...Western Leadership Theory in Malaysian Organization Western Leadership Theory in Malaysian’s Organizations Leadership in Hospitality Industry, HTH 765 Introduction Malaysia is a developing country with variety of cultures. These cultures have a substantial influence on the people’s belief, attitude and behaviour. The world today is seeing more businesses going global to seize a wider market opportunities. Many companies from other countries have also been investing in Malaysia each day. However, the flowing entrees of these multinational companies do not diminish the Malaysians’ cultural values. Therefore, managers from the foreign or even local companies have to be able to adapt and operate effectively in different cultures. This assignment paper will discuss further about the leadership theory that has been developed by the westerns towards the people in Malaysia. The question is whether they can adopt the western leadership theory in Malaysian cultural values? Or is it possible to practise a one-size fits all theory? Background Culture is among the influences to the attitudes and behaviour of individuals. It is defined as a collective mental programming of the people in an environment. It evolves from an instinctive behaviour to learn. Patterns of this behaviour may be acquired and transmitted from one generation to another, and finally developed into a system of things and events (Hofstede, 1980). Leadership is seen as 'the ability to influence people and...
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...Social Science Leadership Style and Perception of Effectiveness: Enlightening Malaysian Managers Sharmila Jayasingam (Corresponding author) Faculty of Business and Accounting Universiti Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: 03-7967-3833 E-mail: sharmila@um.edu.my Moey Yoke Cheng KDU College Sdn. Bhd 32, Jalan Anson 10400 Penang E-mail: ycmoey12@yahoo.com Abstract In the past, the leadership style of Malaysian managers has been different from our Western counterparts due to strong cultural differences. However, with the advent of knowledge economy and the transformation of workforce, leadership style of Malaysian managers is said to be altered. This research explored the current state of leadership style among Malaysian managers and its effect on the perception of effectiveness. A survey method was employed and the data was drawn from subordinates who were working in private and public sectors in the Klang Valley area. When compared to past literature, the results imply that a shift has taken place primarily with regards to autocratic leadership. Respondents attributed leadership effectiveness to the use of participative and nurturant-task leader behavior. Gender differences were not significantly evident. Keywords: Malaysian managers, Leadership, Gender 1. Introduction Reading most Management textbooks would readily reveal that leadership is one of the four management function that needs to be assumed by any manager. Although numerous studies of effective leadership style for...
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...besides being knowledgeable and skillful, the individual must also trait sense of responsibility towards themselves, others and organization. Today for a nurse to hold on and work blissfully in one work place is challenging due to dissatisfaction of their job. Tang and Ghani (2012) argued nowadays, even though there are abundant opportunities available in Malaysia, nursing is no longer popular as it used to be. Chaulagain and Khadka (2012) stated one of the issue raise in quality improvement program is job gratification among nurses as it is a crucial issue being faced by most healthcare organization. The efficiency of healthcare services is affected due to increase rates of nurse’s turnover and absenteeism resulting from low job satisfaction. Understanding the factors that nurses are satisfied and dissatisfied will enable interventional measures be taken to improve the working conditions. Whereas such understanding will not improve the retention rate, it will improve the nurses’ work performance leading to better quality care to the patient (Newman et al, 2002). Judge et al (2002) assert the most widely investigated in the history of healthcare organization psychology, job satisfaction is the most widespread research topic. This module required us to identify and debate on a contemporary issue. Hence, factors influencing job satisfaction among Malaysian nurses will be explore through reflection on experience and the literatures I retrieve using database. Reflective practice is...
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...enthusiasm for transformational leadership and comment upon the adequacy of the theory Introduction On the threshold of the 21st century, organizational strategy highlights the importance of the effective utilization of knowledge and human resources (Ying, Ken and Ting, 2012). To compete in such circumstances with the rapid diffusion of information, organizations must improve employees’ professional skills and knowledge to maintain their competitive advantage to some degree. In this case, understanding the effectiveness of leadership is crucial. The evolution of leadership theories have generally transited from a stage that focused on personal features to the next, which is more dependent on the interaction between leaders and subordinates. Recently, leadership research has accentuated the effectiveness of transactional and transformational leadership (Tyssen, Wald and Heidenreich, 2014). Compared with transactional leadership, some scholars have argued that transformational leadership could result in a higher level of work engagement in a dynamic environment (Brief and Weiss, 2002). However, although transformational leaders could bring positive affect on employers’ behavior in several aspects and could also instigate a collaborative work environment, it is possible for employers to become over-reliant on them. In addition, it is undeniable that cultural values will have a pervasive influence on different aspects of management and an organization, such as the motivational consequences...
