...specification of Morgan’s metaphors using the CAST method Taken from: Gazendam, Henk W.M. (1993). Variety Controls Variety: On the Use of Organization Theories in Information Management. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. 400 pp. ISBN 90-01-32950-0. 4.2. An overview of Morgan's metaphors Morgan (1986) distinguishes eight metaphors for organizations: machine, organism, brain, culture, political system, psychic prison, flux and transformation, and instrument of domination. Each metaphor highlights other aspects of organizational life (see Figure 4.1.). For further analysis, the metaphors can be grouped into three groups: the machine group, the organism group, and the mind group. The machine group only contains the machine metaphor (Paragraph 4.3.). The organism group focuses on the dynamic relationship of organization and environment and contains the organism metaphor and the flux and transformation metaphor (Paragraph 4.4.). The mind group (Paragraph 4.5.) contains two subgroups. The first mind subgroup concentrates on the relationship between the minds of persons and the organization as a social construct; it contains the brain metaphor, the culture metaphor, and the psychic prison metaphor. The second mind subgroup focuses on coordination mechanisms and power plays, and encompasses the political system metaphor and the instrument of domination metaphor. metaphor machine highlights efficiency, quality, and timeliness of production processes in a machine made up of interlocking...
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...In this essay he will be explaining the different roles metaphors play in helping people understand the concept of artificial intelligence. He will also give his opinion on if the brain is a so-called meat machine, and giving different examples of metaphors that prefer to the function of the human brain. I also will be explaining how Victor Frankl would answer the question, “What does it mean to be human?” The author will give his definition of what it means to be a human, while describing what metaphors Victor Frankl used to communicate his ideas. He will also be discussing the different difficulties of addressing certain characteristics and whether the characteristics are limited to humans. When it comes to metaphors and the roles they play in helping people understand artificial intelligence, they are significant to people who need a demonstration or idea of what’s going on. Artificial intelligence is basically computer created to perform human like activities, so describing a situation such as cars, machine made will make the definition of it more understandable to some. After reading and defining different terms to help me understand the situation, I have come to the conclusion that the brain is a meat-machine because it controls the body and it daily functions. That is similar to a machine because it is set to perform daily tasks to perform a certain goal. Different metaphors that have been used are the spider-web which is delicate and connects many things, it responds...
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...the types of knowledge that inform them. For example, the advice on how to distill objective and transferable, or “explicit,” knowledge from tacit knowledge – with a vivid illustration of Matsushita Electric’s efforts to build a better bread-making machine – is both arresting and actionable. The next step: ensuring that explicit knowledge is translated back into tacit knowledge that will then go on to yield yet another innovative solution. 162 Harvard Business Review 1284 Nonaka.indd 162 | July–August 2007 I the one sure source of lasting competitive advantage is knowledge. When markets shift, technologies proliferate, competitors multiply, and products become obsolete almost overnight, successful companies are those that consistently create new knowledge, disseminate it widely throughout the organization, and quickly embody it in new technologies and products. These activities define the “knowledge-creating” company, whose sole business is continuous innovation. And yet, despite all the talk about “brainpower” and “intellectual capital,” few managers grasp the true nature of the knowledge-creating company – let alone know how to manage it. The reason: They misunderstand what knowledge is and what companies must do to exploit it. | Robert Meganck N AN ECONOMY WHERE THE ONLY CERTAINTY IS UNCERTAINTY, hbr.org 6/7/07 10:55:05 AM MANAGING FOR THE LONG TERM | BEST OF...
