...Ottoman Turks’ first appearance The ascent of the Ottoman came after the decline of the Seljurk Turks’s empire. The arrival of the first Ottomans, alias ghazis (Turkish warriors or raiders), to Anatolia (formerly called Asia Minor) was intended to evade the forces of Mongols. At first, the Turkish tribes were nomadic pastoralists but when the Seljuk Empire’s power was slowly falling apart, the Turks, under the rule of Osman (1280-1326), command the ghazis to begin the occupation and invasion of other territories for power and wealth thus he founded the Osmanli dynasty, with Bursa at its capital. The Osmanlis were later known as the Ottomans. The Ottoman’s power and dominion became stronger after capturing Bosporus and Dardanelles. Though...
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...Both the Mongols and the Ottoman Turks took long and strenuous journeys to conquer the lands they ruled.The Mongols, in the 13th century, had the largest empire ever built with most of Asia, the Middle East and some of Europe combined. The Ottoman Turks, in the 14th century, had a large empire in the Middle East. Both groups had a motive or need to move out and conquer new lands, some for survival needs and other selfish ones. The two groups also had very different ways of conquering these lands,some terrifying ways and others using highly trained men. These newly conquered empires also had great effects on the neighboring countries.The Mongols and the Ottoman Turks, two very different groups and yet both similar in various ways. It took a multitude of things for the Mongols to need to go and conquer all those lands. In Mongolia the annual temperatures were dropping, which meant less grass for their large herds of animals [Doc.1]. The Mongols lived off of meat and dairy from their animals so this was critical for their survival.They also depended on their...
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...Issue 14.06 - June 2006 Subscribe to WIRED magazine and receive a FREE gift! The Rise of Crowdsourcing Remember outsourcing? Sending jobs to India and China is so 2003. The new pool of cheap labor: everyday people using their spare cycles to create content, solve problems, even do corporate R & D. By Jeff Howe 1. The Professional Feature: The Rise of Crowdsourcing Claudia Menashe needed pictures of sick people. A project director at the National Plus: Health Museum in Washington, DC, Menashe 5 Rules of the New Labor Pool was putting together a series of interactive kiosks devoted to potential pandemics like the Look Who's Crowdsourcing avian flu. An exhibition designer had created a plan for the kiosk itself, but now Menashe was looking for images to accompany the text. Rather than hire a photographer to take shots of people suffering from the flu, Menashe decided to use preexisting images – stock photography, as it’s known in the publishing industry. In October 2004, she ran across a stock photo collection by Mark Harmel, a freelance photographer living in Manhattan Beach, California. Harmel, whose wife is a doctor, specializes in images related to the health care industry. “Claudia wanted people sneezing, getting immunized, that sort of thing,” recalls Harmel, a slight, soft-spoken 52-year-old. The National Health Museum has grand plans to occupy a spot on the National Mall in Washington by 2012, but for now it’s a fledgling institution with...
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...The Turks are one of three major ethnic groups that dominate the Middle East, the two others are the Arabs and Persians. The Turks originated from Central Asia and by the middle of the 11th century Seljuk Turks had descended into Iran and conquered much of that territory and ruled it. They had moved up into Anatolia which is where modern day Turkey resides. This was the heartland of the Byzantine Empire. The Turks transformed Anatolia from a Greek speaking, Christian land into a Turkish Islamic land. They had excellent horsemen and warriors which gave them an edge in most conflicts. Osman the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty and was able to consolidate a large amount of lands around 1300. By the 16th Century the Ottoman Empire had reached...
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...I never knew any information about Turkey until I found this country on a world map. That’s when I learned the following facts: Turkey is located in both Europe and Asia, and it shares a border with Greece. So when I started taking the course Geography of the Middle East at Old Dominion University, I decided to select Turkey for my research paper. Perry Library and Larchmont Library were excellent places for literary materials. I also consulted Internet sources and my class textbook as additional resources. Turkistan, a region in central Asia, is a Persian term which means “Turks’ land” or “land of the Turks”. The Young Ottoman Turks considered this name for their country before they decided on “Turkiye, an adaptation of the European name” Turkey (Lewis 333). Although “[t]he name Turkey has been given to…Anatolia…since its first conquest by the Turks in the eleventh century,” the Turks officially referred to their country as Turkey when it won its independence in 1923. (Lewis 1). Turkey’s relative geographical position distinguished it from most of the other countries of the world. It is situated on two continents: (southeastern) Europe and (southwestern) Asia. European Turkey, or Eastern Thrace, constitutes only 3 percent of the country’s land area, and “[t]he other 97 percent…is…in Asia and is called Anatolia, or Asia Minor” (Orr 19; Sheehan 7). Turkey’s neighbors are Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; Iran, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan to the east;...
