...even in Africa, slavery is in no way a unique or new concept. This institution was, however, very dynamic and fluid in character. In the New World, slavery was very much different than in any other parts of the world, and between 1619 and 1739, the character of slavery in colonial North America changed as a result of many varying factors. The enslavement of large groups of people in colonial North America was the result of European imperial drives and the need to fuel the colonization and profitability of the New World. While the use of the African people as a primary source slaves by Europeans can be traced back to at least the early 1500s, in colonial North America in the 17th and 18th centuries, the character of slavery would undergo changes in character, nature, and status. In the early 1600s, slavery was, by no means, a pleasurable or fun experience, however the conditions were a lot better than those to come. In the early 1600s the status of slaves in the colonies was significantly closer to that of their white counterparts than it would be in soon to come future. Black slaves in the fairly new colonies received treatment and status comparable to the white servants of the time. Just as the white European indentured servants, the enslaved blacks could earn their freedom in the New World after a period of servitude. Slavery in colonial North America around 1619 was in no ways permanent or based solely on race. This characteristic of slavery proves to be the polar opposite...
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...most do manual labor or work within the home. Once the time that was agreed upon has passed, the contract is then terminated and the individual can then begin making a better life for themselves. Individuals then have a right to hold a job that means something to them in addition to voting and owning a home. Before the American Civil War slaves and indentures servants both were seen as property. Not long after laws were put into place to protect the right of the servants in addition to removing the stigma that surrounded the thought that slaves were property. Slaves unlike servants could be bargained for, sold or exchanged. In the case of indentured servants, only the contract can be bargained for or bought. Slavery began in the 1400s and continued to increase in the 1500s and 1600s as a way of getting rid of the labor shortage. The need for labor rose after the Europeans realized that sugar could easily be grown in South America and the West Indies. Sugar had become very popular in Europe but it was very expensive. Europeans were led to American slaves after the Native populations from the West Indies and South America had been exhausted and terminated. Africans soon...
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...Global Exploration and global empires 1500-1700 Name: Institution: Course: Date: Slave trade was so evident in European countries because most Europeans would get Africans and sell them in European markets to work in their farms. They would be punished, beaten, overworked and also not well taken care of. Most of them died in the work places due to lack of energy and food. So they would not go on with the work. The Portuguese were people who were specialized in many different types of work like merchants, artisans, vendors and shoppers (David, 1987). They were very hardworking people such that by early morning they were moving towards the docks in Lisbon. Portugal built an empire based on commerce. This was in September 1600. The people who had arrived early had the opportunity of getting goods from the four continents; Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. Each of these countries provided different goods that arrived by ship in Portugal (Bland, 2001). Example of these goods are, wheat, ,glass, weapons, honey, ebony, coral, salt, coconut oil, and camphor, among others. Brazil supplied sugar and Brazil wood. There was massive competition for cargoes and profits between Italian city states like Venice and Genoa, and Muslim merchants (David, 1987). This stimulated the Europeans to look for overseas routes to the Indies and the spice lands. By this time, the Portuguese were looking for sea routes. ...
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...population during the eighteenth century. Immigrants came to the middle colonies for the perceived economic opportunities. Key Words: Scots-Irish They were a group of restless people who fled their homes in Scotland in the 1600’s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors. Olaudah Equiano(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery.Stono RebellionThe most serious slave rebellion in the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans...
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...men of big affairs?” ‘MARCUS GARVEY’ It is this poignant thought that countless Pan African people have sought to define and answer, and bring to reality throughout the Pan African movement and struggles. From Prophecy to Policy: Marcus Garvey and Evolution of Pan African Citizenship by Claudius Fergus is a historic overview of the organization and outcomes of the Pan African and African Dispora political agenda from 1600’s to the middle 2000’s culminating in the African Union and the implementation of the Sixth Union. Fergus documents the historic, worldwide, movement to end social, economic and political injustice for all African people. Fergus introduces that the focus of European colonization in the 17 th century took place in the Caribbean because of the sugar industry. Europeans needed cheap labor and sought African slave labor to be used as chattel on sugar plantations. The atrocities continued for hundreds of years when finally the nation of Jamaica and Haiti fought for the decolonization and physical freedom against exploitation. These wars took place in the late 1700’s. The knowledge of the black man physically fighting in the Caribbean is contrary to the tales of the docile American slave Dispora. Fergus also tells of the Eighty-Year’s Maroon War and a landmark treaty of 1739 which recognized the Maroons as free and sovereign people as rulers over their own territory in the West Indies. The people of the Caribbean did not wait on the benevolence of white and Europeans...
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...colonies during the late seventeenth century OR what are historians’ varying opinions about the New York conspiracy trials? By the mid-1600s, less than half a century after the English had opened the way for full-scale European settlement, serious crises were brewing in the American colonies. At first tensions were caused by a steadily increasing population: massive numbers of settlers required more land, additional dwellings and other accommodations, greater food supplies, and expanded trade and transportation networks. The immediate victims were Native Americans, who suffered mistreatment at the hands of colonists scrambling to grab land and natural...
