...WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT, RAWALPINDI. Introduction: 1. Rawalpindi, a Mega City is Country’s forth largest city with the population of 2.1 Million. In the year 1998, Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) was established under the Government of Punjab, Development of big cities act to meet the requirements of rapid growing population. RWASA is providing water and sanitation services to 1.6 Million population which is spread over an area of 35 sq. km. Pakistan has been blessed with abundance of availability of surface and ground water resources to the tune of 128300 million and 50579 million per year respectively (The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy, 1992). In spite of this naturally resource enrichment, per capita water availability has decreased from 5600 to 1000 cum per annum (Water Quality Status, 2003). 2. Beside this appreciable decrease in water availability, the quality of both the sources has crossed the acceptable limits for drinking water. Both state and non-state actors have overwhelmingly detoriated the water quality due to indiscriminate over extraction of groundwater complemented with polluted recharge sources like Nullah lai and other waste water streams. At the moment the northern part of the country has microbial contamination of 64 % (Diagnostic Survey, PCRWR, 2007). Central part of the country has both chemical and microbial contamination. River Ravi and Chenab receives industrial waste water of textile, leather and light engineering industries more than...
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...The Case Study of Business Model of Veolia Water (Vivendi) Author: Xinyue Wang Student number: 1299580 Year: 2014 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Patricia A. Adam Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Brief introduction of Business Model 1 2.1 Business model canvas 1 3. Business Model of Veolia 2 3.1 Customer Segments 2 3.2 Value Propositions 2 3.3 Channels 3 3.4 Customer Relationships 3 3.5 Revenue Streams 4 3.6 Key Resources 4 3.7 Key Activities 5 3.8 Key Partnership 5 3.9 Cost Structure 5 4. Conclusion from the study of business model of Veolia Water 6 4.1 Unbundling business models 6 4.2 Multi-sided Platforms 7 5. Assessment and Conclusion 7 Bibliography 8 Statutory declaration 10 Abstract Nowadays, with the development of economy, the problem of lack of resources came to sharper. Thus the issue of how to protect environment and save resources has gained much emphasis recently. Therefore, some enterprises have become more heating due to their outstanding business on environmental-friendly aspect. Vivendi is a company whose business involves water supply and water management, waste management, energy and transport services. Veolia Water is a subsidiary of Vivendi, it is committed to providing clean drinking water, and collecting and treating waste water or sewerage water. Because of its advanced technology and strong brand image, nowadays...
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...2006 One of 29 WaterTime case studies on decision-making on water systems www.watertime.net Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 1 Introduction 4 2 City background 4 3 Water and wastewater undertaking 4 3.1 Background 4 3.2 Water and wastewater undertaking profile 4 3.3 Region profile 5 3.4 Performance indicators 6 4 Actors in water and wastewater services provision and production 6 5 Episodes 7 5.1 Award of lease contract to COGESE, 1989-1996 7 5.1.1 The impact of fiscal considerations prior to the award of the contracts: transfer of funds to the municipal budget and underinvestment 7 5.1.2 Inducements to award the lease contracts: corruption and fiscal considerations 8 5.1.3 Performance of the private operator and interest-seeking behaviour 9 5.2 Decision to renegotiate the water supply and sewerage lease contracts: 1995-2000 12 5.2.1 The renegotiated contracts in operation: still disadvantageous 14 5.3 Decision to remunicipalise water supply and sewerage operations: 2000 to date 17 5.3.1 Administrative court rulings: 1989-1999 17 5.3.2 Debate on and assessment of alternative options to semi-privatised contracts: 1998-2000 17 5.3.3 Assessment of alternative organisational forms of municipal undertaking 19 5.3.4 The organisational structure of the new water supply “régie” 19 5.3.5 The organisation of operations under the...
