...Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model and by what components? Answer = the water processes that are represented in this model are condensation and evaporation. Condensation occurs under the lid of the jar. Some of the water in the jar evaporated. 2. Which processes are not represented? How could the model be altered to include these processes? Answer = Infiltration, Surface run-off, percolation, precipitation, transpiration, sublimation. I don’t see how you can change this experiment, unless you add more supplies. 3. How would the “weather” be affected if the water was at a decreased temperature? What about at an increased temperature? Answer = with decreased temperature the weather would be smooth compared to increased temperatures were things would be rough. Experiment 1: Water Movement POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation? Hypothesis = By placing one bag of sand in direct sunlight and placing the other bag of sand in a shaded area, I believe the bag that’s in direct sunlight will show evaporation and condensation occur compared to the bag that’s in a shaded area. 2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in...
Words: 356 - Pages: 2
...Hydrostatic vs Osmotic Pressure Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure going outward from the capillary. Hydrostatic Pressure forces the fluid from capillary to move outward into the interstitial space. Osmotic pressure is the water trying to move from interstitial space into the capillary Hydrostatic pressure will be greater in the arterial side as opposed to the venule side. Osmotic Pressure is constant throughout the capillary. Because the hydrostatic pressure drops across the capillary, at the artery side fluid is pushed into the interstitial space whereas in the venule side, fluid is pushed into the vessel. If you have high blood pressure, it can cause build up of fluid in interstitial space (due to high hydrostatic pressure) and cause edema. Also, if fluid is not taken in by lymphatic vessels, it can also cause edema. Water that is lost from fluid due to hydrostatic pressure eventually goes into lymph vessels and is put back into the vessels. Note: Capillary walls are made up of endothelial cells Sodium Potassium ATPase: Pumps 3 Na ions out and 2 K ions in. Ketone Bodies: Ketone bodies are produced when AcetylcoA exceeds krebs cycles capacity. So, when you are starving, ketone bodies are used primarily rather than glucose. Glucose is preserved for brain. Brain, heart, muscle can use ketone bodies. Liver cannot use ketone bodies. Insulin: Insulin helps glucose intake by cells normally. Unsaturated fat is easy to burn off because they produce...
Words: 2091 - Pages: 9
...vacuum Dehydration in Oil Reconditioning Lavarias, Mark Daniel B. ME 511A Moisture presence in oil used for lubricating machineries poses a threat for possible corrosion of its parts. In addition to, lubrication may also not be efficiently carried out in low temperature applications because the existing moisture in the oil will freeze, hence, slowing the oil flow to the necessary machine components and parts such as journal bearings. Therefore, flowing oil must always be maintained to be in a pure condition as much as possible up to its maximum usage life, that is, free of moisture and other contaminants that may diffuse in the oil during its circulation. Moisture in the oil may exist in three forms. One, as a free water, two, as an emulsified water, and three, as a dissolved water. Free water is water that have settled at the bottom of a container of an oil-water mixture. This type of water can be easily removed by draining or by decantation in which oil is carefully transferred to an empty container to leave the bottom layer of water in the previous container. Emulsified water is water that has dispersed or scattered within the oil phase, appearing as tiny, suspended droplets. Presence of emulsified water in oil makes the oil cloudy and slightly dense in appearance as compared to a pure and clean oil that is clear in appearance. This type of water can be removed by filtration or centrifugal separation in which the oil-water mixture is...
Words: 820 - Pages: 4
...temperatures measured indicated that the pure benzoic acid has a higher vapour pressure than the sublimate. INTRODUCTION Sublimation is the direct vaporization of a solid by heating without passing through the liquid state. [1] The process of sublimation in this experiment is used to purify the impure benzoic acid. The impurities in the benzoic acid have amino compounds that are present in a larger extent and must be removed because of phenyl and benzyl compounds that seriously affect the product.[3] This process occurs if the vapour pressure of the substances greater than the atmospheric pressure at the melting point.[2] The process of purification involved in sublimation is applicable for impurities which are non-volatile or with lower vapor pressure than the pure compound or substance. The objectives of this experiment are: (1) to purify the impure benzoic acid through sublimation, (2) to calculate the percentage recovery of the...