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...Principles of Atatürk and the History of Reform Date: 12.12.2014 Question 1: How did the decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire affect Young Turk thinking? Elaborate on how modernization, constitutionalism and Westernization became the principal lenses of Committee of Union and Progress thinking. Answer: The collapses of the Ottoman Empire opened the path for the future development and expand their ideas ingrain in the Young Turk ideology. The enormous obstacle of them being the infinite power of the Sultan was now displaced and they had to invigorate their principles and be sure of their spread to the commonalty in order to get acknowledgement and support for their ideology. Question 2: In your view, how did World War I (1914-18) and the War of National Liberation (1919-22) transform Young Turk thinking into Kemalism? Which principles were retained and-or intensified, and which principles were excluded? What is the relationship between Young Turk thinking and Kemalism? Answer: The brutality of World War I (1914-18) brought the need for the strong diplomacy and military leadership and powerful figure. It was a demanding need for the nation to gather under a strong ideology and this continued over the libration war. There was need for the people of different beliefs to gather under one principle and defend a territory so clearly the religious dimension was to be left out for that of nationalism to that the strong leadership (military, diplomatic strength...
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...Atrocities committed against the Armenian people of the Ottoman Empire during W.W.I. is called the Armenian Genocide. A genocide is an organized killing of a group of people to put an end to their existence. The Armenian Genocide was planned and administrated by the Turkish government against the entire Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire. The genocide was between the years 1915 and 1923 during W.W.I. The Armenians were deported, expropriated, abducted, tortured, killed and starved. A huge part of the Armenian population was forced to move from Armenia and Anatolia to Syria, where the majority was sent into the desert and to die of thirst and hunger. Large numbers of Armenians were massacred throughout the Ottoman Empire. W.W.I. gave the Young Turk government an excuse to carry out their plans of a genocide. The Armenian Genocide was masterminded by the Central Committee of the Young Turk Party which was dominated by Mehmed Talât , Ismail Enver , and Ahmed Djemal. They were a racist group whose ideology was articulated by Zia Gökalp, Dr. Mehmed Nazim, and Dr. Behaeddin Shakir. Armenians all over the world commemorate this great tragedy on April 24, because it was on that day in 1915 when 300 Armenian leaders, writers, thinkers and professionals in Constantinople were rounded up, deported and killed. Also on that day in Constantinople, 5,000 of the poorest Armenians were butchered in the streets and in their homes. Across the Ottoman Empire the same events happened from village to...
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...al-Mu'minin Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Suleiman in a portrait attributed to Titian c.1530 Period Growth of the Ottoman Empire Coronation 30 September 1520 Full Name Suleiman bin Selim Khan Born 6 November 1494 Birthplace Trabzon Died c. 5 September 1566 (aged 71) Place of death Szigetvár, Hungary Buried Süleymaniye Mosque, Constantinople[1][2] (present day Istanbul) Predecessor Selim I Successor Selim II Consort Hürrem Sultan (wife) Mahidevran Sultan Gulia Sultan Fulane Sultan Offspring Şehzade Mahmud (1512–1521) Şehzade Mustafa (1515–1553) Şehzade Murad (1519–1521) Şehzade Mehmed (1521–1543) Mihrimah Sultan (1522–1578) Şehzade Abdullah (1522–1524) Selim II (1524–1574) Raziye Sultan (1525-?) Şehzade Beyazıt (1525–1561) Şehzade Cihangir (1531–1553) Şehzade Orhan (1543-1562) Şehzade Ahmed Royal House House of Osman Dynasty Ottoman Dynasty Father Selim I Valide Sultan Ayşe Hafsa Sultan This article contains Ottoman Turkish text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters written left-to-right, instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Ottoman script. Battle between the Turks and Christians, 16th century Suleiman I (pron.: /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/); known as “the Magnificent” in the the West and Kanuni in the the East, (6 November 1494 – 5 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Emperor, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to...
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...Genocide means the killing of a specific race. What is now Turkey did use to be the Ottoman empire. The weakening or lack of own work from Armenians threatened the Ottomans terribly. People made hyperboles about how many people were killed during Armenian Genocide. The Turks said the Armenian people were just extra weight in the battle that was going on at the time, and were not a part of any type of Genocide. (St John). Armenia used to not need anybody, they used to depend on themselves. Christian like religion popped up in Armenia people’s lives first. Armenians did not use the term “Genocide” to indicate any type of crime of any sort. Until 2004 nothing about Genocide had popped up in the “New York Times”. Ottoman people were normally...
