...contributors to modern-day meteorology. It was through his extensive research in the general circulations, that modern day weather forecasting has emerged to what it has become today. Rossby had a well-established career in the geosciences, with a broad educational background. It wasn’t until later in his life did he come to publish his greatest works. Rossby published three works in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s that involve potential vorticity, which would help establish the ground work for his most famous work on Rossby waves. The 1936 paper shows the conservation of potential vorticity in a hydrostatic, shallow fluid state, while the 1938 paper is an extension to the highly stratified hydrostatic flow, this time using isentropic coordinates. The term potential vorticity is actually never used until the 1940 paper where it is introduced. The 1939 work by Rossby is considered by some the most famous work contributed by Rossby, as he explains the semipermanent centers of action which would become the well-known Rossby waves. INTRODUCTION When people think of meteorology, the first names to appear are John Dalton, Gabriel Fahrenheit, William Ferrel, and Anders Celsius. These men are the founders of modern meteorology and made tremendous contributions to the field. These names appear in many text books and are known throughout the world. However one such name that is only known in the science of Meteorology and not so much outside is...
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...generations. A stand-alone view of various phenomena will not serve any purpose as any independent model is unable to sustain the variability of the complexities involved in the earth and ocean sciences, which are gradually converging. It has therefore become imperative to understand the interdependence and coupling of geological sciences and oceanography. The combined approach to earth and ocean sciences is also the key to predicting and managing natural disasters or hazards like earthquakes, cyclones, floods, tsunami, etc. In this context, in a significant development in India, a Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) was formed in July 2006 by restructuring the former Ministry of Ocean Development. The MoES deals with matters relating to meteorology, seismology, climate and environmental science and related earth sciences including ocean science and technology. It facilitates an integrated view of earth systems viz., ocean, atmosphere and land to provide best possible services in respect of ocean resources, ocean state, monsoon, cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, climate change, etc. The MoES oversees research in earth system sciences, forecast monsoons and other climate parameters, ocean state, earthquakes, tsunamis and earth science phenomena. The ministry also supports industry in science, aviation, water resources, aquaculture, agriculture, etc., by disseminating weather information. It also develops and coordinates science and technology related to oceans, Polar Regions besides...
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...Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Seventh edition 2008 WMO-No. 8 © World Meteorological Organization, 2008 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix P.O. Box No. 2300 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 E-mail: publications@wmo.int PREFACE One...
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...Very heavy rain fell in storms close to the village, causing two rivers to burst their banks. About two billion litres of water then rushed down the valley straight into Boscastle. Residents had little time to react. Cars were swept out to sea, buildings were badly damaged and people had to act quickly to survive. Fortunately, nobody died - thanks largely to a huge rescue operation involving helicopters - but there was millions of pounds worth of damage. In pictures Slide show of photographs of the Boscastle flood. Enlarge and Play Map of the area affected. Physical Impacts Flooding On the day of the flood, about 75mm of rain fell in two hours - the same amount that normally falls in the whole of August. Huge amounts of water from this sudden downpour flowed into two rivers, the Valency and Jordan (which flows into the Valency just above Boscastle). Both overflowed, and this caused a sudden rush of water to speed down the Valency - which runs through the middle of Boscastle. Destruction of houses, businesses and gardens Floodwater gushed into houses, shops and pubs. Cars, walls and even bridges were washed away. The church was filled with six feet of mud and water. Trees were uprooted and swept into peoples' gardens. The weight of water eroded river banks, damaged gardens and pavements. Human Impacts There was a huge financial cost to the floods. This included: * the rescue operation - involving helicopters, lifeboats, and the fire service. * the loss of 50 cars ...
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...Vanessa Chavez Blackout Essay Viertes Haus 131 • M 7:50-10:30 p.m. • Fred Blevens, Ph.D. The most noticeable effect of disconnecting myself from all news media was the fact that I was unable to make small talk with the staff at work and clients. I have the tendency to make conversation with co-workers and customers about the following areas of news, which include: weather forecasts, sports, world issues, breaking news, and the latest news coverage that takes place in Miami. I have acquired the habit of watching the daily news with my mom every night and logging into NY Times during work hours just to browse current news and read the most recent articles as a form of entertainment. There’s no doubt that reading news articles’ on the web can be slightly addicting and is interference. Also, the news apps on your smartphone are a near constant distraction. I found myself not being able to respond to simple questions regarding the weather forecast, or anything sports related for the next couple of days. I form more casually based relationships at work due to the fact that conversation is very monotone and usually news related. You tend to become impersonal and reserved in your communication pattern towards specific individuals when you just speak about broad topics or community based issues. As if you can distinguish the difference between being acquainted with someone and establishing a friendship. I’m usually subjected to watching ESPN in addition to the daily news at my home...
