...Write an analysis of causes of Africa internal conflicts (1000 word) INTRODUCTION Conflict usually occurs primarily as a result of a clash of interests in the relationship between parties, groups or states, either because they pursuing opposing or incompatible goals. Although the term war is sometimes used as a synonym for conflict, it is more usual to restrict the meaning of war to violent conflict, involving armed forces. But like war, conflict is and has been throughout history a normal way of conducting disputes between political groups within human society. As David Weeks puts it, “conflict is an inevitable outcome of human diversity and a world without conflict is not desirable, because it would mean a world without diversity.” Africa is a diverse continent – diverse in ethnic, religious and socio-cultural terms. The 1990s saw no diminution in the number of conflicts in Africa, and most forecasts predicted further increase. While Africa has had its share of inter-state wars, the majority of its conflicts were internal, and these internal conflicts appear to be increasing, as elsewhere. A tragic factor in this is that the civilian populations bear the brunt of the casualties in such conflicts, estimated at some 80-90 per cent of total casualties across the world. These conflicts cause not only casualties and refugees but contribute vastly to the spread of disease, malnutrition and starvation, social and economic decline and moral deterioration. AFRICAN CONFLICTS AND...
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...Conflict Evaluate the ethics of any legal or ethical issue in the news. Analyze the dilemma or issue. Thoroughly evaluate the appropriateness of applying at least two ethical frameworks reviewed in the course, and suggest an approach that might help to avoiding such dilemmas/issues in the future. What started off as an uprising and eventually led to a civil war, has destroyed much of Syria and resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands. And no matter what angle you look at it from, the existing regime under the command of Bashar Al Assad and his so-called "war against terrorists" has broken all barriers of ethics, morals and rules of war. Many sources have claimed foreign interference to have ignited the situation, but at the same time, the regime has spared no efforts to suppress the voice of those who stood up against the oppressive rule. But the dilemma does not end with how the situation was dealt with by the existing rulers. Nations all around the world are waiting on how the United States of America responds to the happening and whether the US can justify its reason for intervention, which it believes to be its moral duty under the principle of its 'Just War Theory'. Utilitarianism One of the ethical frameworks that would apply to the Syrian situation would be the act and rule of Utilitarianism that dictates that the actions of a party be justified so as long as it has better consequences that other available actions. "Utilitarian ethics, most notably...
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...|HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION | |INTRODUCTION | Humanitarian intervention poses a hard test for any international society built on principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the non-use of force. Immediately after the Holocaust, the society of states established laws prohibiting genocide, forbidding the mistreatment of civilians, and recognizing basic human rights. These humanitarian principles often conflict with principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. Sovereign states are expected to act as guardians of their citizens’ security, but what happens if states behave as criminals towards their own people, treating sovereignty as a licence to kill? Should tyrannical states be recognized as legitimate members of international society and accorded the protection afforded by the non-intervention principle? Or, should states forfeit their sovereign rights and be exposed to legitimate intervention if they actively abuse or fail to protect their citizens? Related to this, what responsibilities do other states or institutions have to enforce human rights norms against governments that massively violate them? Armed humanitarian intervention was not a legitimate practice during the cold war because states placed more...
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...de-colonisation is the principle that people or nations have a right of self-determination . The newly decolonised states considered an intervention rule to be contrary to the right of self-determination as it would give powerful states the authority to interfere in their affairs...
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...view points when it comes to the subjects of Capital Punishment and your views on war. I do have to agree with you, when you state that nobody knows what the true standard of Justice is, as I feel that is determined by an individual mandate on specific situations. That is the problem from my perspective, is we try to find a global answer to questions such as Justice, when something such as that is purely based on perspective itself. This also applies to war, and the more generalized topic of capital punishment. I wish to hear your views based on the following situation Mr. Rawls, as it would be most interesting to hear from your perspective when the word “sacrifice” is brought to a level you may have never witnessed before. I am referring to the upcoming event of the zombie apocalypse. I first wish to discuss the origins of such an event. First, let me just clarify the term “zombie,” as it has variable meanings. In this case, a zombie is a person who is not undead, as that digresses from an unrealistic situation, but instead is infected with a disease that numbs the human brain to any type of central pain. It also brings the human to a primitive state, and as a result, finds any creature that does not resemble it or its kind as either a type of food or just hostile to its existence. This is a practice commonly used by most animals of today, but not in a state such as this. This infection causes the zombies to crave the flesh and meat of any creature, and as a result, the transfer...
