27
...in the crude or processed state as active ingredients and may contain excipients. (WHO, 1996a; Busse, 1999). Combinations with chemically defined active substances or isolated constituents are not considered herbal preparations (Busse, 2000; GNDP, 2004). According to the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA), herbal preparations are medicinal products containing exclusively herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations as active substances (WHO, 1996b; Busse, 2000). Several chemical constituents with different pharmacological targets are involved in the therapeutic action of herbal preparations. This may be an advantage compared to single isolated compounds, especially when the underlying disease has a multifactorial etiology which is the case in many chronic illnesses. Herbal preparations may include comminuted or powdered plant material, extracts, tinctures, fatty or essential oils of herbal materials. Herbal preparations are made from different plant parts such as roots, bark, stems, leaves, and fruits whose production involves a fractional, purification, or concentration process (Evans, 1989; Evans, 1996). They also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal materials in alcoholic beverages and/or honey, or in other materials. Based on the European Medicine...
Words: 6624 - Pages: 27
...ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION Elizabeth Quartey Abstract According to the CDC estimates in 2002 there were 1.7 million Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI), and 99,000 HAI- associated deaths in the hospital. The report stated that the four largest categories of HAI, responsible for more than 80% of all reported HAI, are central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI, 14%), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP, 15%), surgical site infections (SSI, 22%), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI, 32%). HAI are a great financial costs to health care facilities. The Centers for disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates the medical cost of HAI in the U.S. hospitals as $6.65 billion in 2007, and that number has increased to almost $10 billion a year currently. Statement and Significance of the Problem One in 20 patients who are admitted to a hospital will be a victim to an infectious agent they are exposed to during their hospitalization according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Goodman, Brenda, 201, Hospital-Acquired Infections cost $10 Billion a year). The five most common infections are surgical site infections, infections associated with the use of devices like central lines, catheters, ventilators and clostridium dificile are costing the health care System in the USA almost $10 billion a year to treat. In the article Vitamin D has the potential to reduce the risk of Hospital-Acquired Infections, the...
Words: 2634 - Pages: 11
...The role of the registered nurse in relation to safe and effective decision making will be explored. A discussion of the decision making process which has been chosen for the patient will be noted and this will be related to known theoretical models of clinical decision making. It will also critically examine the importance of managing risk in health care to enhance the patient care and outcomes and this will be related to the chosen patient and clinical scenario. Finally it will also critically appraise the evidence base that supports the discussion. The chosen patient is a 42 year old male who has been admitted to the current clinical placement, which is the local spinal injuries centre, after numerous complaints of recurrent urinary tract infections. All patient identifiable information has been changed to protect the patients’ identity in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC) guidelines regarding confidentiality (NMC, 2004). Mr Scott had previously been an inpatient to the Spinal Unit following a road traffic accident in September 2004, the outcome was that Mr Scott is now a wheelchair user after obtaining a spinal cord injury at the thoracic levels of 6 and 7 of the spine. Mr Scott has been previously performing his own intermittent catheters due to the effects of the spinal injury on the bladder. In a spinal care bundle which was produced in 2009 by the Midlands centre for Spinal Injuries, it is recommended that all patients should be...
Words: 2515 - Pages: 11
...hemorrhagic diarrhea. This diarrhea illness was first recognized when the CDC personnel isolated e-coli from patients in two separate outbreak one in Oregon and the other in Michigan. The illness also was associate with eating hamburgers at a restaurant of a national chain. Some people experimented inflammation and bleeding of the colon. Infections dealing with e-coli are more common during the summer season and in northern states. Some strains of e-coli bacteria can cause anemia of kidney failure which leads to death. Other strains of e-coli can cause infection throughout the body such as the urinary tract and many more. By coming into contact with the feces, or stool of humans and animals you can get e-coli.it is normally inhabitant in small intestines and colon but do not cause diseases in the intestines. But can cause a disease if spread outside the intestines. For example the urinary tract which cause bladder or kidney infections or it can also get in the blood stream. Nearly every urinary tract infection is caused by e-coli. E-coli is a major health problem. Researchers suggest that it only takes a small number of e-coli to cause an infection in...
