...Lobotomy is when the doctors would perform brain surgery. They insert a small incision to the prefrontal lobe of the brain. Lobotomy was first brought to the United States over 75 years ago. The first lobotomy in the U.S was performed by Walter Freeman and he operated on a Kansas house wife. Walter Freeman also created the 10-minute Trans orbital lobotomy (known as the “ice-pick” lobotomy), which was first performed at his Washington, D.C. office on January 17, 1946. He wanted it to be easy instead of just drilling into the brain so he came up with this idea of an ice pick instrument. He would stick the instrument into just above the eye and would swipe left to right and then would move to the other eye and the same thing with the instrument. Lobotomies were used to treat Schizophrenia and severe depression. Physicians even used it to treat chronic or severe pain and backaches. If I was in a psychiatric ward and a doctor tried to do this to me they would have to kill me. I couldn’t imagine getting an ice pick type instrument going in just above your eye and then the doctor scraping all in the brain. I am glad that they do not perform this operation I feel as if the operation is not humane. What if the doctor accidently shoved it all the way through your brain and you died how crazy would that be. Bibliography...
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...Can you imagine letting someone stick a pointy object in your eye ball and letting them scramble your brains? This is what Rosemary Kennedy, along with thousands of others went through. Today’s medical field has improved since those times. Lobotomy is one of the horrid medical treatments that used to be used. Rosemary Kennedy was a fearless, strong woman up until she was 23. She had shown some violent behavior, although nothing serious, and her father decided to force her into getting a lobotomy for her “moodiness.” Dr. Walter Freeman had performed only sixty-five lobotomies by 1941, which is when she received the procedure. It left her totally incontinent; She would often stare at completely blank walls, and her speech and verbals skills were diminished to merely an unintelligent babble. Eight years following her procedure, she had to be moved into a home for the disabled. Due to her lowered mental capacity, she became detached from her family. She later passed away of natural causes....
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...One may not realize till just how recently lobotomies were widely practiced throughout America. Following in the footsteps of Moniz, Walter Freeman is the one who brought the operation to America and renamed it as ‘lobotomy’. In 1961, Howard Dully (now a 61 year bus driver) was the youngest patient to undergo this brutal procedure by the hands of Freeman. Dully claims that those ten minutes with “Dr Freeman and his ice-pick” affected him deeply and states that “Ever since my lobotomy I've felt like a freak, ashamed." After 2,500-something operations, Freeman died of cancer in 1972. When exploring the idea of lobotomy, one cannot forget Ken Kesey’s disturbing portrayal of the subject in his novel OFOTCN. Kesey’s vivid description of the procedure as both physically painful and emotionally traumatic presents a clearly negative portrayal which is hard not to adopt. Being written during a time when lobotomies were still widely practiced, I believe it is an excellent resource and one that serves to highlight its detrimental effects to the public. Along with providing us with insight into the horrors of a lobotomy, Kesey gives us added insight into the lives of patients in the psychiatric ward famously used as a metaphor for the oppressive nature of 1950’s American society. This symbolic novel relays the story of an inmate standing up against the powerful forces that operate a mental institution, but it represents much more than just a classic case of “man versus establishment”...
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...as either a medical angel or a medical monster. He had always been curious as to what part of the brain caused mental illnesses such as; depression, schizophrenia, etc. So, in order to become the first American neuroscientist, Freeman studied the works of Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt, who was the first to perform an attempt at human psychosurgery. Then, on November 12, 1935, a new psychosurgery procedure was performed in Portugal under the direction of the neurologist and physician Egas Moniz His new "leucotomy" procedure, intended to treat mental illness, took small coring's of the patient's frontal lobes. Moniz became a mentor and idol for Freeman who modified the procedure renaming it the "lobotomy". Instead of taking coring's from the frontal lobes, Freeman's procedure severed the connection between the frontal lobes and the thalamus. Because Freeman lost his license to perform surgery himself after his last patient died on the operating table, he enlisted neurosurgeon James Watts as a research partner. Together, Freeman and Watts performed as many as 3,439 lobotomies in four decades, 2,500 of which used his ice pick method. In 1967, Freeman performed his last lobotomy before being banned from operating. After he performed the third lobotomy on a longtime patient of his, she developed a brain hemorrhage and passed...
