...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...in American society. In 2009, just one state -- Colorado -- had a population of obese people below 20 percent of its total population, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood obesity continues to be a major concern because children represent the future of America, and obesity numbers among them continue to rise. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that in the 30 years leading up to 2007, obesity among children between ages 6 to 19 more than tripled. Obesity not only impacts lifestyle but can also lead to lower self-esteem, cause depression and discomfort in social situations, and significantly diminish quality of life. Health Effects of Obesity Obesity also increases a person’s risk for developing serious disease, such as: * High blood pressure (Additional fat tissue in the body needs oxygen and nutrients in order to live, which requires the blood vessels to circulate more blood to the fat tissue.) * Diabetes (Obesity is the major cause of type 2 diabetes) * Heart disease (Atherosclerosis, Coronary artery disease, heart attack) * Sleep apnea (which causes people to stop breathing for brief period, interrupts sleep throughout the night and causes sleepiness during the day) * Cancer * Psycho social effect (In a culture where often the ideal of physical attractiveness is to be overly thin, people who are overweight or obese frequently suffer...
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... There is no other organ in the body as magnificent as the heart. It seems interesting that it is also placed at the center of our bodies. Without this amazing muscle made of involuntary striated muscle cells, we would not be able to live. It is a mean machine! It only takes about 20 seconds to circulate the blood through the entire body. An adult heart pumps approximately 2,000 gallons of blood throughout the body. However, there are plenty of other organs in our bodies that we can do without and they do not necessarily sustain our wellbeing. For example, we can live just fine with only one kidney. Also, our spleen, tonsils, appendix and gallbladder can be removed, but that is not the case for our heart. We need its’ life sustaining abilities in order to live. The heart is not only associated with our physical well- being, but it also is strongly linked to our emotional well being as well. “The Greeks believed the heart was the seat of the spirit, the Chinese associated it with the center for happiness and the Egyptians thought the emotions and intellect rose from the heart.” (Condron, 2011). The heart is so much more than just an organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It is a key factor to life. When the heart has issues, it is a domino effect in the body and other body systems are affected too. There are a multitude of problems that can arise with the cardiac system. One of these problems is angina. Key Principles Angina can be defined...
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...Group 3 Respiratory System * Consists of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and for expelling the waste product carbon dioxide. * Air passes from the nose or mouth via various respiratory passages, to millions of balloons like sacs, the alveoli in the lungs. Respiration -term for the processes by which oxygen reaches body cells and is utilized by them in metabolism bywhich carbon dioxide is eliminated. Parts of the Respiratory System * Nose-The uppermost part of the respiratory tract bearing the nostrils, the outer opening for entrance of air and the organ of smell. Functions of the Nose: * Organ of Smell * Protecting the Lungs * It is also a resonator Parts of the Nose: * Nasal Septum- is the central partition inside the nose that divides it into two cavities, the right and left passages called fossae. * Nasal Cavity- a sticky mucous membrane lines the nasal cavity and traps dust particles. * Nose Hairs- hairs at the entrance to the nose trap the large inhaled particles. * Internal Nares- posterior opening connected to the pharynx. * Facial Sinuses- these are air spaces in the bones of the skull which communicate with nasal cavities and make it lighter. * Sinusitis- the inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses caused by infection. * Rhinoplasty- an operation that alters the structure of the nose to improve its appearance or to correct a deformity caused...
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...how hypothalamus regulates hormone secretion from the pituitary Describe how the pituitary gland regulates the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands Describe the different endocrine glands of the body based on the following: Structure Hormones produced Target cells for each hormone Principal action of each hormone WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? Identify the 2 major types of endocrine conditions and give examples of each OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Water balance Uterine contractions & milk release Growth, metabolism, & tissue maturation Ion regulation Heart rate & blood pressure regulation Blood glucose control Immune system regulation Reproductive functions control REGULATION OF EFFECTORS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 1 HORMONES Comes from the greek word hormaein which means “to excite” Mediator molecules released by the glands of the endocrine system Overview of the Endocrine System System of ductless glands that secrete hormones Hormones are “messenger molecules” Circulate in the blood Act on distant target cells Target cells respond to the hormones for which they have receptors The effects are dependent on the programmed response of the target cells Hormones are just molecular triggers ENDOCRINE GLANDS Produce hormones that EXOCRINE GLANDS are released into the Secrete products into circulatory system ducts (sweat glands...
