...CHHI-301-D10 LUO FALL2013 PAPER 2 The Rise of the Papacy INTRO In the void left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome grew even more in both power and prestige beginning in the sixth century and continuing to the reformation in the ninth century. It is the aim of this paper to explain how and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power of the medieval world, the factors contributing to this dominance over Western Europe, and the positive and negative ramifications of the position becoming so powerful. Through this paper you will discover how papacy was able to fill the vacuum of power left by the fall of an empire. THE HOW AND WHY When the Roman Empire fell services that it previously provided were left untended. Additionally the political structures and authority of the government were left in ruins. This created a massive void in the culture of the empire. While the government collapsed, the Church survived and even thrived, remaining strong throughout the known world, but especially in Rome. Services previously provided by the government were now being delivered at the hands of the Church under the direction of the Bishop of Rome, which would become the position of Pope. Society turned to the Church for education, monasteries took in war-orphans, and peace and mercy were encouraged in matters involving the former empire and its conquerors. While the Roman Empire was falling, the Church was rising and society churned on both...
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... HUMA215-1301A-36 Vernacular language is native of a particular group, region or country; mainly spoken as opposed to written. Until the 12th century, Latin was the language used among the educated and within literature. It is no surprise that Latin had such an impact on the medieval world. Latin owes its dominance to the rise of the Roman Empire from several hundred years B.C. to its demise around 1200 A.D. All through the time that it reigned supreme, Rome exported not only its values, architecture, law and art, but also its language. When the empire began to fall, the Latin language began to lose its hold on the people of Europe and North Africa. Since the empire began shrinking as early as the eighth and ninth century it is not surprising that the people living furthest from Rome itself were the first to undergo a cultural and ethnic revival, an integral part of this revival would be the use of their own vernacular language rather than the use of Latin. Latin became widely spread with the expansion of the Roman Empire. Latin eventually became the dominant the dominant language in the western half of the Empire. There were several Italic languages all belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family, Latin was among languages and its development was influenced by other tongues, including Celtic, Etruscan and Greek languages. All languages undergo development and changes and in each period of its evolution, significant differences between the written...
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...hundreds of years with each new generation adding information and bettering the subject for the greater good. One period of time in the early middle ages is known as the “dark ages”. From approximately 410 to 1095 is known as the “dark ages” mainly because of the ciaos, ignorance, superstition and repression that occurred during that time. The “dark ages” is a derogatory name given to the early middle ages. The fall of Rome gives good understanding to the severity of the “dark ages” because for years Rome was a power house and known for bringing stability to Europe. Roman Civilization began to deteriorate from about 200 CE onward. In the late 400s the weakness of the Empire, caused by corruption and various other stresses, combined with barbarian pressure from the northeast, causing a catastrophic collapse of the Roman government. The eastern portion of the Empire continued until the 1450s as the Byzantine Empire with its own Greek-based civilization. The collapse of Rome was followed by a barbaric invasion, settlement and eventually supremacy. The new barbarian kingdoms included Visigoths...
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...civilization. The studies of humanities allow us to see the sights in which the changing concepts of temperament and the entity fluctuate in each chronological period and help us differentiate the significant developments of each era. In the humanistic Tradition book, there was a distinctive chapter provided on the middle Ages. Evaluation of the precise mechanisms of the Middle Ages permits us to portray our observations of the modifications that occur and assists to give details how and why the perceptions developed the way they did. After examining several research methods we were able to discover some attention-grabbing results and come up with some stimulating conclusions. The Early Middle Ages In order to speak on Humanities, there must be a clear view on what the meaning of it is. Humanities are a clear investigation of human beings and how they act. This includes their self expression and their culture. The purpose of this paper is to explain how humanities replicate changing concepts of life and individuals in diverse historical periods. In today's civilization human beings are ignorant to the past history of our people. Our ancestors have contributed too many areas that we participate in frequently. The result of researching humanities provides us with a better understanding of where individuals have been and where it is important to go. By basing our future off past history allows us to work towards improvements that will produce positive results and circumstances in today’s...