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...Annotated List of Works Cited Thesis: It is vital for farmers to know the different climates because it can affect the crops growth. Ali, Randa B.M., and Saifeldin Mohamed El-Amin. "Overcoming Seasonality in the Tropics by Growing Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Varieties Under Cooled Conditions." Agricultural Sciences 3.4 (2012): 602+. Academic OneFile. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. It’s important to know the seasons in order for farmers to know when it will be a good time for them to plant their tomatoes and in which region they should grow them. Randa B.M Ali explains the best climates, time of year and what region various types of tomatoes should be planted in order for them to grow the best. She describes the tomatoes origin and where they can be found as well as a description of them. The author goes on to identify what can cause the tomatoes not to grow and different strategies to help the growing process. Gilman, Larry. Climate Change: In Context. Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 200-208. In Context Series. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. Farmers need to be aware of the affect that the climate has on their crops. Change in the climate could benefit countries crop growth. The change in climate can cause other crops to grow vastly that never grew in the previous, usual climate. This book identifies terms that will help farmers justify the cause of why their crops are not growing. "Prolonged Dry Spell to Affect...
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...Weather Radio Distribution and Education Project On July 2nd of 1997, severe storms and tornadoes tore through Wayne County Michigan. Throughout the course of the storm 90 people were injured and there was a damage cost of $90 million. Based on the repercussion of this storm alone, the county felt a mitigation system was needed to help protect its 2 million residents. To help reduce the effects of storms the county chose to start a weather radio distribution and education project in 1998. This weather radio mitigation project installed national oceanic and atmospheric administration weather radios in every school, hospital, and nursing care facility in the county. This totaled 860 radios throughout these facilities. Included in the mitigation process was an education/training program. Employees of these facilities learned how to plan and prepare for severe weather. This day of education/training was video taped to share with other county facilities and to be used as a state wide example. Also, the mitigation process was funded by the HMGP and the local community. The total cost of installing radios and the education/training day was $21,000. This mitigation program is great to help our children, the sick, and elderly during severe storms. The radio system will give schools, hospitals, nursing care facilities a better warning system for severe storms. This warning system will increase warning time and give employees adequate time to follow through with their severe...
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...Tools for managing weather risk Characterization Weather derivatives, unlike the financial and stock are used to hedge quantity rather than price risks. As commodity futures have underlying price of the commodity and weather derivatives are based on a measured weather index, depending on the specifics of the contract. For this purpose, relevant weather variables can be measured quantitatively. Most weather contracts – 69% Degree Days are based on indices which measure the deviation of the average daily temperature from a base temperature (mostly 65 ° F or 18 ° C). These indices occur within the energy industry and are designed to correlate well with the consumption of electricity for heating (Heating Degree Days, HDD) or cooling (Cooling Degree Days, CDD). The indices are calculated for each day of the contract and in effect a measure of how cold (HDD) or how warm (CDD) is one day. The index value for the contract period is the cumulative sum of the measured daily deviations from the benchmark. The same principles of aggregation of reported daily values (deviation from a benchmark average and cumulative value) is applied to calculate indexes based on the amount of rain and snow, wind power, etc.. Specific type of indexes are indexes threshold ("event" or called "critical day" index), which report the number of cases (of days) during the contract, which occur in certain weather events, such as average daily temperature exceeds (or falls below) threshold. Types of derivatives ...
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...1. Identify the career goals for which you are preparing. 2. Describe the most likely ways in which technological developments will affect those career goals, in both the short- and long-term future. 3. Develop an educational plan to help you reach those goals. In completing this assignment, consult and use information from the Occupational Outlook Handbook (http://www.bls.gov/ooh/). This information is provided by the U.S. Department of Labor. Feel free to draw as well on any or all of the materials you have read during this course. The pressure for success is never greater than when you have had a family of your own. In this case, endowed with two children and a husband, being proactive to achieve success is important to me. I have a year and four months remaining of my enlistment with the United States Air Force. I have to make certain that I am prepared to transition to a civilian life smoothly. The goals I am currently preparing for include finishing my bachelor’s degree in natural science and master’s degree in business administration. I hope to work for the National Weather Service or at an airport as a weather observer or forecaster after the completion of my bachelor’s degree. With this degree accompanied with my nine years of weather forecasting in the military, my skills and experience should warrant marketability. Now, technological development in the improvements of radar, models, and satellite availability increases the accuracy of the weather forecast...
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...Sibrey McManus April 13, 2013 GEO 111-20 Homework #6 The Great Drying Strikes Again Global warming has been a controversy for many years now. It wasn’t until this past summer that seemed to change the minds of those doubtful individuals. Although the issue shy’s away in presidential campaigns, it is still an alive and well concern for scientists and the whole of society. Bryan Walsh’s article in Time Magazine, The Great Drying Strikes Again, elaborates on last summers events that point towards the reality of global warming. The extended dry spell and the record-breaking high temperatures increased the number of Americans that say they believe in global warming from 70% compared to 58% just two years ago. Agricultural states like Illinois, Iowa, and western Indiana had less than half the normal amount of rain over a 30 day period, and the extended dry weather critically hurt production. This unusual drought struck the interest of scientists to use geochemical indicators to revel precipitation levels thousands of years ago to forecast the past of the American West. Researches found through lake sediment cores from the Valles Caldera in northern New Mexico, that southwest America experienced a dramatic climate change during the warm periods of the Pleistocene Epoch, which lasted from 2.5 Million years ago to 11,700 years ago. Another group of scientists researched tree-rings to find evidence of a series of severe droughts that in occurred in the Plaines and the Southwest...