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...Archaeologists call the earliest Americans: a. Indios. b. Paleo-Indians. c. Native Americans. d. Siberians. Which group dominated Mexico from 900 to 1100 A.D.? a. the Aztecs b. the Toltecs c. the Mayans d. the Olmecs In the fourteenth century, Europeans were most familiar with the _________ part of Africa. a. southern b. western c. northern d. eastern Slave status in Africa was: a. generally permanent. b. transferred from parent to child. c. not necessarily permanent. d. voluntary. The Renaissance originated in the city-states of: a. Italy. b. Portugal. c. Greece. d. Spain. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Of the following countries/regions, which was least involved in voyages of discovery? a. Portugal b. France c. England d. Italy The conquistadors were primarily interested in: a. founding settlements. b. fighting Muslims. c. spreading Christianity. d. finding gold. 7. 8. What has been dubbed “the Columbian exchange”? a. the spread of Christianity among the Indians b. the spread of trade throughout America c. the transfer of gold from America to Europe d. the spread of European diseases to America England’s first colonization target under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth was: a. France. b. North Africa. c. Ireland. d. Cuba. 9. 10. Gilbert and others believed there was an English population: a. deficit. b. equilibrium. c. surplus. d. none of these answers 11. Which product fueled the demand for furs in Europe in the early 1600s? a. beaver fur hats b. fur coats...
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...play. The mother country was responsible for providing money for supplies for voyages such as ships, food, soldiers, and weapons etc. Also, England was responsible for the processing and manufacturing of raw materials. Settlers of the colonies needed markets to sell their goods and labor. They also needed a source of labor for the production of raw materials. This new labor force was made up of Native Americans, indentured servants (white slaves who served terms of up to seven years as slaves), and Africans. Columbus and his crew stated that when they arrived in the Americas they found Africans already there. In 1502, the Spanish were the first Europeans to enslave Africans in the Americas. Yet the local population died from European diseases like smallpox and from overwork. Thus in 1502, ten years after Columbus' landing, the Spanish brought the first African slaves to Cuba from West Africa to replace Indian slaves who were dying out. This began the trans-Atlantic slave deal between West Africa and the Americas and the integration of Native Americans and Africans. The Spanish conquerors of the Americas—known as Conquistadors were...
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...Although the first African slaves arrived in the colony in 1619, their numbers remained insignificant to the overwhelming English population until the 1670s. From then on, African laborers constituted an ever increasing proportion of the colony’s bound labor force. The British crown’s revoking of The Royal African Company’s monopoly on West African trade in 1698 opened the Atlantic slave trade to private merchants. This resulted in a huge influx of black slaves directly from Africa into the colony. However, it was not simply the sheer volume of slaves in the colony that differentiated the eighteenth...
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...What is racism? Racism is a person who dislikes or hates another race or culture. This also means prejudice and discrimination. Racism started long ago even before slavery with the Africans or blacks. For an example, the Greeks and Romans didn’t like the Barbarians which were people who lived in northern Europe. They called them barbarians because they didn’t have the education or lifestyle the way the Greeks and Romans lived. Just like the white people called Africans; niggers, which the true definition is an ignorant person. Why, because we couldn’t speak english, or couldn’t read and write. But later, the term “nigger” became a definition of a black person which is part of racism. Different ethnic groups had they partake of racism and the learning about the fight of the Native Americans, African Americans and Jews; will give you a true definition of racism. Native Americans also known as Indians were named that because; Christopher Columbus didn’t even know where he was. He thought he was in India but actually he landed on one of the islands in the Caribbean which now is called the West Indies. They say Columbus discovered America, how can you discover something if people (the Native Americans) already lived there? Which brings me to the next question, why do they call Indians, Native Americans if they were here first? America was named after an Italian navigator, named Amerigo Vespucci which the Spaniards honored him. (Amerigo Vespucci. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia...
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...indigenous population of the Americas to decrease for many reasons. Many died of diseases such as measles and the flu. The body of the natives was completely vulnerable to these diseases because they never came across it and didn’t have a clue on how to combat it. By 1500s, it is estimated that there were about 50 million natives in the Americas. By 1600, after 100 years of European warfare, disease and forced labor, the indigenous population dropped to an estimated 8 million people. New laws made by the Spanish in 1542 put an end to them being taken as slaves. The natives could no longer work in mines and on the land. Instead, a new system was introduced called the encomienda system. Under this system, the natives would only do a reasonable amount of work for the Spanish landowner on whose land they lived on. This presented a big problem because the Spanish had to get the mining work up and running again, but they could no longer count on Mayan and Aztec slaves to do it. The Spanish decided to enslave some African people because they figured, well theirs no law on exploiting Africans so let’s bring them in large quantities from West Africa and force them to do the labor that Mayan and Aztec people were forced to do. The Spanish were the dominating force in the late 1500s and they had complete control over many countries. The main goal of the Spanish was to generate as much profit as possible for themselves and careless about the people doing the work like Nike. From my point...