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...The Rise and Fall of Rome The Economics Behind an Empire 4/18/2013 ECO 120 Seb Jaramillo The Rise and Fall of Rome To many people, the ancient world has always been a topic of great interest and study. The ancient world is essentially the explanation for how the world ended up where it is today. Our ancestors laid down the foundation that would help form and mold today’s civilization and the way people live out their lives in modern times. Perhaps no civilization of the past did more for the future than the efforts and contributions of the Roman Empire. For almost a millennia, the Romans controlled the vast majority of the world. Their Empire made it possible to spread wealth and knowledge to the far corners of the world and lay down a base common knowledge that helped pave the path for people to follow. This paper shall look into the background of Rome and see what economic forces helped lead to the formation of such a formidable empire. What allowed these people to become so wealthy and construct a vast territory? Why was it easy for the Romans to do so much while many other nations are still set back in our day and age? The paper shall also look at the forces at work near the end of the Western Empire that brought an end to the glory and majesty of Rome and how this knowledge can perhaps produce a means of prevention of the same fate for the United States. The city of Rome became a Republic around the year 509 BC. By the end of the first century BC Rome controlled...
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...Matt Nevola 3/23/09 Western Civilization Research Paper The Roman Army’s organization and structure was far more advanced and sophisticated then the armies belonging to countries in which Rome fought in battle. When it comes down to the Roman Army’s skills and tactics used in war, and the way the army ran its campaigns with such structure and organization, it’s almost as if you’re observing a modern-day military, and not one that existed during time period of The Roman Empire. The Roman Army was operated with the utmost skill and tactics, in order to defeat their opponent. The soldiers were all well sheltered to maintain stamina, as well as being well equipped, well nourished, and overall, they were well prepared. Within The Roman Army, there were infantry units, which all consisted of heavily equipped soldiers. These infantry units went by the term legions, and were well known as such. Soldiers within these legions were well equipped with armor, swords, shields, helmets, and spears. For example, the pilum, a lethal missile weapon that was used in various battles for many centuries was adopted by the legions; the date in which this occurred is unknown. In addition to this, Roman auxiliaries used a weapon called the Laneca, a spear-like weapon used to penetrate through an enemy’s skin. Romans also used bows and arrows, which were also used by auxiliary archer units. These auxiliary archers were usually recruits from the east, where their high level of experience was highly...
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...Final research paper Art history Beth mchale Mrs Cozad 14th December, 2015 Christian art and architecture has been developed dramatically though out the centuries, from Early Christian through the Gothic eras. There are four classification in the development of Cristian art: Early Christian and Byzantine, Early Medieval, Late Medieval—Romanesque and Late Medieval—Gothic. Art and architecture from these periods all tell stories from that specific time in life, they give factual knowledge on the information that we have today, allowing us to relate to these time periods. The first era in which is going to be spoke about is the Early Christian and Byzantine time period of 500-1000. In the Early Christian and Byzantine time...
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...The Crusades - Research paper The Crusades, like so much of the modern conflict, were not wholly rational movements that could be explained away by purely economic or territorial ambition or by the clash of rights and interests. They were fueled, on all sides, by myths and passions that were far more effective in getting people to act than any purely political motivation. The medieval holy wars in the Middle East could not be solved by rational treatises or neat territorial solutions. Fundamental passions were involved which touched the identity of Christians, Muslims and Jews and which were sacred to the identity of each. They have not changed very much in the holy wars of today. --Karen Armstrong, Holy War, 1988 Crusades were by far the...
