...CJA/204 Crime is an omission or act which violates laws that results to punishment of an individual. The specific omissions or acts that constitute a crime are determined by the governmental bodies from the area you live. At any given time you will most likely be subject to three sets of laws. Defined is the first set federal statute. Outlined by the state government where you live is the second set. The third set is laws enacted by local government. If conflict ever arises in local rule or state in federal law generally federal law will control. The crime or offense level will usually be set from how sever the crime. Paying a fine to being incarceration can be the range of punishment. Law means a set of rules, regulations and principles by following which the society runs. Before you can be punished for the conduct most crimes require that you complete an affirmative act. Relationship between crime and law is without the strict enforcement of the law crime cannot be prevented. The two most common models on how society determines what acts are criminal are Due Process Model and Crime Control Model. Due Process highlights rights of a group of people and an individual’s right. Courts, quality, formality and individualization are the important issues that ensure the respect of due process. Crime Control is the efficient maintenance for safety of a community. Police, quantity, informality, and standardization are considered important to be able to have crime control...
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...What is Cyber-crime? Cyber-crime, or computer crime, refers to any illegal action that involves a network or computer. In this sense, the network or computer may have been used to commit a crime or may be the target of a crime. In the latter scenario, a hacker or computer thief, for instance, may steal information that was stored on the targeted system. Many times people may be confused as to the classification of what constitutes cyber-crime. Although this classification is somewhat confusing, due to the relative novelty field or lack of tangible nature, cyber-crime refers to any illegal action that is committed through an electronic-based medium or targets a computer-based platform. When debating what cyber-crime is, you must evaluate whether...
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...What Causes Crime? Crime has existed in societies across the world since the term crime has been implemented. The standard definition of crime, if one can use the term standard, is any action that is prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law. Therefore, crime cannot exist without some form of legal system to label criminal behavior. The mandatory existence of a legal system for criminal behavior to occur can be easily confused with actions that violate socially constructed norms, or deviant behaviors. It is with that premise that I propose crime is caused by a conflict of interest. This conflict of interest is not limited to the interactions between classes, groups, or individuals; the conflict of interest is intentionally vague so as to not cause further damage to criminological understanding by imposing misleading specificities. Crime is a conflict of interest between two or more variables, with at least one variable involving one or more humans. I propose crime is a conflict of interest because the term interest can encompass the two key aspects of profit and loss that is the rational basis for creating legal systems. However, as so many have noted, illegality is at the end of the day typically decided by those who create the laws rather than those most affected by the laws. Conflicts occur when there lacks a unanimous consensus among all parties considered in a given situation. When countries consist of millions of people, one can note how even the most...
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...1 What is knife crime? ‘Knife crime’ is any crime that involves a knife. This can include: * carrying or trying to buy a knife if you’re under 18 * threatening people with a knife * carrying an illegal kind of knife * murder or assault in which the victim was stabbed with a knife * robbery or burglary where the thieves carried a knife as a weapon Illegal knives There is a complete ban on the sale of some knives, which are considered to be offensive weapons. These include: * flick knives - knives where the blade is hidden inside the handle and shoots out when a button is pressed; these are also called 'switchblades' or 'automatic knives' * butterfly knives - where the blade is hidden inside a handle that splits in two around it, like wings; the handles swing around the blade to open or close it * disguised knives - where the blade is hidden inside something like a belt buckle or fake mobile phone * gravity knives * sword-sticks * samurai swords * hand-claws * foot-claws * belt-buckle knives * push daggers * kubotan (cylindrical container, holding spikes) * shuriken (also known as 'death stars' or 'throwing stars') * kusari-gama (sickle attached to a rope, cord or wire) * kyoketsu-shoge (hook-knife attached to a rope, cord or wire) * kusari (weight attached to a rope, cord or wire) This is not a complete list. If you think a knife you want to buy might be illegal, please check...
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...even they don’t care about the rules at all. This action of breaking rules or laws is called crime. Nowadays, the reported cases of crime all over the world are alarmingly increasing. It is believed that the main reason behind this is the rise in population which will lead to unemployment. The crime can be reduced with the involvement of the government to the society. Firstly, I would like to state that the population of a country will be the first and foremost reason behind this increase in crime. Take Indonesia for instance, it is a developing country and in the prevailing scenario its population is sharply increasing, which creates a significant number of problems. With respects to that, unemployment is the major one, because of that, educated and sophisticated people survive without jobs and result in indulge in the crime to bear their expenses. To combat this grave problem, governments can arrange educational classes and programs to increase public awareness about the adverse effects of the increase in population. If the increase rate of population decrease, there will be less unemployment which will of course decrease the number of crimes. Eventually, after analyzing all the views, I would like to conclude that crime in any way is a major problem for any country. It needs a combined effort by governments and masses of any country to join hands together to fight against crime. Otherwise it is expected that it could be worsen in near...