Words: 1271 - Pages: 6
...Imagine this: it is a very hot day in July, you are watching T.V, your movements are as if you were a robot. Your fingers of your right hand are looking for a channel that gets your attention, and you found it. You have a comfortable posture in the couch, the windows open and fresh air coming through it. The T.V continues with the program until is commercial time. The commercial starts normal, then it shows a cool drink and suddenly you are thirsty. You get up and head to the refrigerator, you open it, and you got a really cold Coca-Cola. This past 200 years we have seen the big effect that ice had in our lives. It everything started as a theory, and idea, of Dr. Cullen, which the one consisted on the cooling effects of liquids evaporating in a vacuum. Then a lot more people started experimenting with this “cooling” theory. Even if he invented, he didn’t created, he just came up with the idea. Here I am going to tell you how this four scientists had revolutionized the refrigerator to how we use it today. But first let me tell you how the people did to storage their foods before the refrigerator. Do you remember the first example? Well you would said, that’s really easy, nothing to worry about. But imagine if you didn’t have the refrigerator. How would you have fresh food? How would you storage it? How would you be able to get a really cold cup of ice cream? Well we would suffer if the refrigerator wouldn’t exist. We are so dependent on the electricity and new technology that...
Words: 555 - Pages: 3
...between low and high. These settings simply open or close a window in the drawer. For the low humidity setting the window is completely open; for the high humidity setting it is completely closed. What Should Go In Each Drawer? The general rule of thumb is to put things that tend to rot in a drawer with a low humidity setting. This includes fruits and veggies that emit an ethylene gas, like apples and pears, because leaving the window open on the drawer gives those gases a chance to escape. When the gases are released, it helps keep the fruits and vegetables from rotting prematurely. Things that wilt go in the high humidity drawer. This will be all your leafy greens like arugula, spinach, and herbs. By having the window closed, water vapor is held in the drawer and the moisture keeps the greens crisper and fresher longer. Keeping fruits and vegetables that are sensitive to ethylene gas, like strawberries, in this drawer will also keep them away from ethylene producers. Here's a handy list of what common fruits and vegetables should be kept in each...
Words: 288 - Pages: 2
...amount of water vapor it contains. Humidity is closely related to its temperature – higher the air temperature, more vapor the air can hold. * For this reason, saturation vapor pressure (ew) goes up with air temperature; i.e., as temperature goes up ew also goes up. Significance of Humidity The amount of water vapor in air effectively controls the weather condition by controlling evapotranspiration from land and water surfaces. Evaporation rate is proportional to difference between saturated vapor pressure at water temperature (ew) and actual vapor pressure in air (ea). EL = C (ew – ea), Where, EL is lake evaporation rate, C is a constant of proportionality. Causes of Humidity Molecules of water having sufficient kinetic energy to overcome attractive forces tending to hold them within the body of liquid water are projected through the water surface into the air. The process by which liquid water is converted into vapor is called vaporization or evaporation. Since the kinetic energy increases and surface tension decrease as temperature rises, evaporation rate increases with temperature. Most of the atmospheric vapor is the product of evaporation from water surfaces. The direct transformation from ice to vapor, and vice versa, is called sublimation. The process by which vapor changes to the liquid or solid state is called condensation. Properties of Water Vapor The partial pressure exerted by water vapor is called vapor pressure (e). If all the water vapor in a closed container...