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...Effective Papers Enjoy free essays, examples of research papers, sample term papers, free dissertation samples and paper writing tips for all students. Example papers and sample papers on the most popular topics. Pages This Blog Linked From Here | This Blog | | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Linked From Here | | Wednesday, March 7, 2012 Research Paper on Ottoman Empire Research Paper on Ottoman Empire The Age of Reforms - Ottoman Empire The Ottomans first appeared on the historical arena at the end of the thirteenth century. According to the royal myth, the dynasty stretches much further back, certainly, but it was only under the leadership of Osman that this little group of warriors succeeded in moving out from its base in northwestern Anatolia and start conquering other territories. Their first important victories took place in the Balkans, and these conquests let them to return to western Anatolia flush with money and men. In the middle of the fifteenth century they had already got power over Byzantine capital Constantinople. This great city capture in 1453 laid the foundation for the imperial phase of Ottoman history. __________________________________________________________ We Can Write Custom Research Papers on Ottoman Empire for You! __________________________________________________________ During the next century they pushed confidently eastward and then southward. First they defeated...
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...Introduction Ever since I was born on April 15, 1980, I have been raised in a Greek environment, and being Greek-American has played a significant role in my life. In addition, I happen to have a friend named Mehmet, who is from Turkey. But I never knew any information about Turkey until I found this country on a world map. That’s when I learned the following facts: Turkey is located in both Europe and Asia, and it shares a border with Greece. So when I started taking the course Geography of the Middle East at Old Dominion University, I decided to select Turkey for my research paper. Perry Library and Larchmont Library were excellent places for literary materials. I also consulted Internet sources and my class textbook as additional resources. Turkistan, a region in central Asia, is a Persian term which means “Turks’ land” or “land of the Turks”. The Young Ottoman Turks considered this name for their country before they decided on “Turkiye, an adaptation of the European name” Turkey (Lewis 333). Although “[t]he name Turkey has been given to…Anatolia…since its first conquest by the Turks in the eleventh century,” the Turks officially referred to their country as Turkey when it won its independence in 1923. (Lewis 1). Turkey’s relative geographical position distinguished it from most of the other countries of the world. It is situated on two continents: (southeastern) Europe and (southwestern) Asia. European Turkey, or Eastern Thrace, constitutes only...
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...------------------------------------------------- Development of laws and customs Assignment – History [Date] Arjun pk Roll No. 931 [Date] Arjun pk Roll No. 931 DEVELOPMENT OF LAWS AND CUSTOMS Assignment – History Submitted By Arjun PK Roll No. 931 Second Semester National University of Advanced Legal Sudies(NUALS) Kochi - Kerla Index Introduction (3) Theories Regarding the origin of Law (5) Legal Systems of the World (8) Custom (20) International Law (22) Annexure (28) Bibliography (33) Acknowledgment (34) Introduction There ought to be, and many times is, a close nexus between manmade law and justice – law should aim at justice. Laws should be the objective expressions of the nature of reality rather than merely the subjective prejudices or whims of some person, group of people, or society as a whole. Natural law is objective since it is inherent in the nature of the entity to which it relates. The content of natural law is accessible to human reason. For example, it is easily understood that since each man has a natural right to survive, flourish, and pursue his own happiness, no other man or group of men should attempt to deprive him of a chosen value or action through the initiation or threat of force. Historically, socially emergent ideas of legal principles, oftentimes in accord with the nature of reality...
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...RESEARCH PAPER 2 THE PAPACY Jonathan Waters February 18, 2013 CHHI 301-B12 During the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Bishop of Rome became a very influential and powerful figure in the church. Many different men held this position and were very successful. Although many of the effects of the papacy were positive, the overwhelming power they held, combined with the age of obscurantism, superstition, and credulity in which they lived, allowed many false claims and doctrines to come about. Some of these doctrines are still existence today. They have caused many dissentions throughout the centuries following the rise of the Papacy. The historical beginnings of the Papacy are somewhat hard to uncover. Due to the decline in power of the Western Emperor, the Bishop of Rome, or Pope, became the primary political leader of Italy. The word “pope” is derived from the term pappa, which originated in the ancient colloquial Greek as an endearing term for “father.” It was a common title applied to most of the Eastern clergy. However, in the West the term was only common in Rome and in the later eleventh century was made the official title for the Bishop of Rome by Gregory VII. The term “papacy” (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all other bishoprics (episcopates), also originated in the later eleventh century. However, this position was more than just a political position. The papacy was a unique sort of monarchy in that it claimed jurisdiction...