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...Very few procedures have caused as much controversy in the medical world as the lobotomy. It is the practice of cutting out portions of the brain in an attempt to calm the patient. With many years of studies and advancements in modern technology, it was found that lobotomies were not as helpful as they once seemed. Due to current knowledge of scientists, the lobotomy is hardly ever used today. The lobotomy happened in 1881 by Friederich Goltz on dogs. According to Osman (2011), when experimenting on the dogs, Goltz found that if part of the brain was removed, the dogs were more subdued. Many psychology experiments start with animals and then eventually move to humans; this is also true for the lobotomy. Gottlieb Burckhardt worked...
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...a psychiatric disorder • Sir William Gull: Coined the term “anorexia nervosa” • Walter Freeman: Performed frontal lobotomies to “treat” women who were suffering from anorexia nervosa Eating Disorder Diagnostic Criteria from DSM IV-TR: 307.1 Anorexia Nervosa • Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight, weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected • Fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight • Disturbance in the way one's body weight or shape is experienced • Amenorrhea • 2 types: Restricting and Binge/Purge Incidence and Prevalence Rates • Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any psychological illness • Only about 10% of people suffering from anorexia are male. • Adolescent girls are the most prone to anorexia nervosa. • 25% of college-aged women have engaged in binging and purging. • About 50% of people suffering from anorexia will eventually develop bulimia. • Causes of Anorexia: Anorexia arises from a combination of social, emotional, and biological factors including: Treatments • The patient with anorexia has to admit to the existence of the disease. • An observation of physical symptoms and a personal history will confirm the diagnosis of anorexia. • Treatments include psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, simple supportive therapy, isolation, acupuncture, lobotomy, family therapy, behavior modification, cognitive therapy, tube feeding, forced feeding...
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...Traverse City State Hospital Known for its architecture is The Traverse City State Hospital. Built in 1885, in Northern Michigan, this breathtaking property now stands today “as mute witness to a therapeutic movement that once flourished in the United States”. The hospital’s original theme was "beauty is therapy." This mental institution was part of Michigan's mental health department, which had other institutions at places including Kalamazoo, Pontiac, Newberry, Northville, Caro, and other cities. The hospitals first superintendent, Dr. James Decker Munson, felt that if people were surrounded by beauty and tranquility, a lot of their mental problems would cease to exist. The use of straightjackets wasn’t even allowed. Also, as part of the “work is therapy” philosophy, the asylum provided opportunities for patients to gain a sense of purpose through farming, furniture construction, fruit canning, and other trades that kept the institution fully self-sufficient. The asylum also produced its own electricity and heat. Dr. James Decker Munson believed that mental asylums should be for the treatment of the patients, not just for storing the mentally ill. It was this belief that led the way for the natural environment of care he created for his patients, and originated the idea of therapeutic work for the mentally ill, who worked on the hospital farm. In 1881, the state chose Traverse City as the site for the Northern Michigan Asylum, where Dr. Munson was selected as...
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...e1974 The opiate receptor, the cellular bonding sites inside the brain for endorphins, is discovered by Dr. Candace Pert. The discovery supported why certain drugs such as morphine affect our emotions and mind. 1808 Franz Gall finds Phrenology. It is believed that a person’s character and personality can be determined by reading the unique series of bumps on the skull. This odd theory is widely accepted around this time and is used to determine many outcomes such as detecting signs of latent delinquency in young children. 1977 The MRI produces very clear and detailed pictures of brain structures through the use of “gradient magnets” to alter the magnetic field and force. Unlike PET, it does not require the subject to be injected with a tracer substance 1929 Hans Berger develops the first electroencephalograph, known as EEG or brainwave test. The EEG is used as a neurologic diagnostic test that records electrical activity in the brain. History of Brain Research and Technology Timeline 1st Century BC | 1700 | 1750 | 1800 | 1850 | 1900 | 1950 | 2000 | s 1872 Charles Darwin’s book, “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” explains his study in tracing emotional responses and facial expressions in humans and animals. He develops a theory that blushing is a clear indication of consciousness. Further investigation leads him to believe that only humans are capable of blushing, the reason being is that they are the only ones having capability of self- consciously...