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...optimistic foreign investors lured by the emerging markets. The system could not keep up the pretence as it became sensitive to a downturn in the economic cycle which hit the region in 1997. → End of easy money and beginnings of reforms. 4. After 1997, reforms: • Improvements to accountability and disclosure in the financing of industry • Reduction of favoritism and corruption during control of licenses and capital • Opening of markets to foreign competition • Adoption of international standards in accounting, trading, IPR • General rise in professionalism in management and administration • Adoption of democratic processes in politics • Notion of CSR Important point: this does not mean that these countries will converge to a Western formula. They will converge to some degree but then remain distinct and true to themselves → continuing variety of the region’s business systems. What is a business system? = A complex...
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... The Forces for Change is a framework to help you understand today’s radically changing world and synthesize the breadth of complex, fast changing, interdependent factors Are all changes bad? Change can be uncomfortable and awkward but it can also be positive. FORCES OF CHANGE AND THEIR ACCOMPANYING VALUES FORCES OF CHANGE & ACCOMPANYING VALUES Turbulence Intellectual capital, Intellectual propert, ,information sharing Networking, innovation, R&D INFORMATION AGE K-Economy GLOBALIZATION DEVELOPMENT Autonomy, Pride, Dignity Independence, Indigenization “CultureBound” Customer Focus; Speed, Responsiveness; Continuous Learning; Accurate & Up-To-Date Information Quality; Value Added; Cost Effectiveness; Humanization; Ecological Specialisation; Objectivity; Materialism; SystemsOrientation MODERNIZATION WESTERNIZATION Individualism; Secularism; Freedom Of Expression; Consumerism INDUSTRIALIZATION Mechanization; Rational Thinking; Bureaucracy; Efficiency; Productivity; Mobility; Discipline; Mechanical Time Orientation; Reliability Stable 1800 AGRICULTURAL Revolution Time line Simple division of labor, labor intensive, Collectivism, sharing 2000 FORCES OF CHANGE & ACCOMPANYING VALUES Turbulence Intellectual capital, Intellectual propert, ,information sharing Networking, innovation, R&D INFORMATION AGE K-Economy GLOBALIZATION DEVELOPMENT Autonomy, Pride, Dignity Independence, Indigenization “CultureBound” Customer Focus; Speed...
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...Business Leadership EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs, the man who saved a company that was literally a fiscal quarter away from bankruptcy and proceeded to grow it into the largest company in the world by market capital the company ‘The Apple’. Steve Jobs was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution. Good leadership is major, particularly in today’s competitive global economy, and can make the difference between the success and the failure of the organization. As per the sentence Steve jobs is the concrete example of a lifetime natural successful leader, evidence is the Apple’s success. Apple’s market capitalization is over $300 Billion (Elmer-Dewitt, 2011) making it the second most valuable publicly traded company in the world, surpassing even giant (and rival) Microsoft. Steve Jobs was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution. He was different from many other corporate leaders in that he always knew what he wanted. When he returned to Apple after his decade-long banishment starting in the mid-80′s, the company was on the margin of bankruptcy. He actually wrote some of the...
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...A DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES AMONG DIRECT SELLERS IN MALAYSIA FOR THE 12TH ABC ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE AT DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY, KYOTO, JAPAN ON MARCH 13 – 15, 2013 FIRST AUTHOR NUREDAYU OMAR (PRESENTER) UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA nuredayu@uum.edu.my CO-AUTHOR PROFESSOR CHE SU MUSTAFFA UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA chesu402@uum.edu.my *THIS MANUSCRIPT IS ORIGINAL AND HAS NOT BEEN PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE A DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES AMONG DIRECT SELLERS IN MALAYSIA Many studies have been conducted related to communication competencies since the last decade until now. However, the availability of the studies on communication competencies has not been explored in depth particularly in the direct selling context in Malaysia. To understand the direct sellers’ communication competencies, a conceptual framework will be built based on related literature studies. Literature reviews have shown a variety of studies on communication competencies from the behavioral and cognitive perspectives. Although numerous studies have provide understanding of communication competence in various context, there is a gap in viewing communication competencies in a more dynamic context, particularly in the process of communication of direct sellers with their potential customers. This paper attempts to discuss the importance of...