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...is. In addition to war, famine is also one of the most common ways of which people are dieing in the sub-Saharan Africa region. Famine, on the other hand, is not as widely talked about, around the world, but leads to the same result, numerous amounts of deaths. Hundreds of thousands to millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa have died as a result of this crisis in different nations, such as Sudan, Ethiopia, (fill in different countries). However, famine is not something that happens overnight, and many factors lead to this major crisis. There are many major factors that build up to the final occurrence of a famine in sub-Saharan Africa. The major causes of famine are droughts, war, economic issues, and food distribution. One of the five causes may lead to a major famine, however, when two or more of the causes “work together” to produce a famine, the situation may become hectic. For example, if a war happens to erupt during a drought, it becomes harder for a nation to prevent an all-out famine crisis rather than if their was just a drought. It has become apparent that international and national intervention is needed to help prevent future famines from taking place. Organizations such as the United Nations (UN), Food Association Organization (FAO), United States Aid (USAID), World Food Production (WFP), Red Cross, etcetera. have been trying to be successful in preventing famines, but cannot succeed without national intervention from governments. Therefore, the many...
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...This colonization left the country very weak, dispossessed of its resources and with a perpetrating corruption and bad governance left by the colonialist system. The many civil wars faced after 1997 shows it (three civil wars occurred until now). This led the UN to launch the world’s biggest peacekeeping mission in 1999, the MONUC. But the population is today still living in very bad conditions: in fact, according to the International Rescue Committee, 45,000 people are dying each month because of hunger or disease, and the Congolese are regularly ranked as having the lowest GDP per capita in the world. The situation is also still very unstable today because of this weakness, especially in the Eastern part of the country where armed groups...
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...forgotten civil war that the world does not talk about. The conflict between the Tutsis and Hutus dates back centuries and has escalated until it reached a boiling point in 1994 when the hundred-day genocide was planned and executed by the Hutus onto the Tutsis. It was an utter disregard for human right by the world when no one responded to this atrocity and even abandon and proposals to assist. On December 10th, 1945 the United Nations (UN) approved the Universal Declaration of Human Right (UDHR) following the atrocities of World War II. The UDHR was to ensure that such atrocities would never happen again, and just a short forty-nine years later the UN pulls peacekeepers out of Rwanda because of the genocide that was in direct violation of...
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...The contribution to economics of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes both have had a major effect on economic thought and many of their ideas are still influential today. This essay will look at the contribution that both men made to economic thought. According to Adam Smith Institute (2012), Adam Smith was born in 1723 in Scotland and is popularly known as the father of economics. His best known work is called “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” which is more commonly known as the Wealth of Nations. It was published in 1776 and in it; Adam Smith outlines his main economic ideas. Many ideas in the book were not ground breaking or original but Smith was the first to put them all together. In the Wealth of Nations (1776) Smith begins with an example of a factory that produces pins which he uses to explain the benefits of specialisation and division of labour. Smith explains how: “One man draws out the wire; another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head” And so on until the pin is finished. Splitting the production of the pins into different operations, would result in more pins being created. Smith believed that 10 workers could produce 48,000 pins a day using specialisation and division of labour. If the workers were to produce pins individually then Smith believed that they would only produce 20 or less pins a day. It was Smiths...
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...“Just War” BY: Ahmed Bayoumy Moter 201400746 Philosophy 101 Massacre at first glance is not an accepted act by humanitarian authorities. As Predominantly killing people cannot be considered a moral action if we defined the ethical acts according to the cultural relativism or even ethical subjectivism. Nonetheless, the concept of Just War (JW), developed from the time of St. Augustine, has another point of view regarding butchery. As it states that to start an ethically justifiable war it must be for a just cause, declared by a lawful authority, the last solution after trying all the possible ways of solving the problem, and have a high probability of success [1]. The theory of JW is divided into three main segments:...