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...Differences and Similarities in Generalized Characteristic Traits among Genders: The Sociopath and Psychopath by Evelyn J. Dotson MS, University of Phoenix, 2015 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Psychology University of Phoenix March, 2015 Abstract Psychopathic and sociopathic general characteristic traits are found in both genders in various populations. More research on the general characteristic traits of females is needed. Research for the female populations will give professionals information about the differences displayed between genders. Different applied sciences will also further their knowledge in treatment options for either tendency. The study used explored if any differences existed between genders with intensified levels of psychopathic traits in regard to psychopathy factor scores. The sample consisted of 2,500 people of both genders (52.6% women) (M=22.15; SD=1.38) from the generalized population, aged 20-24. Results displayed women with psychopathic personality traits had significantly higher levels of behavioral tendencies than men of the same. The genders did display a difference in aggressive behavior. The men showed a significant amount of aggressive behaviors compared to the women. The gender differences displayed in the seven psychopathic features show the variations needed for treatment options. Differences and Similarities in Generalized Characteristic Traits among...
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...Postpartum Psychosis Motherhood the Sad, the Mad, and the Insane Laurie Hackney Women, Crime, and Criminal Justice Dr. Connolly March 21, 2011 Postpartum Psychosis Motherhood the Sad, the Mad, and the Insane On the heartbreaking morning of June 20, 2001, Andrea Pia Yates was arrested and charged for the filicide of her children. One by one, this seemingly devoted mother of five drowned all of her children in the bathtub of their family home. Singularly, she put her three youngest children to death, taking their bodies from the tub fully clothed and wet, then placed them upon their bed, and covered them up. She proceeding doing the same with her youngest child, but while she was drowning Mary, her oldest son Noah walked in and asked what she was doing before he turned and ran away. She gave chase, caught up with him in the hall, then dragged him back to the bathroom and proceeded to terminate him with Mary dead in tub. Andrea then took Mary and placed her in the arms of the three youngest children leaving Noah behind dead and alone in the bath. Factors Relating to the Incident Being raised a Roman Catholic; Yates converted her religious beliefs to that of her husband’s prior to marriage. In this religion, people are expected to have as many children as nature will allow. Even while Andrea was awaiting trial, it was reported that her husband felt so sure of his wife’s acquittal that he was already speaking about having more children. This notion left the attorneys...
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...THE USES OF REASON by Jonah Lehrer The summer of 1949 had been long and dry in Montana; the grassy highlands were like tinder. On the afternoon of August 5—the hottest day ever recorded in the area—a stray bolt of lightning set the ground on fire. A parachute brigade of firefighters, known as smokejumpers, was dispatched to put out the blaze. Wag Dodge, a veteran with nine years of smokejumping experience, was in charge. When the jumpers took off from Missoula in a C-47, a military transport plane left over from World War II, they were told that the fire was small, just a few burning acres in the Mann Gulch river valley. As the plane approached the fire, the jumpers could see the smoke in the distance. The hot wind blew it straight across the sky. Mann Gulch is a place of geological contradiction. It is where the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains, pine trees give way to prairie grass, and the steep cliffs drop onto the steppes of the Midwest. The gulch is just over three miles long, but it marks the border between these two different terrains. The fire began on the Rockies’ side, on the western edge of the gulch. By the time the firefighters arrived at the gulch, the blaze had grown out of control. The surrounding hills had all been burned; the landscape was littered with the skeletons of pine trees. Dodge moved his men over to the grassy side of the gulch and told them to head downhill, toward the placid Missouri River. Dodge didn’t trust this blaze. He wanted to be near...
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...Bloodlines of Illuminati by: Fritz Springmeier, 1995 Introduction: I am pleased & honored to present this book to those in the world who love the truth. This is a book for lovers of the Truth. This is a book for those who are already familiar with my past writings. An Illuminati Grand Master once said that the world is a stage and we are all actors. Of course this was not an original thought, but it certainly is a way of describing the Illuminati view of how the world works. The people of the world are an audience to which the Illuminati entertain with propaganda. Just one of the thousands of recent examples of this type of acting done for the public was President Bill Clinton’s 1995 State of the Union address. The speech was designed to push all of the warm fuzzy buttons of his listening audience that he could. All the green lights for acceptance were systematically pushed by the President’s speech with the help of a controlled congressional audience. The truth on the other hand doesn’t always tickle the ear and warm the ego of its listeners. The light of truth in this book will be too bright for some people who will want to return to the safe comfort of their darkness. I am not a conspiracy theorist. I deal with real facts, not theory. Some of the people I write about, I have met. Some of the people I expose are alive and very dangerous. The darkness has never liked the light. Yet, many of the secrets of the Illuminati are locked up tightly simply because secrecy is a way...