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...alliteration (uh-lih-tuh-RaY-shuhn): When two or more words in a group of words begin with the frozen french fries. see also: figurative language. Uses: Copy maChine, opaqUe projeCtor, or transparenCy master for overhead projeCtor. sCholastiC inC. grants sUbsCribers of sCholastiC sCope permission to reprodUCe this page for Use in their Classrooms. Copyright ©2012 by sCholastiC inC. all rights reserved. same sound (usually, the same letter or group of letters). for example: Anne’s awesome apple; Fred’s antagonist (an-taG-uh-nist): the opponent or enemy of the main character, or protagonist. see also: protagonist. aside (uh-SahYd): Words spoken to the audience by a character in a drama that are not supposed to be heard by the other characters onstage. an aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is thinking. characterization (kar-ik-ter-uh-zaY-shun): the means through which an author reveals a character’s personality. Characterization may be direct or indirect. in direct characterization, the writer or a narrator tells the reader what the character is like: “ben was a quiet, serious boy.” in indirect characterization, the author shows the reader or audience member what the character is like through (1) how the character looks, (2) what the character does, (3) what the character says, (4) what the character thinks, and (5) how the character affects other characters. from these five things, the reader or audience member understands the character’s...
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...alliteration (uh-lih-tuh-RaY-shuhn): When two or more words in a group of words begin with the frozen french fries. see also: figurative language. Uses: Copy maChine, opaqUe projeCtor, or transparenCy master for overhead projeCtor. sCholastiC inC. grants sUbsCribers of sCholastiC sCope permission to reprodUCe this page for Use in their Classrooms. Copyright ©2012 by sCholastiC inC. all rights reserved. same sound (usually, the same letter or group of letters). for example: Anne’s awesome apple; Fred’s antagonist (an-taG-uh-nist): the opponent or enemy of the main character, or protagonist. see also: protagonist. aside (uh-SahYd): Words spoken to the audience by a character in a drama that are not supposed to be heard by the other characters onstage. an aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is thinking. characterization (kar-ik-ter-uh-zaY-shun): the means through which an author reveals a character’s personality. Characterization may be direct or indirect. in direct characterization, the writer or a narrator tells the reader what the character is like: “ben was a quiet, serious boy.” in indirect characterization, the author shows the reader or audience member what the character is like through (1) how the character looks, (2) what the character does, (3) what the character says, (4) what the character thinks, and (5) how the character affects other characters. from these five things, the reader or audience member understands the character’s...
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...Maurice Vennemans Change Management Individual Assignment S1193937 * Table of Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 How do companies work? 4 3 Models of approaches to organizational change 6 3.1 Lewin: three-step model 6 3.2 Bullock and Batten: planned change 6 3.3 Beckhard and Harris: change formula 7 3.4 Nadler and Tushman: congruence model 7 3.5 Conclusion 8 4 Social Entrepreneurship 9 4.1 The full presence model 9 4.2 Leadership, Change & Mindset 10 4.3 Senge: dispersed leadership 11 5 Resistance to change 12 5.1 Individual change 12 5.1.1 Interpolis and resistance to change at an individual level 13 5.2 Organizational change 13 5.2.1 Interpolis and resistance to change at an organizational level 15 6 Conclusion 16 7 References 17 Introduction In this paper I will focus on the impact of change on big companies. In particular companies who now have a capitalistic view on doing business and want to change this to a social entrepreneurial focus. During one of the guest lecturers that visited, Mr Engelsman made the following statement: “Only companies who have a full presence, mostly social entrepreneurial companies, will be able to survive over time. Other companies like Shell whose primary focus is making money will eventually fail, when we move to a more philanthropic system of doing business.” To see whether this statement was true or false I looked at several different areas of change to find out whether big...
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...Metaphor as a Cognitive Process Iordache Delia Master: Limba engleza. Studii teoretice si aplicate Anul II. Sem. I Introduction From the perspectives of construction, poetic and cognitive function and working mechanism, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of metaphor as a cognitive process, where metaphor is constructed from human perceptual experience and is extended through imaginative processes An important feature of cognitive stylistics has been its interest in the way we transfer mental constructs, and especially in the way we map one mental representation onto another when we read texts. Cognitive linguists have consistently drawn attention to this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified important figures of speech, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out. Conceptual Metaphor, also called Cognitive Metaphor, was developed by researchers within the field of cognitive linguists. It became widely known with the publication of Metaphors We Live By, by Lakoff and Johnson, in 1980. Conceptual metaphor theory has since been developed and elaborated. Definition and Construction of Metaphor As we know, metaphor is a type of figurative language in which one thing is described in terms of some other thing. The word metaphor comes from Greek ‘metapherein’ which means carry over. Another translation is transference, a term more familiar to us from psychoanalytic...