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...Sadly hate crimes like this one have been increasing over time in America since 9/11. The rise of hate crimes towards Muslims is mainly caused by Islamophobia. Islamophobia is the irrational fear, discrimination, or hatred of Islam and its followers and can be rooted so deep into people's minds, many may not know they have it. Islamophobia does not just appear from nowhere, It is caused by people unwilling to...
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...What are you thoughts on the question are hate crimes considered thought crimes? According to WIKIPEDIA, “A thought crime is an occurrence or instance of controversial or socially unacceptable thoughts. The term is also used to describe some theological concepts such as disbelief or idolatry or a rejection of strong social or philosophical principles.” Also according to WIKIPDIA, “In both crime and law, hate crimes (also known as bias-motivated crimes, or race hate) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group. Examples of such groups include but are not limited to: racial group, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity or gender identity. Hate crime is a category used to describe bias-motivated violence: "assault, injury, and murder on the basis of certain personal characteristics: different appearance, different color, different nationality, different language, and different religion." "Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts that are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the types above, or of their derivatives. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail). A hate crime law is a law intended to prevent bias-motivated violence. Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech in that hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct that is already criminal...
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...1. What questions should you ask and how should you proceed? The questions I would ask would be who, what, where, when, why and how about everything that happened during the period in question. Since the questions are fluid to the situation, I can’t pin point anything specific but I never ask the client if she did it or not. Just ask the client what she was doing on the time specified. I would then document what she said happened in chronological order and then proceed to the investigation. When proceeding with the investigation, the first step is to make a copy of the evidence. You want to have at least two copies of the original evidence (a hash and an image to work with) in case you need a backup for any reason. After that you want to document any findings as accurately and as detailed as possible. Without detailed documentation, courts may not accept the investigative results as vailed or could be torn apart in an examination. While all this is going on, you want to avoid altering the data in any way as this would basically be destroying evidence. You pull the hash by using the command md5sum /dev/hda1 | nc 192.168.0.2 8888 −w 3 as an example. Find the files in question and examine their creation dates, dates accessed and dates last modified. See if those dates match the client’s story and that is about as far as you need to take it. (Easttom, 2014) 2. What is chain of custody and why must it be followed in investigations? The chain of custody is the chronological...
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...What has changed with violent crime in the last 10 years Sarah Reese Sociology 113 Dr. Lynne Van Trieste Carrington Although crime rates have dropped steadily for more than ten years violent crime rates have gone up 5.2 percent (Russell). This included a 3.2 percent rise in aggravated assault (Russell). Boise was ranked third among the states six regions. As a whole this does not sound too bad; however the fact that violent crime is on the rise gives as cause to consider the possible causes. With the top five locations for violent crime being bars, roads, parking lots, residences and schools, these are mostly very social areas. Obviously the fear of a violent crime having witnesses is not a deterrent. We could blame shifting demographics with young males, females of relatively low skill levels increasing in the area. There is also the rise of gang activity in the treasure valley (ADA County Web). Higher number of drug crimes can also be associated with this trend. Idaho also has very high poor or low income families, many of them homeless or living day to day. With fewer jobs and more layoffs this trend will continue. The Conflict theory relates to the idea that the essential cause of crimes happen to be the effects of society and their economical leagues working inside the social order (Conflict Theory). Society once was built on hard work and respect. The parts that make up our society have slowly broken down, everyone is afraid to run their own house...
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...Frequent surveys of the subject of mental illness and crime appear to show a strong link between mental illness/abnormality and criminality. However, crime is neither a mental disorder nor is it necessarily evidence of such a disorder. The concept of crime and of mental illness should be kept separate and distinct. Crime is a violation of the criminal law, whereas mental illness refers to behaviour that is often marked by some defect of reason that interferes with an individual’s ability to test reality, and which is usually associtaed with stress, disability and an increased risk of suffering. While it is true that some crime can undoubtedly be explained by mental illness, to consider all crime as a manifestation of such an illness would eliminate any sensible boundaries to the concept of mental illness and would be an unrealistic overstatement of the relationship between mental illness and crime. Mental illness is linked with criminality only in a very complex and ill defined way and the behaviour of mentally ill offenders is rarely explicable purely because of their mental state. There are a number of observations that have been made that necessarily complicate the question of whether there is any causal link between mental illness and crime. Firstly, in many cases, it is impossible to determine when the mental illness may have started in the patient. For example, the mental illness may come about as a direct result of the traumatic experience of imprisonment and in such...