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...LEADERSHIP – INDIVIDUAL TERM PAPER Leadership – Individual Term Paper Mohammad Hatta Bin Adam Matric No 814970 Master of Business Administration Universiti Utara Malaysia INDIVIDUAL TERM PAPER TASKS 1. Select an individual that was considered as a leader from your own perspective 2. Discuss the individual’s ability in responding to the situation/scenario. Please state the situation/scenario faced by the respective leader in the paper 3. Consider theories and concepts in leadership in the discussion 4. Conclude your findings and make comment in related to the individual related to the situation/scenario OBJECTIVES 1. To assess analytical ability in examining individual’s leadership in their respective organization 2. To evaluate individual’s leadership in responding to the situation/scenario involved 3. To integrate theory and concept of leadership in respective to the subject 2 Table of Contents Page 1.0 Introduction 1.1 What is Leadership 4 4 2.0 Identified Leader – Dato’ Sri Mohammed Shazalli Ramly 2.1 2.2 2.3 Leader’s Background Overall Key Achievements Leadership Discussion A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step Leadership determines the direction of the company Leadership styles applied Confidence 5-10 5 5-6 6-7 7-9 9-10 10 3.0 Conclusion 10-11 4.0 Reference 5.0 Appendix 1 11-12 13 3 Introduction 1.1 What is Leadership Leadership has been one of the most discussed and studied item for most management...
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...1.5 Demographics factors | 10 | 3.1.6 Competitions | 10 | 3.1 Internal Environmental factors | 11 | 3.2.1 Financial factors | 11 | 3.2.2 Organization resources | 11 | 3.2.3 Human resources | 11 | 3.2.5 Reputation and Risk factors | 11 | 4.0 Ratio analysis | 12 | 4.1 profitability ratio | 13 | 5.2.3 Net Profit Margin | 13 | 5.2.4 Return on Capital Employed(ROCE | 13 | 5.2.5 Return on Shareholders’ Funds | 14 | 4.1.4 Return on Equity | 14 | 5.2 Efficiency Ratios | 14 | 5.3.6 Assets Turnover | 15 | 5.3.7 Stock Turnover | 15 | 5.3.8 Debtors Collection Period | 15 | 5.3.9 Creditors Payment Period | 16 | 5.3 Liquidity Ratios | 16 | 5.4.10 Current Ratio | 16 | 5.4.11 Acid Test | 17 | 5.4 Growth Ratios | 17 | 5.5.12 Price Earnings Ratio | 17 | 5.5.13 Earning Yield | 18 | 5.0 Recommendation | 18 | 6.0 Conclusion | 18 | Appendix-1: Financial statement of BAT Malaysia | 19-21 | Appendix-2: Calculations of ratios | 22-24 | 7.0 bibliography | 25-26 | 1.0 Introduction: The British American Tobacco Malaysia has established through merger with Rothmans of Pall Mall (Malaysia) Berhad and Malaysian Tobacco Company Berhad in 1999. And now it has been established successful international brands image and become the largest tobacco...
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...JAPAN PETROLEUM ENERGY CENTER. © 2007 BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY THIS MATERIAL MAY BE QUOTED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION, PROVIDED APPROPRIATE CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE AUTHOR AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY ABOUT THE POLICY REPORT THE CHANGING ROLE OF NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY MARKETS Of world proven oil reserves of 1,148 billion barrels, approximately 77% of these resources are under the control of national oil companies (NOCs) with no equity participation by foreign, international oil companies. The Western international oil companies now control less than 10% of the world’s oil and gas resource base. In terms of current world oil production, NOCs also dominate. Of the top 20 oil producing companies in the world, 14 are NOCs or newly privatized NOCs. However, many of the Western major oil companies continue to achieve a dramatically higher return on capital...