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...A West and East Coast Interpretation of Uncle Sam’s Thanksgiving Dinner The first cartoon of the Uncle Sam’s Thanksgiving Dinner was created by Thomas Nast in 1869. His cartoon shows a positive attitude towards and exemplifies a more unified American identity. His cartoon however, was lampooned eight years later in 1877 by G.F Keller, whom clearly did not have the same vision on immigration as Nast did. Through the stereotypes, variety of people, quotes, and symbolism shown in both cartoons, the illustrators reveal “a direct contrast on two different interpretations coming from the American East and the West coast on the issue of immigration.” In Uncle Sam’s Thanksgiving Dinner 1869, Thomas Nast shows ethnic diversity and proposes a vision of what could be a future possibility on political equality in the United States of America. The people seated at the dinner table come from all over the world, they are: Native American, German, French, Arab, British, African, Chinese, Italian, Spanish, and Irish. In this image Nast subtly includes a portrait of the “Castle Garden.” The Castle Garden was a place where most immigrants were processed, this was similar to a home for the immigrant. Another strong tie to this image is the Fifteenth Amendment which is, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by ant state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” During this time period Mexicans were being...
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...The Age of Exploration A Resource to Accompany History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism Brings Learning Alive! Teachers’ Curriculum Institute 1 Introduction I n this reading, you will learn about the Age of Exploration. This period of discovery lasted from about 1418 to 1620. During this time, European explorers made many daring voyages that changed world history. A major reason for these voyages was the desire to find sea routes to east Asia, which Europeans called the Indies. When Christopher Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean, he was looking for such a route. Instead, he landed in the Americas. Columbus thought he had reached the Indies. In time, Europeans would realize that he had found what they called the ”New World.” European nations soon rushed to claim lands in the Americas for themselves. Early explorers often suffered terrible hardships. In 1520, Ferdinand Magellan set out with three ships to cross the Pacific Ocean from South America. He had guessed, correctly, that the Indies lay on the other side of the Pacific. But Magellan had no idea how vast the ocean really was. He thought his crew would be sailing for a few weeks at most. Instead, the crossing took three months. While the ships were still at sea, the crew ran out of food. One sailor wrote about this terrible time. “We ate biscuit… swarming with worms…. We drank yellow water that had been putrid [rotten] for days... and often we ate sawdust from boards.” Why did explorers...
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...intellectual stirrings, growing trade, and competition among emerging nation- states in overseas exploration and commerce. In 1585 Raleigh established the firs British Colony in North America on Roanoke Island. English colonization in America differed in character and consequences from that of other European nations. The English Monarchs had destroyed the power of the feudal nobility and had established a strong centralized state and in so doing, the monarchs had encouraged the growth of the business middle classes, the merchants and entrepreneurs who were to be major agents of the modernizing process. By seventeenth centaury, England's imperial reach was global; it stretched west from Ireland to Newfound land to Bermuda, and eastward to the subcontinent of India. It was to the west in the New World in 1606 that King James issued charter to two joint stock companies to colonize the land that Sir Walter Raleigh had named Virginia in honor of the Virgin Queen Elizabeth. The company promptly sent out an expedition of 144 people and after four months arduous voyage they reached Chesapeake Bay in April 1607. The 105 surviving English men than proceeded up a great river, which they named for King James, and founded Jamestown- the first permanent English settlement in North America. For one category of immigrants the Virginia environment (James town) produced not self fulfillment but enslavement. In 1619, a Dutch trading ship dropped anchor at...
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...influenced by Chinese and Indian customs. All of these cultures have played a role in forming the multi-national cuisine of the Caribbean (Heyhoe, 2013). Before Columbus came to the “West Indies” in 1493, the Caribbean islands were the home of two Native American Tribes: the Arawaks and the Caribs. Both tribes have contributed to many of aspects of Caribbean cuisine. For example, the according to food historians, the Caribs began spicing food with chili peppers and the Arawaks are credited with barbecuing techniques. The Native Americans also grew corn and yams and harvested guavas, and, among many other tropical fruits which grow in the wild (Heyhoe, 2013). When Columbus arrived and the Spaniards began to settle the land, the Native Americans were introduced to sugar cane, which became a major source of profit for the islands. The Spaniards also introduced other foods such as coconut, chick-peas, cilantro, eggplant, onion and garlic. Other European colonists who settled in the Caribbean introduced other foods such as oranges, limes, mangoes, rice and coffee (Heyhoe, 2013). Because of the rich soil and ideal climate conditions, many of these food staples grew readily and became incorporated into what is now Caribbean food. During the African slave trade in the early 1600s, West African crops came to the Caribbean Islands in the form of okra, plantains, and ackee. Following the abolishment of the slave trade, laborers from India and...
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