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...One of the places that I have worked in the past was Hardee’s. While I am not currently an employee there, many of the metaphors that we discussed made me think back to working at Hardee’s. Some of the metaphors that I feel would help to explain the experiences that I had and witnessed in while working there are the Machine Metaphor, the Psychic Prison Metaphor, and the Political Systems Metaphor. Individually, each of these metaphors views the Hardee’s organization through a very narrow lens. Collectively, however, they create a fuller understanding of why some of the problems that Hardee’s has exist and what can be done to remedy them. As a means of approaching recommendations for Hardee’s, the Holographic Brain Metaphor will be used. Initially Hardee’s was founded by Wilber Hardee in 1960. Within five months of opening his initial restaurant, Wilber Hardee had his first franchisee. By 1997, CKE Restaurants, the parent company of Carl Jr., bought Hardee’s. The Hardee’s chain is spread throughout the Southeast and Midwest. As of 2003, it has established niche for itself as a leader in thickburgers made from 100% Angus beef(Hardee’s, 2007). Within the Hardee’s where I worked, I had the position of ‘general crew member.’ This is the same position title that was given to any person hired below a manager (including janitors, greeters, and bussers). I worked mostly backline jobs including regarding food preparation. As I was in high school for...
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...Racism and Violence in American Literature Racial tension between Black and White Americans has been viewed as one of the darkest chapters in the American history. The issue has been discussed in various forms of the media during the time. Literature is one of the most efficient means where racial discrimination is described in a very vivid yet precise way. The story “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner and the play “Dutchman” by Amiri Baraka are two of several works of American literature that addresses the matter. Regardless of their different genres, these two works have employed many poetic devices such as metaphor, imagery, symbolism and repetition in order to address several subjects that belong to the core of human baseness: racism, abuse, sexuality, exploitation and murder which can be summed in the category of violence. “Dutchman” by Amiri Baraka, which was shown for the first time in 1964, is a play that addresses strongly the racial tension between Black and White Americans. The play has used several symbols and metaphor to serve the author’s purpose of describing the extreme hostility and dirty temptation that the implausible female character, Lula, has exposed to the young black man, Clay. The apple that Lula eats can be viewed as a symbol of sexuality and indulgence that are considered illegal or immoral. “You want this? [...] Eating apples together is always the first step. Or walking up uninhabited Seventh Avenue in the twenties on the weekends. [...] Would...
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...change such as how does the process of organizational change happen, must change be initiated and driven through by one strong personality or can it be planned collectively by a powerful group of people and also talks about the sheer momentum of change will happen. The main objective is to understand the multi-dimensional character of organizational change and analyze change in terms of its different approaches - metaphors. The opinion of Andre De Waal about organizational change and what is High Performance Organization are going to be presented. Organizational Metaphors According to Mr. Gareth Morgan Metaphor gives the opportunity to stretch our way of thinking and deepen our understanding, therefore giving us the opportunity to see things and act in new ways. Metaphor always creates distortions. We have to accept that any theory or perspective that we bring to organizational and management study, while capability of creating valuable insights, is also incomplete, biased, and potentially misleading. There are eight organizational Metaphors which are very good starting point for understanding of different assumptions of change. These are the following: * Machines * Organisms * Brains * Cultures * Political Systems * Physic Prisons * Flux and transformation * Instruments of domination The organizations as Political Systems, Machines, Organisms and as flux and transformation are four of eight organizational metaphors which are in use most...
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...City Life: The City as a Metaphor What is a metaphor? Metaphors are words or phrases that make comparisons between two things that are usually very different. They are used every single day by every single person in the world. They can be utilized in regular normal speech or in sophisticated literature. In the context of cities, historian Lewis Mumford had introduced a few metaphors to describe the city and how it runs on a daily basis. He gave cities definitions, by saying that one: cities could be magnets and how it could exert a type of pull, two: cities could be containers of many different things, or three: cities were transformers that could change people, places and things in many different ways . These definitions will be exemplified by showing them through two of the historical types of cities of our time, the Medieval City and the Suburban City. Metaphors can give everything, like cities, a completely different meaning. They can give people different...