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...VII. Corporate governance in foreign investments, privatization and the significance of insolvency regimes 7.4 Grand corruption involving privatization Submitted by: Ma. Jolina M. Boloso BSA 3-1 Submitted to: Prof. Carolina Guerrero May 10, 2014 Table of Contents I. Corruption and privatization ………………………………………………. 2 What structure help prevent corruption …………………………………. 3 II. Examples of Grand corruption involving privatization MWSS …………………………………………………………………………………. 4 * Problems and rationale for MWSS privatization ……………… 4 * Privatization of MWSS ………………………………………………….. 5 * MWSS issues and controversies …………………………………….. 6 Expo Filipino ………………………………………………………………….……. 8 * Issue ..…………………………………………………………………..…….. 8 * Reopening …………………………………………………………………… 9 III. References ………………………………………………………………………. 10 I. Corruption and privatization Corruption has become a major international concern. The topic of international conferences, policy forums and ministerial speeches, it is also the subject of a recent OECD Convention and the focus of an international non-governmental organization, Transparency International. However, the incidence of large-scale corruption is closely connected with contracting-out, concessions, and privatization, where multinationals based in OECD countries stand to gain a lot of profitable business. The encouragement of privatization by the World Bank, and the economic benefit to OECD multinationals from...
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...and towns are severely stressed in terms of infrastructure and service availability, and their growth and development is constrained by indifferent implementation of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act (CAA), 1992. The Government of India launched the JNNURM in December 2005. The Mission aims at encouraging cities initiate steps to bring about improvement in the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner. The ever-increasing number of slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic services and infrastructure. In order to cope up with massive problems that have emerged as a result of rapid urban growth, it is imperative to draw up a coherent urbanisation vision and strategy for implementation of projects aimed towards achieving the outlined vision. The aim of the Mission is to encourage reforms driven, fast track, planned development of identified cities with focus on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of Urban Local Bodies (ULB)/ parastatal agencies towards citizens. The JNNURM consists of two sub-missions – The Urban Infrastructure and Governance; and The Basic Services to the Urban Poor. The primary objective of the JNNURM is to create productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. In line with this objective, the Mission focuses on – Integrated development of infrastructure services; Securing linkages between asset creation and maintenance for long-run...
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...site in Quezon City commissioned in 1929 in the Philippines. It is part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system, which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila. The La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of 27 square kilometers. The water collected in the reservoir is treated on-site by the Maynilad Water Services, and at the Balara Treatment Plant further south by the Manila Water. Both water companies are private concessionaires awarded by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, the government agency in charge of water supply. It is a vital link to the water requirements of 12 million residents of Metro Manila considering that 1.5 million liters of water pass through this reservoir every day. It is also the last forest of its size in the metropolis. La Mesa Watershed in Quezon City is the primary source of drinking water of about 12 million Metro Manila residents. The property is owned by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), a government agency. La Mesa Watershed is 2700 hectares, 700 hectares of which is the reservoir and 2000 hectares of which is the surrounding forest. This forest is the last remaining one of its size in Metro Manila and serves as its carbon dioxide sink. La Mesa Watershed, therefore, is vital to the city, not only because it is a primary source of drinking water, but also because its forest functions as the lungs of Metro Manila, providing it with clean air...
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...Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh is characterized by a number of achievements and challenges. The share of the population with access to an improved water source was estimated at 98% in 2004,[1] a very high level for a low-income country. This has been achieved to a large extent through the construction of handpumps with the support of external donors. However, in 1993 it was discovered that groundwater, the source of drinking water for 97% of the rural population and a significant share of the urban population, is in many cases naturallycontaminated with arsenic. It gradually emerged that 70 million people drank water which exceeds the WHO guidelines of 10 microgram of arsenic per liter, and 30 million drank water containing more than the Bangladesh National Standard of 50 microgram per liter, leading tochronic arsenic poisoning.[10] On the other hand, surface water is usually polluted and requires treatment.[11] Taking arsenic contamination into account, it was estimated that in 2004 still 74% of the population had access to arsenic-free drinking water. Another challenge is the low level of cost recovery due to low tariffs and poor economic efficiency, especially in urban areas where revenues from water sales do not even cover operating costs. In rural areas, users contribute 34% of investment costs,[9] and at least in piped water schemes supported by the Rural Development Academy recover operating costs. Sanitation faces its own set of challenges, with only 39% of...