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...Freedom is one of the most vulnerable things in human’s life. Since the beginning of life, mankind has tried to become free. When we look at the dusty pages of history, it is obvious that, roughly all wars and struggles in history stem from passion of freedom. The importance and necessity of freedom is indisputable and M.Roshwald (2000) emphasized the importance of freedom with these words; ‘’Give me liberty, or give me death’’ (p.1). However, in today’s world, freedom is limited by dictators or majorities. J.S.Mill (1859), claims that, majority, which means the most active part of the society, may desire to oppress minorities and precautions are needed against this abuse of power. Mill raised awareness and warned against tyranny of majority. Social tyranny is more formidable than political oppressions, because tyranny of majority limits freedom of thought, prevents social progress, which is the beginning of all corruptions, and it is more difficult to escape and severer to endure than oppressive political regimes. First of all, majority’s opinions, values and norms determine all society’s values and point of views. Tyranny of majority can manipulates and suppresses minority’s thoughts and opinions. One step further, social tyranny may limit freedom of thought. According to K.Stone (2008), ‘’ Social tyranny penetrates even more deeply into everyday life, into the soul itself’’ (p.1). Starting from this point of view, tyranny of majority has a great power hence; it can manipulate...
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...on the government to begin thinking about the next decade as one that would decide quite a bit about world affairs for decades to come. In 1933 Adolf Hitler had become chancellor of Germany and as he began to consolidate his power he was rapidly developing an environment that would sustain his plans for the Third Reich. He viewed the treatment of Germans after World War I as unnecessarily drastic and used this in his emphatic speeches to convince the German people to stand up against the sanctions imposed on them by the Treaty of Versailles. He viewed the treaty as a continuation of French aggression by diplomatic means through occupation and war indemnity. The ensuing war reparations had effectively crippled the German economy and after Black Tuesday and the collapse of the United States economic system the Germans could no longer rely on loans provided by the US and rapid inflation caused their currency to skyrocket to nearly four billion Reichsmarks for every one US dollar. The German government had been struggling to find a leader and after repeated votes of non-confidence towards the existing system the Nazi party, and it’s radical agenda perpetrated by Adolf Hitler, gained complete control of the German government. He preached that the German people were the rightful race to rule the world and the subsequent military buildup would lead other nations in Europe to begin to fear the coming of another war that could get out of control just as World War I had almost...
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...Revolution to Civil War By Maya Bhardwaj Abstract: social movements and regime change across the Middle East and North Africa. While interconnected, uprisings in each nation took different forms and reached out distinctions and interactions between uprisings, revolution, and civil war. standing scholarly debate. The presence or absence of civil war is examined in examinations of civil war: the nature of the governmental regime, territoriality complete understanding of what constitutes civil war and provides a framework 76 Introduction the Middle East, authoritarian regimes thought invulnerable to protest and impossible to oust began to cede to massive protest. Attacks on governmental institutions and elite leaders ensconced from public opinion developed divergently in each nation, employing tailored strategies to mobilize the public and reap key support. This paper focuses on the nature and development of these Arab Spring further use these distinctions to illuminate the conceptual, instrumental, and semantic nature of civil war in general. - exacerbated the grievances felt by rebel forces and smoothed over ethnic, religious, and tribal ten- trastingly, in Syria, instances of mild reform under Bashar al-Assad, popular concerns for security, kept civil war at bay. Conceptual Isolation of Civil War presence or absence of civil war. However, the scholarly distinction between civil war and other insurgency and counter-insurgency, uprisings, genocide or genocidal...
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...acquire the empirical and conceptual foundations needed to understand a world political system which cannot be accurately described as either pure anarchy or a coherent form of ‘global governance’. The starting point is the notion of ‘international society’, which refers to the set of institutions and common procedures generated by states over the last three and a half centuries in their attempts to achieve some minimal form of co-existence, but which has gradually evolved to include many non-state actors and different levels of activity – diplomatic, economic and cultural, as well as that of military competition. By the end of the course you should be able to have an informed discussion about: the historical origins of the present system; what is distinctive about international politics as opposed to politics inside the state; and the main challenges which confront humanity in the twenty-first century. You will also acquire a basic familiarity with the main theories needed to think analytically - and critically - about the idea of international society and the behaviour of the actors which constitute it. Brief Description of the Paper The subject of International Relations (usually given capital letters, as opposed to international relations as events) has a huge range. Some see it as covering everything that has happened on the globe during recorded history,...
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...The military’s use of drones during war is a representation of the cutting edge direction the military is going in and how technology can aid in the fight against terrorism at home and abroad. Despite a drone’s ability to prevent soldier casualties and gather intelligence in the combat zones, drone’s pose the risk of dehumanizing the enemy, causing more destruction and death, and impacting how citizen’s view war in general. In Drones in the Tribal Zone by Jeffrey A. Sluka, the author addresses the pitfalls of using drone technology to fight wars. Drones are a great asset to use, but the US should proceed with caution to make sure that the use of drones does not make it so soldiers and civilians are not desensitized from what is going on...
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