Words: 1233 - Pages: 5
...Straight Catheterization Straight catheterization is a task that many patients have to perform themselves after they are discharged home. The main issue with straight catheterization that was recognized was the occurrence of infections, such as urinary tract infections, and patients learning how to straight catheterize themselves once they are discharged home. The teaching project focuses on the actual insertion of the catheters among men and women, tips and tricks, and proper cleaning techniques for both genders. Identification of Clinical Issue Intermittent self straight catheterization is not a common practice for the everyday person therefore it is an important topic to teach patients that require this procedure before they leave the...
Words: 1418 - Pages: 6
...Applications of Epidemiology-A case study Analyze Good Health Hospital’s records and itemize recent nosocomial infections that occurred within the past year. In your report, categorize the different parameters (i.e. person, time, place and ethnicity and gender) used in the compilation of data into the information summative. Hypothetically, Good Health Hospital is assumed to have possessed nosocomial infections as in any real hospitals where patients seek admission for treatment. According to Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC), and Pennsylvania Department of Health (PADOH), a healthcare associated infection (HAI) which is also known as nosocomial infection is an infection that a person gets while staying as a patient in a hospital or other health care facility (PADOH, 2008). Hence, it is clearly understood that patients always acquired nosocomial infections during the process of receiving health care services from health professionals in any hospital or healthcare setting. PADOH has also confirmed that HAIs are the primary contributors of most sicknesses and mortalities in the world. For example, in American hospitals alone, HAIs account for about 1.7 million infections causing 99,000 deaths each year. Therefore, based on the analysis of Good Health Hospital records, research had shown that a great number of recent nosocomial infections that had happened before were identified. Among the different kinds of nosocomial infections verified, few infection type have been listed...
Words: 1791 - Pages: 8
...A hospital-acquired infection (HAI) or nosocomial infection is an infection whose development is favored by a hospital environment, such as one acquired by a patient during a hospital visit or one developing among hospital staff. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of microorganisms, including bacteria, combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. In Europe, where hospital surveys have been conducted, the category of Gram-negative infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Nosocomial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body. Many types are difficult to attack with antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance is spreading to Gram-negative bacteria that can infect people outside the hospital. HAI is sometimes expanded as healthcare-associated infection to emphasize that infections can be correlated with health care in various settings (not just hospitals). Nosocomial infections are commonly transmitted when hospital officials become complacent and personnel do not practice correct hygiene regularly. Also, increased use of outpatient treatment in recent decades means that a greater percentage of people who are hospitalized today are likely to be seriously ill with more weakened immune systems than in the past. Moreover, some medical procedures bypass...
Words: 1643 - Pages: 7
...Genitourinary Clinical Case Student’s Name Institution Genitourinary Clinical Case Genitourinary diseases or (STDs) are infections that are passed through sexual contacts with infected persons (Gross, 2011), they are also known as venereal diseases. Currently, there are more than twenty types of STDs. These are either caused by viruses, parasites or bacteria. Some of them are; Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Genital Herpes, HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis and HPV (Barlow, 2011). Most of these genitourinary diseases affect both genders, but they have been known to cause severe health problems in women than in men. For instance, if an expectant mother catches STDs, this can have serious health implications for the infant (Iannini, 2003). Genitourinary diseases that are caused by parasites or bacteria are treatable by use of antibiotics and other types of medicines. Those that are caused by viruses are untreatable; currently there is no cure for them (Markos, 2003). Drugs sometimes control STDs caused by viruses. Also correct and consistent use of latex condoms significantly reduces chances of contracting an STD even though they are not a hundred percent effective (Pattman, 2010). Initially, most genitourinary infections do not have symptoms. This fact poses a greater risk of infecting others. Some symptoms of these diseases might include; discharges both vaginal and penile, pelvic pain and pimple like ulcers around the genitals (Miller, 2003). In women, STIs acquired...
Words: 1023 - Pages: 5
...But it inevitably comes from an injury, strain, lifting, twisting or bending. In some cases, often rare, low back pain can be a sign of infection, arthritis including gout, or a tumor. Symptoms of low back pain may include tenderness, pain and stiffness in the lower back. Often the pain spreads to the buttocks or legs, and standing or sitting for long periods can be difficult. Additionally, legs may begin to feel weak and tired while walking. In most cases, back pain can improve with self-care. But without improvement your doctor may prescribe medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants and steroids. Your doctor may even prescribe opiates for short-term use or a cortisone shot to help decrease inflammation. But here’s the problem, with long-term and even short-term drugs often come a plethora of unwanted side-effects. The problem with NSAIDS NSAIDS include Ibuprofen and naproxen. NSAIDS are some of the most commonly used pain medicines in adults. Though you can buy NSAIDs such as Motrin, Advil and Aleve without a doctor’s prescription, not everyone should take them. Possible side-effects from using NSAIDS, according to the American College of Rheumatology...