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...Problem-Solution Analysis The Flint water crisis is an issue which involves the contamination of drinking water in Flint, Michigan, United States. The crisis started in April 2014 when Flint decided to change its water source to the Flint River from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water, which was from Lake Huron and the Detroit River. The water of the Flint River is extremely corrosive, so as it travels to Flint, through the city’s old pipes, it ate away at the pipes, absorbing the lead before entering houses. Flint, Michigan’s water crisis is an incident that should not be ignored as it was done in Flint for one and a half year, but instead be dealt with immediately so nothing severe would happen as it did in Flint, Michigan....
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...Government of India Ministry of Finance Department of Economic Affairs Public Private Partnership Projects in India Compendium of Case Studies c Government of India Ministry of Finance Department of Economic Affairs Public Private Partnership Projects in India Compendium of Case Studies December 2010 Public Private Partnership projects in India Compendium of Case Studies © Department of Economic Affairs All rights reserved Published by: PPP Cell, Department of Economic Affairs Ministry of Finance, Government of India New Delhi-110 001, India www.pppinindia.com Disclaimer This Compendium of Case Studies has been prepared as a part of a PPP capacity building programme that is being developed by the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (DEA) with funding support from the World Bank, AusAID South Asia Region Infrastructure for Growth Initiative and the Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF). A consulting consortium, consisting of Economic Consulting Associates Limited (ECA) and CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited (CRIS), commissioned by the World Bank, has prepared this compendium based on extensive external consultations. ECA and CRIS have taken due care and caution in preparing the contents of this compendium. The accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any information contained in this toolkit is not guaranteed and DEA,World Bank, AusAID, PPIAF, ECA or CRIS are not responsible...
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...Touro University International BHE 314 Cased Based Assignment 3b 19 September 2008 After the initial stages of water treatment where organic and inorganic solids are mechanically removed from wastewater, water is further treated through secondary and tertiary treatment processes. Since the effluent from primary treatment still contains extremely fine organic and inorganic solids, secondary treatment of water aims to remove these solids. “Secondary treatment consists of unique biological systems designed to remove BOD, suspended solids and some dissolved solids through a biological conversion of these materials to a settleable form. The biomass is then separated from the product water (secondary effluent) in a secondary or final clarifier. Secondary treatment systems typically remove 80-95% of suspended solids and BOD” (Ciy of San Jose). This process is carried out through the addition of oxygen into the water as the system uses oxygen tanks, secondary clarifiers, and return sludge pumping stations. Secondary treatment speeds up the natural process and microorganisms use pollutants as a food source and thus eliminate a majority from the water (Schiff). Secondary treatment typically utilizes biological treatment processes, in which microorganisms convert nonsettleable solids to settleable solids. Sedimentation typically follows, allowing the settleable solids to settle out. Three options include: ...
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...Economic growth is the increase in the capacity of a country’s economy to produce goods and services. As a means of development and urbanisation, and a reflection of wealth and the living standard in a nation, it remains a key focus of most governments. In this course of action, water bodies may be polluted and contaminated due to waste (e.g. sewage and chemical waste) generated from different sectors of the economy. However, water pollution is not inevitable despite a country’s focus on economic growth, and in fact can be mitigated and controlled. A prominent example would be that of Singapore. Singapore is a highly developed market economy, with the 3rd highest GDP/capita in the world of $51,709.45 USD (2012). It has been experiencing rapid economic development ever since its independence, with an average GDP growth of 7.7%, developing from a low income to high income country. Over a period from 2000 to 2010, its GDP nearly doubled, from S$163 billion to S$304 billion. It is currently ranked among the world’s most competitive economies. At present, industry has become one of the primary pillars of Singapore’s economy, contributing to over a quarter (28%) of its GDP. Of which, in 2010 alone, the chemical industry has contributed S$38 billion of the output to the country’s economy, a significant rise from S$28 billion in 2009. As such, it can be seen that Singapore’s economic growth is greatly boosted by this industry. At the heart of the chemical industry is Jurong Island...