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...Sexism in Politics As far as the politics goes, there has been, without fail, discrimination, sexism and stereotyping. Many of those that do not fit into the desires of the mainstream, for example, women who have endeavoured to break that handicap in society as well as the political sphere. Modern times have shown greater acceptance and tolerance towards groups that do not meet requirements of circumscribed circles. In this essay, the issue addressed is the lack of equality in this particular circumscribed circle called politics on an international level. There is still the need to define discrimination, stereotyping and prejudice among groups and race. In modern times, psychologists and scholars have focused their attention to human behaviour, the human mind as well as gender based issues within the political sphere and even within that area, issues of discrimination, stereotyping, prejudice especially gender do not cease to exist. Sexism has, in the modern era, gained much academic and social legitimacy. Scholars and feminists have thoroughly examined the politics of identification as follows: (a) Gender shapes not only who we are but the world(s) we live in (b) Resistance to changing our personal (gender) identities obstructs feminist movement (c) The identity of the modern subject is not gender neutral but masculine (and typically European) (d) Feminist identity is itself problematic given the diversity (non-identity) among women. (e) Identity...
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...Project code: 9273 M1 Report Word limit/Words Covered: 5000/5079 Research Report Title: LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT ACROSS DIFFERENT CULTURES - HOTEL LEICESTER MARRIOTT, UK http://issuu.com/sanjaykumarguptaa/docs/project-report-recruitment-and-selection-process Table of Contents Introduction 1 Introduction to subject area 1 Background of the study 1 Literature Review 3 Critical evaluation of leadership theories 3 Compare and contrast of leadership style across different cultures 6 Critical evaluation of motivational theories 7 Compare and contrast motivational techniques across different cultures 8 Critical evaluation of theories for managing cultural diversity 9 Secondary research method 10 Primary research method 10 Interview 10 Findings and Discussion 11 Findings from secondary research 11 Managing diversified customers 11 Recommendations and Conclusion 13 Conclusion 13 Recommendations 13 References (Harvard Style) 17 Introduction Introduction to subject area It is a well known fact that success of the hospitality industry depends on the high quality services provided to the customer. It is the responsibility of the leaders to motivate and inspire employees to deliver a higher quality services for the success of the organization. With the increasing globalization, the leaders in the hospitality industry also come across through different challenges. Employees from diverse background...
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...ISBN 1947-833X Proceedings of 1st Global Business Summit Conference (GBSC 2009), Kelantan, Malaysia University of Technology Mara Malaysia, Shah Alam, 15-17 June 2009, Volume 2, pp. 128-137 Entry Mode Strategies of Malaysian Service Firms: A Resource-Based Approach Mohammadreza Asgari*, Mohd Nazari Ismail**, Syed Zamberi Ahmad*** Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur ABSTRACT The rapid progress in services has attracted scholars to study the behaviour and decisions of service firms. Firms from Malaysia, as a developing country, with a fast growing economy that increasingly relies on services have shown a remarkable expansion into foreign markets, which has resulted in high foreign direct investment (FDI) outward inflows and increasing exports of services. This paper utilizes the resource-based theory, in which the main determinants of the choice of entry mode are organizational variables compared to environmental factors, to explain the choice of entry strategies made by Malaysian service firms and the motives for it. This study aims to develop a framework for the choice of entry mode strategies that has fewer shortages than others, analyze the determinants of entry mode strategy in order to find the similarities and differences existing between firms in the decision-making process for the choice of entry mode, and consider the role of psychic distance in adopting an appropriate strategy in different markets. Suggestions for future research...
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...International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 16; September 2011 GRADUATES’ CHARACTERISTICS AND UNEMPLOYMENT: A STUDY AMONG MALAYSIAN GRADUATES Associate Professor Dr. Noor Azina Ismail Department of Applied Statistics Faculty of Economics and Administration University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: nazina@um.edu.my, Phone: +603 79673638 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of graduates’ characteristics on the chance of being employed. A total of 3,025 Malaysian graduates involved in the study and data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The results show that the employment prospects of graduates with a good command of English and who possess leadership and technical skills are better when compared to those without these skills. These findings suggest that steps should be taken to improve soft skills among graduates. The results also show that Indian and female graduates in this study were found to have less chance of being employed compared to the Malay and Chinese graduates. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution as some of the respondents were not randomly selected, thus suggesting further research towards identifying the relevant factors is required. Keywords: Unemployment, graduates, logistic regression, mismatch, leadership and technical skills, education 1. INTRODUCTION Malaysia‟s economy had been growing at an annual rate of 6.6% for the past three decades; yet...
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