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...To what extent would Sociologists agree that lack of opportunity causes people to commit crime? In this essay I will be discussing this question, ‘To what extent would Sociologists agree that lack of opportunity causes people to commit crime?’. Lack of opportunity can be a vital reason why many individuals may commit crime. What is meant by the term ‘ lack of opportunity’ is that some individuals may not have things such as; an education, a sustainable home, a job etc. By not having an education some individuals may have not received qualifications needed to get a job, and by not being able to get a job means not being able to earn money. This can lead to an individual committing crime as they need to find a way of earning a living. In addition by not having a sustainable home either in the past or the present can draw a person into crime. This may be because by not having a sustainable home they may get moved around regularly, and by getting moved around regularly it may cause difficulties in the area of education and work. This may be because they could get moved quite far away from their previous home just after they have started to settle in into the area and by getting moved it may well mean they might need to find a new school or a new job. In some circumstances it might be a little difficult to find an employer who will take you on, meaning you could be left without a job and like I had already mentioned you may resort to crime to earn a living. In addition...
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...To what extent do the official statistics on crime and ethnicity provide a valid picture of the criminal activities of ethnic minorities? The purpose of official statistics is to provide us with an unbiased, objective and informative look at crime rates within the UK. However, although the statistics themselves may, to a certain extent, be reliable, the way in which they are obtained is not. Police in different areas may deem certain areas of crime a priority and thus report and record these accordingly. Also, biases within the system itself against those from ethnic minorities may affect the resulting statistics to portray an uneven account of criminal activity. The relationship between crime rates and ethnicity is extremely complex due to other factors such as the difficulty of identifying a person’s ethnic origin and the cultural and social differences between ethnic groups. It has been shown on a variety of occasions that male black youths are disproportionately selected by the police to be ‘stopped and searched’; this then results in higher numbers of black youths being charged with offences as they have been caught doing so. However, the same crimes are probably being committed by other subcultures within society, but as both the media and police do not focus on them, they are not being seen. There are many flaws with official statistics and therefore their reliability. For example, there are sections of crime that are...
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...criminal justice system, sentencing guidelines allow a judge discretion in determining minimum and maximum penalties for a convicted individual. (Hinojosa, 2-4, 9, 11) In certain crimes, juries have influence in the determination of penalties (Klein, 694-695) Sentencing guidelines are designed to reduce variation in sentencing for particular crimes. (Klein, 694) The justice system acknowledges the difficulty in accurately assigning attribution and predicting the likelihood a criminal will repeat their crime. The textbook discusses several types of attributional errors that I think are relevant in the complex issues of sentencing and crime. (Baron, 101) I can envision many situations in which either judges or juries are incorrect in their determination of a criminal’s motive that leads to either too stringent or too lenient sentencing. A quick google search on jury bias yields several pages of studies and articles discussing the challenges of correctly assessing the amount of bias a juror will have in criminal proceedings. Current sentencing guidelines for many crimes attempt to limit the amount of bias from both judges and jurors. Ethically I think standardized sentencing guidelines based upon objective criteria such as the severity of the crime and the frequency of the individual has been convicted of a crime are the best approach. Whether or not someone spends a significant portion of their lives in jail is too important a decision to risk attribution error and bias. References ...
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...suspects are both upheld (like the right to a speedy trial and bail). Public-order advocates are there to make sure that the public (communities) are also protected from unacceptable behavior... Describe the American experience with crime during the last half century. What noteworthy criminal incidents or activities can you identify during that time, and what social and economic conditions might have produced them? The American experience with crime during the last half century has been especially influential in shaping the criminal justice system of today. Although crime waves have come and gone, some events during the past century stand out as especially significant, including a spurt of widespread organized criminal activity associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century; the substantial increase in “traditional” crimes during the 1960s and 1970s; the threat to the American way of life represented by illicit drugs around the same time; and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (Dworkin, 2005)., The American experience with crime during the last half century has been the main reason for the way our courts, law enforcement, and the criminal justice system operates the way that it does today. There have been many crime waves and other events that have played a key role in shaping the system as it is today. Some of...
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...Course Materials Lyman, M. D., & Potter, G. W. (2007). Organized crime (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Mallory, S. L. (2007). Understanding organized crime. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Understanding Organized Crime | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |1.1 Define organized crime. |Thurs | 2 | | |1.2 Compare the various models that explain the structure of organized crime |Sat | | | |groups. | | | | |1.3 Describe the attributes of organized crime and its common behavioral | | | | |categories. | | | |Readings |Read the Week One Read Me First. | | | | |Read Ch. 1 of Organized Crime. | | | | ...
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