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...Rousseau begins the “Discourse on Inequality” with a metaphor in which he uses a statue to describe the human race. The statue can be molded and weathered, resulting in change over time. His argument on inequality is based in human nature, which, like the statue, changes. He tries to examine the root of human characteristics and develops the idea of perfectibility. Perfectibility is the mental and physical power that differentiates humans from their animal counterparts, and Rousseau uses this to support his account of the breakdown of inequalities in humans. Perfectibility is derived socially. Rousseau believes there’s a limit to perfectibility, and once reached, perfectibility can cause some negative qualities. To begin to define Perfectibility,...
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...most widely known films of the silent era, “Metropolis” engages people to think, particularly how to resolve the fragmentation that technology has brought to society, which is also one of the themes of Marshall McLuhan develops in his book Understanding Media. Both Lang and McLuhan are revolutionary artists who are aware of the damage of technology to our society and urge unity, which McLuhan names it “Global Village.” Let’s first take a look at the opening of this movie. The film begins with a montage of the great machines of Metropolis–phallic industrial images of gears, pistons, generators–moving in inexorable rhythms and repetition. These images are followed by sequences that establish economic and technological relationships in clearly delineated spatial terms. Under ground, where the workers toil, we see the dark side of technology. Here, where the sun never shines, workers are reduced to robots, their movements dominated by the mechanical rhythms of machines. But all in a sudden, the screen is switched a charming, or even paradise-like, scene. On the surface of the city in spellbinding images and special effects, the dystopian view of technology is seriously contradicted. We see a thriving metropolis, vast skyscrapers linked by aerial highways, huge stadiums and pleasure gardens, airplanes hovering between huge buildings and lines of cars that flow like streams below. Indeed, the opening of Lang’s masterpiece is shocking both physically...
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...Therefore one cannot compare information societies and industrial societies in any steady way. Information societies could be industrial societies and industrial societies could as well mean information societies. The following is a media matrix he suggested. literature cultures: writing(number systems and primary alphabets),secondly print cultures: print + speech + written texts, Second order alphabetical cultures: written texts + speech + analogue electrical media + digital media and speech based oral cultures .This paper seeks to visit the origin of the Information Technology and the developments it has undergone to become what it is today. In history of development of information technology, the paper looks into challenges that were encountered during the advancement stages. Discussion In today’s era, the crucial influence with regard to the concept of information is borrowed from information theory that was developed by Shannon alongside others. In reality there are two metaphors being used and which are contradictory: the popular information as quantity, e.g. water flowing though pipe, is working, but then it’s called metaphor of information as choice, done by information provider and forced choice done by: information receiver. In actual sense second metaphor means that the information sent is not proportional to the information...
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...Systems Research and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 15, 365–372 (1998) & Research Paper Evolution and Thermodynamics: The New Paradigm{ Jeffrey S. Wicken* Department of Biochemistry, Penn State University, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA This paper introduces the new evolutionary paradigm born of the synthesis of Darwinism and thermodynamics. It also introduces this volume, whose theme is the integration of life and social process with physical law. The sense of this expansion is as follows: Darwinism has come under intense scrutiny in recent years, from several fields. These range from statistical mechanics to developmental biology. In this paper, I will discuss the direction the revision of the Darwinian program is taking through thermodynamics, which is the science of irreversible process and self-organization. My objective is to show the coherence of life with the rest of nature. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords evolution; emergence; thermodynamics INTRODUCTION Evolutionary theory is presently undergoing the kind of massive conceptual restructuring that marked the two great scientific revolutions of our century: relativity and quantum mechanics. Like those two revolutions, the one occurring in evolutionary theory has tremendous practical and epistemological implications for understanding, and dealing with, nature. Much is dissonant in the Darwinian world. The ecological relationality of life had, from the time of Aristotle, suggested a functional order of nature...
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