Words: 786 - Pages: 4
...Breastfeeding – no introduction necessary The focus of this review paper is on presenting and substantiating common knowledge and beliefs with scientific research and facts to demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity...
Words: 1851 - Pages: 8
...RACE/ETHNICITY: CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS: Caucasian None RELIGION/SPIRITUAL CONSIDERATIONS: Unknown OCCUPATION/HOBBIES/RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES: Retired LIVING SITUATION/WITH WHOM: (home, assisted living, LTC, etc) Lives with daughter. SOCIAL HISTORY: (tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs, family dynamics) Quit smoking many years ago, no history of ETOH or drug use. NURSING CARE PLAN ADMITTING MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: Client's principal admitting diagnosis was leukocytosis. Definition: (from Taber’s) “An increase in the number of leukocytes (usually above 10,000/mm3) in the blood. It occurs most commonly in disease processes involving infection, inflammation, trauma, or stress, but it also can result from the use of some medications” (Venes, 2009, p. 1327). Etiology/pathophysiology: ( NOT from Taber’s or Wikipedia) Etiology: Causes of leukocytosis are infection, inflammation, tissue damage, immune reaction, bone marrow problems, medications, and stress (Drug Information Online, 2011). Pathophysiology: “Leukocytosis can be a reaction to various infectious, inflammatory, and, in certain instances, physiologic processes (eg, stress, exercise). This reaction is mediated by several molecules, which are released or regulated in response to stimulatory events that include growth or survival factors (eg, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, c-kit ligand), adhesion molecules (eg, CD11b/CD18), and various cytokines (eg, interleukin-1, interleukin-3...
Words: 3941 - Pages: 16
...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES (RRL) Literature About the Malunggay Leaves Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus is a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of infection of various tissues of the body. Staphylococcus is more familiarly known as Staph (pronounced "staff"). Staph-related illness can range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and potentially fatal. The name Staphylococcus comes from the Greek staphyle, meaning a bunch of grapes, andkokkos, meaning berry, and that is what Staph bacteria look like under the microscope, like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. (In technical terms, these are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, usually unencapsulated cocci.) Over 30 different types of Staphylococci can infect humans, but most infections are caused byStaphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci can be found normally in the nose and on the skin (and less commonly in other locations) of 25%-30% of healthy adults. In the majority of cases, the bacteria do not cause disease. However, damage to the skin or other injury may allow the bacteria to overcome the natural protective mechanisms of the body, leading to infection. And one of the cures for staphylococcus aureus is vitamin c which is found in malunggay. Called "Malunggay" in the Philippines, "Sajina" in the Indian Subcontinent, and "Moringa" in English, it is a popular tree. Many Asians use the leaves of Malunggay (Sajina) like spinach and also the fruit...
Words: 12372 - Pages: 50
...Valery Taustsiakou G00296946 30th November 2015 Co-workers: Aishlinn Jennings, Veronica Gomes. Urinary Tract Cases and STI cases UTI/ Case 2 Clinical details: * 20year old female presented to student health clinic with characteristic UTI symptoms. * Her symptoms were dysuria, frequent and painful micturition for previous 2 days. * It was reported that she has not observed any blood in her urine. * Her temperature was checked and was normal. * An absence of flank pain was reported. * A mid-stream urine sample (MSU) sample was collected and sent to the microbiology laboratory for investigation. * The specimen was cultured on chromogenic UTI agar and CLED agar. * A diagnosis of UTI or cystits was made at the student health clinic. * This diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation. Results: Table 1. White cell count (WCC), red cell count (RCC) and bacterial colony count results from patient’s midstream urine sample. Parameter | Number counted | Count (no./mm) | Reported/cmm | units (CFU/ul) | units (CFU/ml) | White cell count (WCC) | 374 | 374,000 | >100WCC/cmm | - | - | Red cell count (RCC) | 27 | 2,700 | Present | - | - | Bacterial colony count | 200* | - | - | - | 2x105* | *= Macroscopic bacterial colony count was performed by the supervisor within a mixed but sparse colonial growth on the Orientation Chromagar medium. The macroscopic appearance of the urine samples was a cloudy turbid fluid. One epithelial cell was observed within...
Words: 4554 - Pages: 19