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...Contents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1 BRAIN POWER Myth #1 Most People Use Only 10% of Their Brain Power Myth #2 Some People Are Left-Brained, Others Are Right-Brained Myth #3 Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Is a Well-Established Scientific Phenomenon Myth #4 Visual Perceptions Are Accompanied by Tiny Emissions from the Eyes Myth #5 Subliminal Messages Can Persuade People to Purchase Products 2 FROM WOMB TO TOMB Myth #6 Playing Mozart’s Music to Infants Boosts Their Intelligence Myth #7 Adolescence Is Inevitably a Time of Psychological Turmoil Myth #8 Most People Experience a Midlife Crisis in | 8 Their 40s or Early 50s Myth #9 Old Age Is Typically Associated with Increased Dissatisfaction and Senility Myth #10 When Dying, People Pass through a Universal Series of Psychological Stages 3 A REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST Myth #11 Human Memory Works like a Tape Recorder or Video Camera, and Accurate Events We’ve Experienced Myth #12 Hypnosis Is Useful for Retrieving Memories of Forgotten Events Myth #13 Individuals Commonly Repress the Memories of Traumatic Experiences Myth #14 Most People with Amnesia Forget All Details of Their Earlier Lives 4 TEACHING OLD DOGS NEW TRICKS Myth #15 Intelligence (IQ) Tests Are Biased against Certain Groups of People My th #16 If You’re Unsure of Your Answer When Taking a Test, It’s Best to Stick with Your Initial Hunch Myth #17 The Defining Feature of Dyslexia Is Reversing Letters Myth #18 Students Learn Best When Teaching Styles Are Matched to...
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...-“Strauss versus Brains and Genes or the postmodern vengeful return of positivism.” This essay first started as an answer to what I deemed very problematic, i.e. the disputation which I found in bad faith (un-authentic to use a philosophical term or an existentialist term), of the mediatic, dashing Harvard cognitivist/linguist, Steven Pinker, in his article “Neglected novelists, embattled English professors, tenure-less historians, and other struggling denizens of the Humanities, Science is not your Enemy—a plea for an intellectual truce,” (The New Republic--August 19). Then the counter-arguments against Steven Pinker’s conception of the “human animal” developed into an essay arguing that the New Positivism, not science, or technology per say, was the enemy of humanism and its avatars as such. The point is not to become a postmodern anti-scientific Luddite. Genomics are changing the world in ways we barely imagine yet and will re-define what it means to be human (a becoming already imagined by science fiction writers, social critics and critical thinkers such as the feminist Donna Haraway with her “Cyborg”). The point is also not to turn “anti-brainiac.” Without a brain we would become vegetative, a vegetal…, i.e. a purely “natural body,” a “zombie.” If we make use of this “computer” allegory which is an analog but not a homologue, and which is used ad nauseam used by psycho-biologists, without a hard-drive there is no software. But is this a reason to say that the software...
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...Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Introduction Chapter 1 - Priming Chapter 2 - Confabulation Chapter 3 - Confirmation Bias Chapter 4 - Hindsight Bias Chapter 5 - The Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy Chapter 6 - Procrastination Chapter 7 - Normalcy Bias Chapter 8 - Introspection Chapter 9 - The Availability Heuristic Chapter 10 - The Bystander Effect Chapter 11 - The Dunning-Kruger Effect Chapter 12 - Apophenia Chapter 13 - Brand Loyalty Chapter 14 - The Argument from Authority Chapter 15 - The Argument from Ignorance Chapter 16 - The Straw Man Fallacy Chapter 17 - The Ad Hominem Fallacy Chapter 18 - The Just-World Fallacy Chapter 19 - The Public Goods Game Chapter 20 - The Ultimatum Game Chapter 21 - Subjective Validation Chapter 22 - Cult Indoctrination Chapter 23 - Groupthink Chapter 24 - Supernormal Releasers Chapter 25 - The Affect Heuristic Chapter 26 - Dunbar’s Number Chapter 27 - Selling Out Chapter 28 - Self-Serving Bias Chapter 29 - The Spotlight Effect Chapter 30 - The Third Person Effect Chapter 31 - Catharsis Chapter 32 - The Misinformation Effect Chapter 33 - Conformity Chapter 34 - Extinction Burst Chapter 35 - Social Loafing Chapter 36 - The Illusion of Transparency Chapter 37 - Learned Helplessness Chapter 38 - Embodied Cognition Chapter 39 - The Anchoring Effect Chapter 40 - Attention Chapter 41 - Self-Handicapping Chapter 42 - Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Chapter 43 - The Moment Chapter 44 - Consistency...
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