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...in what has been called a “vast open-air school of political science” studying constitutionalism. On August 18, 1906, the first legislative assembly formed in Tehran to prepare the drafting of electoral law. On December 30, 1906, the Fundamental (Mashrutehl) Laws of Iran we approved and put into play. In a little over five months, Iran had moved from an autocratic monarchy to a constitutional republic based on the representation of six classes. These classes were: princes and the Qajar tribe, doctors of divinity and students, nobles and notables, merchants, landed propietors and peasants, and trade guilds. Turkish Constitutional Revolution of 1908 The Young Turks were a secularist Turkish nationalist reform party in the early twentieth century, favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire. Officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), their leaders led a rebellion against Sultan Abdul Hamid II. On July, 24, 1908, the Young...
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...The Ottomans sprang out of Anatolia in the West of Turkey around the end of the 13 century. At the time, the Byzantine Empire, which rose from the fall of the Roman Empire hundreds of years, was in controlled the region. The Ottomans after the came into existence started to continuous expand, during which they spread from the small northwestern to cover most of Anatolia and southeastern Europe The Seljuk Turks controlled the Anatolia and the Middle East at the time, a more vast area than what the Ottomans controlled. However, an army led by Osman I went ahead and expanded into the vast majority of Anatolia, In 1299, Osman announced himself sultan, becoming the first ruler of the Ottoman Empire The defeat of the Seljuqs in 1293 by the Mongols, Osman became the first ruler of the Ottomans where he went to war and and expanded by taking over Byzantine Bithynia in Anatolia, commanding islam warriors referred to...
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...What were the military successes of the Ottoman-Turk? In creating a third (non-Arab) Islamic Empire Modern Middle East 31 May 2012 Introduction The Ottoman success was largely due to the more advanced weaponry systems they had, because of the better equipment they had improved their battlefield success greatly. The Ottomans ruled a large area and let non-Muslims practiced their own religions long as they paid their taxes and obeyed the law. Summary The Ottoman Empire was a success because the military is made up of two distinct groups, the kapti kallari forces and the locals. The ghazis, which were the Turkish warriors, were largely responsible for the conquest of Anatolia. The first twelve sultans enjoyed long reigns, this was necessary because instability at the top is sure to force decline in any empire. Body One of the reasons was because of nationalism and a notion that a state and ethnic nation are very similar; early on the Ottoman Empire was defined by his ruler, by its faith, as well as its military, all acting in sync. The empire emerged from a number of Turkey smaller states in Anatolia that was left behind from the devastating Mongol Victory at Kose Dagh (1243) over the Sultanate, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66). The reign of this great king represented the acme of Ottoman power. This was one of the finest states in the Western World, a universal empire unmatched in size, wealth and military power. Obviously, other...
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...Ottoman Empire: A Turkey Shoot Fill in the Following: A. Date the province or country was separated from the Ottoman Empire. B. Status of the area—Examples, independent country, or taken over by another country (protectorate, colony) C. Reason that the country or province separated or was lost to the Ottoman Empire. Young turks overthrew the sultan Christian, didnt like ottoman turks, ancient culture Overextended themselves independant country Austrian 1829 control 1699 independant country 1908 Turkey was forced to give up land after loss in WWI British control 1922 1922 Freed due to Balkan indepen 1913 wars and nationalism dant 1878 1878 thoughts british control independant independant After losing the Russian empire, the Ottoman Lost land after losing Russian land empire lost land Turkey gave up land after WWI The Decline of the Ottoman Empire For over 600 years the Ottoman Turkish Empire had been either a growing, or an already large power in the Balkan states, in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. However, by 1683, the Ottomans had reached their peak size. From that time on, they lost prestige, power, and land. What happens is a roll call of some of the major areas lost by Turkey. Hungary After entering a war to expand their European territory, the Ottomans found that they had overextended themselves. They suffered a series of military defeats at the hands of the Hapsburg king of Austria...
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...The events, the rise of the young Turks, and World War 1, leading up to the Armenian Genocide had paved the way for such action to be taken. During the Genocide Armenians were treated horribly. They were beaten and sentenced to be killed. If they tried to revolt against the Turks, they would be killed. They had little or no rights. This all started with the rise of the young Turks and World War 1. In 1908, a new form of government was founded in Turkey and the rise of the young Turks began. The Sultan at the time named Abdul Hamid was overthrown and a group called the young Turks created, what was supposed to be, the more advanced ways to rule. They created new and improved sets of laws and principles for ruling a large group of people....
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...Mohamed II The most remarkable exploit of the Ottoman Empire was the conquest of Constantinople (May 29, 1453) by Mohamed II, the great emperor of the Turks. Two characteristics distinguish the personality of this sovereign: his brutal cruelty and intellectual magnificence. Mohamed was brilliant: he knew astrology very well and was able to speak five different languages. However, humanistic studies did not prevent him from committing the most horrible massacres. Under his reign it became customary for the Turks to execute the prisoners of war by scraping them alive, sawing or impaling them. The sultan was also known for his particular acuteness and awareness of all the political problems of the moment. For this reason, all the diplomatic attempts...
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