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...Tornado warning forecasts in the 1880s and 1890s were more harmful than beneficial to the public (Coleman et al. 2011). The public was not aware of the safety procedures that prevented unnecessary fatuities and injuries due to reckless behavior. The impulsive, reckless behavior caused tornado warnings to be banned in 1887, however, the Civilian US Weather Bureau (USWB) lifted the ban in 1938 (Coleman et al. 2011). The USWB was the first warning system that informed the public of severe weather development information, and safety information. In the World War II era, storm spotting was only used to protect military bases from severe weather, and then became a public service in 1948 by the Air Force’s Fawbush and Miller (Doswell et al....
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...The weather is an every day natural occurrence we don’t have to think, talk, or act on it because it does what natural occurrences do best, simply exist. I am very well versed in the ways of weather, and how it can affect the world. Though, I Edward Swartze have a very unique case when it comes to how my life has been affected by the weather. So, let me start from the very beginning on December 25, 1999 in a town called Covington, Georgia. The clouds were a dark and metallic gray flowing with the winds that rose at a speed so fast nothing could protect you from the cold it created. Yet, still here in the bright white, Covington Hospital a baby boy was born. The baby of course wasn’t wanted, and was sent into the relentless system of foster care. The foster parents' names were David and Leah Swartze. Mister Swartze was a large, and cumbersome man who looked very similar to an old Elvis Presley. His hair was always a slicked back helmet, and his arms where always unshaved steel contraptions. Though, his wife Miss Swartze never could ask for more. Miss Swartze was a soft and gentle woman who was as dainty and fragile as a teacup made of china. Her appearance gave her an impish, and fairy like look that was rare when it comes to people. The couple was glad when they received him on a bright and sunny Tuesday morning in December. They held the child as soon as they were able, and stared into his deep blue-gray eyes. The boy grew older, and golden brown curls sprouted from his childish...
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...The objective of lab eight was to describe the fronts there are on different types of maps. II. Methods: The materials that we used for lab eight was four different websites and our textbook. The first website was http://www.state.nj.us/dep/seeds/wssym.htm and we used this to help us read the different types of symbols that were on the maps. http://weather.uwyo.edu/surface/front.html was used to look at the map that had fonts of the day. http://weather.rap.ucar.edu/surface/ we used this website to look at weather symbols of a specific area from the previous map. The last website was http://earth.nullschool.net where we looked at the flow of the air on the map. I used my book to learn how to read a station model. All of the things that were used for this lab were very important in order to get it done. III. Results: The map that is below has all different kinds of fronts that are happening all over the United States. There are many clod and warm fronts, we also have a few stationary fronts that are across the map in many different locations. The first front that I notice was a long cold front that starts in New Mexico and traveled all the way up to Canada. The Pacific Ocean has a stationary and warm front happening in between Oregon and California. There is a cold front that starts in North Carolina and travels out to the Atlantic Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean also has a warm front that is happening. In Canada there is a little stationary front and a long cold front that formed...
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...Even though some would argue that one of the reasons for the California’s drought 2014-2015 is not global warming, Stanford Research proved that the abnormal atmospheric conditions connected with California’s current critical drought have most chances to occur under today’s global warming conditions rather than in the climate that existed before human released large amounts of gases and pollution due to industrialization. B) California’s drought 2014-2015- “man-made disaster”. Unarguably, human actions impact natural water resources, and this section will illustrate that drought that California experiences in 2014-2015 is a “man-made disaster”. According to Zimmerman, M. (2015), misguided environmental policies were one of the causes of California’s drought. As state’s population exploded to nearly 40 million people, policies satisfying demands on water resources and their sustainability weren’t implied. As senior fellow with the National Center for Public Policy Research Bonner Cohen stated, “This is a man-made disaster. Southern California is an arid part of the world where droughts -- even severe droughts -- are commonplace, and knowing this, you’d think the government of California would have included this mathematical certainty in its disaster preparedness planning, but the government has done nothing, not even store rain, as the population has continued to grow” (Zimmerman, M., 2015). Growing population itself has a negative impact on the environment because of increasing...
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...The Role of Resources in Strategic Management Mark Bush Management and Strategy Edward Farrell 26 October, 2012 Abstract There has been a push in recent years to make weather a stakeholder in business. It affects the way business is conducted and impacts productivity. Weather must be taken into account when making strategic plans. The various weather patterns must be looked at, placement of assets and resource management must be considered. An organization must make plans for weather related issues in order to stay competitive. The Role of Resources in Strategic Management During strategic planning, upper level management and boards of directors look to the future of their organizations. They plan for spending on new assets. They look for the best courses of action to find and procure the best inputs for the cheapest price in order to make the most profit. They look to their employees for continuity and also how to replace employees as they leave. These upper level managers need to account for weather and its affects. The key questions that need to be asked are: • What is the product I am selling? • Where is my market: • What are the inputs I need to create my product? • How will I move my product to market or to my customers? • How many employees do I need to produce my products? • What are the skill sets I need in my employees...
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