Words: 2242 - Pages: 9
...a part of the water cycle process, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of the plants. It is a process similar to evaporation. Evaporation and diffusion cause the plant tissue to have negative water potential. If you were to compare transpiration it would be like saying it is close to sweating (but in plants), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots. Stomata are dots with openings on top of the leaves surfaces, which in many plants have numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomas are boarded by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf transpiration happens through stomata, it is considered as a necessary need associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration is very important for plants because it cools them and enables the mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots and shoots. The amount of water vapor within the plant tissue, air humidity, and air temperature all play a roll in the rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration can be measured using the mass of water lost per unit area of leaf tissue relative to time. When you take a leaf from a plant it is obvious that water is lost from the tissue, however it has no source of water to compensate for its negative water potential, which keeps increasing. When cuticles are waxy that helps the leaf to slow the loss of water vapor. High cuticular pathway resistance is indicated when there is a...
Words: 1511 - Pages: 7
...practice determining the boiling point of ethyl and Isopropyl Alcohol and the melting point of benzoic acid and Urea. However, the boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure presented in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. Many factors affect the boiling point and melting point of an organic compound, and one of which is the molecular structure. Purity and branching also affects the boiling and melting point of a compound. There are three trends that affect the boiling and melting points and one of these trends is the relative strength of the four intermolecular attractions is factor significally affects the boiling point and the melting point of a compound. INTRODUCTION Internationally, boiling points is a useful physical property for demonstrating the purity of an organic compound. Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equal atmospheric pressure or some other applied pressure. A boiling point is commonly measured when the liquid heated. The boiling temperature is measured as distillation vapor covers the bulb of a thermometer suspended above the boiling liquid. Typically, the most accurate boiling point measurement is the relatively constant temperature achieved during a distillation. The melting...
Words: 313 - Pages: 2
...practice determining the boiling point of ethyl and Isopropyl Alcohol and the melting point of benzoic acid and Urea. However, the boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure presented in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. Many factors affect the boiling point and melting point of an organic compound, and one of which is the molecular structure. Purity and branching also affects the boiling and melting point of a compound. There are three trends that affect the boiling and melting points and one of these trends is the relative strength of the four intermolecular attractions is factor significally affects the boiling point and the melting point of a compound. INTRODUCTION Internationally, boiling points is a useful physical property for demonstrating the purity of an organic compound. Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equal atmospheric pressure or some other applied pressure. A boiling point is commonly measured when the liquid heated. The boiling temperature is measured as distillation vapor covers the bulb of a thermometer suspended above the boiling liquid. Typically, the most accurate boiling point measurement is the relatively constant temperature achieved during a distillation. The melting...
Words: 1824 - Pages: 8
...Absorbed . | Liquid to Solid | Freezing. | Released . | Gas to Liquid | Condensation . | Released . | Gas to Solid | Deposition . | Released. | 2) Humidity, water in the atmosphere, is VERY important in the atmosphere. Fill in the following table relating to humidity. Answers for some are given in ( ). A measure of actual amount of water in air (Dew Point, Relative Humidity, or Specific Humidity) | Relative Humanity . | Measured in g of water per kg of air(Dew Point, Relative Humidity, or Specific Humidity) | Dew Point . | A ratio of air's actual water vapor content to its capacity to hold water vapor(Dew Point, Relative Humidity, or Specific Humidity) | Relative Humanity . | Air's relative humidity when air is "full" | 100 % | Two ways relative humidity can change: | 1) amount of water vapor available .2) the temperature of the air . | Temperature to which air must be cooled to reach saturation: (Dew Point, Relative Humidity, or Specific Humidity) | Dew Point . | Temperature at which dew...
Words: 382 - Pages: 2
...Introduction There are many methods of reporting the humidity, including the Absolute Humidity, Specific Humidity, Mixing Ratio, Relative Humidity, and others. All methods are used, though the common method used in the public is Relative Humidity. The purpose of this lab is to learn how to calculate Relative Humidity. Instructions There are two options to completing this lab: 1. Gathering Temperature and Dew Point data from the National Weather Service and calculating the Relative Humidity (1 measurement every hour throughout one day), or 2. Use a liquid-bulb thermometer and use it as a wet-bulb thermometer to find the relative humidity around your house. Option 1 will take more work, as it needs to be done throughout an entire day, but in this case you won’t need anything more than the provided data. Option 2 is quicker, but you do need a thermometer. You can get an alcohol-based liquid bulb thermometer from a store (example of one here), or you can use one of my thermometers. If you need to use one of my thermometers, please email me via Falcon Online at least one week before the due date (July 17). ------------------------------------------------- Either option will give you credit. You do not need to complete both. When completed, submit to the “Lab 2 – Relative Humidity” Dropbox on Falcon Online. ------------------------------------------------- Option 1 This option will take one day to complete, using weather data once every hour from...