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... The Flint Water Crisis The Flint water crisis is a drinking water contamination issue in Flint, Michigan that started in April 2014. After Flint changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water to the Flint River, its drinking water had a series of problems with lead contamination, creating a serious public health danger. One rumor is said that the reason for the change in water source was because that in mid-2014 the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department had acquired a significant debt and delinquent accounts and talks of privatization were occurring. It was also cheaper to pull water from a near-by river instead of using outside resources. When officials decided on the change, they failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the source. The failed application of corrosion inhibitor: Orthophosphate. A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound that, when added to a liquid or gas, it decreases the corrosion rate of a material; in this case metal pipes. Not only were corrosion inhibitors not used but officials failed to realize, was that the Flint River itself was also found to contain EIGHT times more chloride than Detroit’s water. Chloride is highly corrosive to metals. The lacking inhibitors and the corrosive Flint River water caused lead from aging pipes to dissolve into the water supply, causing extremely elevated levels of the heavy metal. No not Metalica. Aging Pipes? Most residents in Flint have decades-old lead service lines that...
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...Sanitation Problems in Coastal and Waterfront Communities--A Literature Review 2.1 Reasons for Settling on Coastal, Waterfront and Low-lying Areas 2.2 Sanitation Problems 2.3 Health and Environmental Conditions Chapter 3 Low-Cost Sanitation Systems used in Coastal and Waterfront Communities--A Literature Review 3.1 Available Low-Cost Sanitation Technologies 3.2 Sanitation Systems Used in Coastal and Waterfront Communities Chapter 4 The Case Study 4.1 Community Background 4.2 * Chapter 5 Results of Field Survey-- Analysis of Existing Sanitation in the Coastal Communities of Puerto Princesa 5.1 Basis of Analysis 5.2 Existing Environmental Sanitation 5.3 Health Condition and Observed Hygienic Practices related to Sanitation and Water Supply Chapter 6 Essential Factors for the Provision of Sanitation Systems in Coastal Communities 6.1 Considerations in the Provision of Sanitation Systems 6.2 Sanitation Systems Options Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1 Summary of Existing sanitation Problems 7.2 Key Considerations in the Provision of Sanitation Systems 7.3 Recommended Approach in the selection of Sanitation Systems 7.4 Final Remarks Appendix Appendix A: Background on Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines Appendix B: Supplementary Data on Field Survey Results Abstract The sanitary collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of human waste promotes health, improves the quality of the environment...
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...The ocean is able to do this because of the plankton in the water they absorb the CO2 and turn it into O2 using photosensitise. 3) It Prevents the world from overheating, it takes up to 80% of the heat caused from climate change (Life in The worlds Ocean, Wiley-Blackwell) (Book) If it were not for the ocean the cities that boarder it would already be under water. 4) It gives a massive habitat to much marine life that may help in medical development and where we get a lot of medical ingredients come from. Also gives a place for breeding to take place and...
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...RESEARCH REPORT 16 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY A ROLE IN GOVERNMENT POLICY AND REGULATION? Constantina Bichta The University of Bath School of Management is one of the oldest established management schools in Britain. It enjoys an international reputation for the quality of its teaching and research. Its mission is to offer a balanced portfolio of undergraduate, postgraduate and post-experience programmes, research and external activities, which provide a quality of intellectual life for those involved in keeping with the best traditions of British universities. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY A ROLE IN GOVERNMENT POLICY AND REGULATION? Constantina Bichta Desktop published by Jan Marchant © The University of Bath ISBN All rights reserved Centre for the study of Regulated Industries (CRI) The CRI is a research centre of the University of Bath School of Management. The CRI was founded in 1991 as part of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA). It transferred to the University of Bath School of Management in 1998. It is situated on the 8th floor of Wessex House (North), adjacent to West car park. The CRI is an interdisciplinary research centre investigating how regulation and competition are working in practice, both in the UK and abroad. It is independent and politically neutral. It aims to produce authoritative, practical contributions to regulatory policy and debate, which are put into the public domain. The CRI focuses...
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