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...World War II Research Paper - Italy HST 114 November 2, 2015 World War II Research Paper - Italy World War II was a continuation of discord in the world. Everyone wanted control and power and all were willing to fight to gain it. There were alliances formed that each nation felt, at the time, would give them more advantages and chances to be victorious. This essay will focus on Italy. It will trace totaliarism, evaluate the cause of World War II and Italy’s involvement. This essay will continue on to explain the Holocaust and Italy’s undertones, discuss new technology that was introduced, and the major leaders of Italy during those times. Totalarism Let’s begin with tracing totaliarism in Italy. Between the years of 1918 and 1939, Italy joined alliances with Germany and began being regarded as a fascist structure. Italy’s goal was a structure that we later defined as totalairism. By definition, totaliarism is when one man or group has total, absolute control of a nation (Grierder, 2007). In Italy, Prime Minister Bentio Mussolini and the fascist party had that type of absolute control of the government in Italy. One might as how is that possible with a nation as large of Italy. Well after World War I, the nation was depleted. They fought hard and well during World War I but didn’t receive the prizes or recognition they thought they would have received. Italy’s resources, capital and physical presences gave its all in World War I that they returned home...
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...European cluster consists of Albania, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia. It has a population of 232 million and a gross domestic product (GDP) of U.S.$772 billion. The cluster's distinctive cultural practices are high power distance and high family and group collectivism. The region is facing signi®cant challenges during its period of transition from communist philosophy to market-based economies. The participating managers value a much greater degree of future and performance orientation, but are strongly attached to their cultural heritage of deep family and group cohesion. They are also highly value charismatic and team-oriented leadership. The challenges and complexities facing the region are explored in the paper. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1. Introduction This article provides an in-depth look at the eastern European culture. This region is understudied due to its socialist past and was not (with the exception of Greece and Yugoslavia), included in Hofstede's seminal work (1980) or basic reviewing and synthesizing study of Ronen & Shenkar, 1985 comparative study of 25 countries. Over the past few years, a few writers have examined cultural and managerial issues in this region. Kiezun (1991) showed that leadership styles in Hungary and Poland were the least rigid and autocratic2 and management decision-making 1 The lead author prepared the manuscript, while the other three authors (long-time contributors to Hungaro-GLOBE) helped...
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...Olivia Blankenship Dr. Lawrence Introduction to Humanities 7 July 2014 Cleopatra Hardly any personalities from the Hellenistic period (323 BC – 31 BC) are as renowned as Cleopatra VII (69 BC – 30 BC), the Egyptian queen. The focus of a wide array of Western historical texts, music, poems, literature, and arts, Cleopatra has been widely portrayed as a Queen who ruled her subjects and her Roman lovers through sex and gender. Despite such portrayals, very little is known about Cleopatra and there are doubts among historians that such accounts are an inaccurate depiction of Cleopatra. This paper will research studies on Cleopatra to determine whether the accounts of her ruling through sexual liaisons are accurate or they are propaganda developed to tarnish her impeccable reputation. The argument among scholars is that most of the accounts that currently depict Cleopatra VII as a Queen who used sex and gender to rule are erroneous. Roller argues that those accounts are the consequence of a perverse male-dominated historiography out to depict her as an extension of men in her life (2). According to Roller, modern and ancient male-dominated historiographies betray their chauvinistic attitudes towards Cleopatra in the manner in which they portray her primary accomplishments as the destruction of her male lovers (2). Such portrayals were necessary because of their effectiveness in discrediting Cleopatra’s achievements. Roller and Salisbury’s studies...
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