Words: 840 - Pages: 4
...PHS119 MIDTERM EXAM ************************************************************************ This midterm exam was completed individually by me. I did not receive nor did I give unauthorized assistance during the taking of this exam. ____________________________ Student Name ************************************************************************ 1. (8pts) Is the atmospheric “greenhouse effect” bad for us and for our planet? Explain your answer. The greenhouse effect allows the sun’s radiation to get to Earth and absorbs some of the infrared radiation from Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, we would release too much infrared energy which would cause our planet to freeze. Greenhouse gases actually occur naturally and they are good for us and the planet because they are responsible for keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life. 2. (8pts) Draw the atmosphere’s vertical temperature profile from the surface to about 75 miles high. Clearly label the different layers and the boundaries between the layers. (Be sure to properly label the axes of your graph). 3. (9pts) Discuss three different types of “apparent temperature”. (Do not give three examples of the same type of apparent temperature). For each type, explain why the “how-it-feels” temperature differs from the actual air temperature. 1. Due to the serious effects on your health that weather can have on a person, the Heat Index was developed. The heat index takes into account air temperature and relative humidity to determine...
Words: 2090 - Pages: 9
...frost point (air becomes saturated) (temp and dew point are equal) deposition of ice onto surfaces also known as hoarfrost or white frost exhibits “tree-like branching pattern.” FROST IS NOT FROZEN DEW! Frost forms on objects that are below freezing (vapor) Frozen dew is dew (liquid) that freezes as temperatures drop Haze…What Is It? Dust or salt particles suspended in the air Morning – Distant objects on the horizon are harder to see RH is much higher, therefore, water vapor condenses more readily and fills the air Afternoon – Distant objects on the horizon are easier to see RH is much lower, therefore, water vapor doesn’t condense as it would in the morning Hygoscopic – “Water-Seeking.” Ocean salt Hydrophobic – “water-repelling.” Oils, wax, and gas Wet haze – tiny liquid drops scatter light and appears dull grey or white Dry haze – non-water particles appear orange or yellowish Fog Fog: a cloud in contact with the ground Fog froms when condensation begins to form on less active nuclei (usually when the RH is closer to 100%) Fog droplets grow in size and eventually fall to the ground * Fog is formed in 2 ways Cooling the air to it’s saturation point (dew point) evaporation and mixing (adding more vapor content to the atmosphere) fog is maintained by:...
Words: 634 - Pages: 3
...Scientific Prose Style The text under the analysis is entitled «The Main Peculiarities of a Snowfall». The text belongs to the scientific style. The Scientific style is a functional style of literary language, directing on the proving a hypothesis and creating new concepts. The Scientific style can exist within 2 forms: the written form of language (scientific articles, monographs or textbooks) and oral form (scientific reports, lectures, discussions at conferences, etc.)[1] The main function of scientific prose is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, relations between different phenomena.[2] The main aim of the scientific prose style is to present precise information and to establish a clear and logical progression of ideas. The genre of the text can be defined as popular scientific prose and it exists in written form. The common features of the scientific style are: 1. The use of objective, precise, and mostly unemotional language means: e.g.: «A snowfall consists of myriads of minute ice crystals…”; “The Pacific Ocean is the source of moisture for most snowfalls west of the Rocky Mountains…» 2. The impersonality is reflected in the choice of grammar and syntactic constructions: e.g.: «The formation of snow begins with these ice crystals in the subfreezing strata of the middle and upper atmosphere when there is an adequate supply of moisture present. » 3. The...
Words: 1587 - Pages: 7