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...PFOA is very toxic, even in very low amounts; Philippe Grandjean of the Harvard School of Public Health and Richard Clapp of the University of Massachusetts-Lowell proved that the amount of PFOA that is safe for drinking water is 0.001 parts per billion, (Rich). In almost 100 water systems spanned over 27 states, the safe amount was surpassed, sometimes over 100 fold, (Rich). The very slight amount of PFOA needed to cause health issues, and the massive amount that DuPont jettisoned into the environment, makes it very easy for PFOA and the dangers that come with it to spread quickly. PFOA, is invincible. It cannot be naturally broken down by the environment, “The total amount of PFOA generated by DuPont and other companies will remain in the environment, and will circulate through the biosphere and through the blood of the human race, indefinitely,” (Suwol). People like the citizens of Parkersburg feel the worst of the effects when huge corporate companies like DuPont get careless and want to make a little extra profit. When DuPont gets lazy and doesn’t want to pay to dispose of their chemicals, it’s families like the Tennant’s whose cattle start dying. It’s the little guys that pay the price for the carelessness of the big chemical...
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...Soldering Air Quality Hazards and Solutions William G. Nicholson U.S. Air Force Abstract Air quality has become questionable with recent increased production and soldering procedures conducted by the Avionics Intermediate Systems Shop at Charleston Air Force Base. With an unknown quality level of air within the soldering area there is a need for a sample to be taken and options to be considered to improve the working environment. Even though the air sample may reveal that levels are under threshold levels, the simple fact that employees are uncomfortable doing the task may warrant solutions as if the sample was above limits. Those changes would not be required by anyone outside of the Air Force, but would be considered based on employee well-being. This research paper will reveal the findings of the air quality sample, the methods of testing, and countermeasures intent on improving air quality. Most research has concluded that the soldering flux is the real contaminate and that the lead based solder does not become airborne during the process; which is exciting in the fact that expanded measures are not needed to account for lead. There are many solutions available to correct the air quality and this paper will assess the most applicable and cost effective. Keywords: soldering, flux, rosin-core, air quality, ventilation Soldering Air Quality Hazards and Solutions The current set-up for soldering avionics component parts has questionable ventilation to account...
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...Wellness: the new health goal • Generations of people have viewed health simply as the absence of disease • Health – typically refers to the overall condition of a person’s body or mind and to the presence or absence of illness or injury • Wellness – beyond the simple presence or absence of disease, wellness refers to optimal health and vitality – to living life to its fullest • There are two differences between health and wellness: o Health – or some aspects of it – can be determined or influenced by factors beyond your control, such as your genes, age and family history (for example, family history of heart disease or cancer) o Wellness is largely determined by the decisions you make about how you live. For example, eating sensibly, exercising and having regular screening tests. Enhanced wellness, therefore, involves making conscious decisions to control risk factors that contribute to disease or injury. (age and family history are risk factors that cannot be controlled. Behaviours such as smoking, exercising and eating healthy are factors you can control) The dimensions of wellness • Experts have defined six dimensions of wellness: o Physical o Emotional o Intellectual o Interpersonal o Spiritual o Environmental • These dimensions are interrelated; each has an effect on the others • The process of achieving wellness is constant and dynamic, involving change and growth • Wellness is not static; ignoring any dimension of wellness can have harmful...
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...the transformation of energy and this may not be of use or be capable of being measured. • Forms of energy There are several forms of energy that exist and the most common form is chemical energy, this form of energy is the chemical bond which joins atoms or molecules with one another, when a new bond is made between two atoms, energy is needed for its formation and it is usually in the form of heat, even though light and electrical energy can be used. Also, when the bond is broken and the atoms are released the energy that was in the bond will also be released. The other forms of energy are light, heat, sound, electrical and nuclear. • Energy metabolism Energy is not just need for muscular activity and movement but it is also to circulate blood, lymph and tissue fluids throughout the body, it is also needed for breathing and taking in oxygen, for making new cells for growth and repair, to transmit nerve impulses so we can respond to changes within the environment, and to also build complex molecules like enzymes and hormones from simple molecules made after the digestion of food. Moreover, Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules within living organisms to form simpler ones; this is done with the release of energy and destructive metabolism. And anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules within living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy and...
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...Cardiovascular Case Study Mr. Smith is a 56-year-old Caucasian man who is being evaluated in the emergency room with progressively worsening chest pain that began 2 hours ago. The patient describes the pain as pressure in the center of his chest. He rates his pain 7/10. He reports the pain is now radiating down his left arm and through to his back, he is diaphoretic, and complaining of shortness of breath. He denies nausea or vomiting. Mr. Smith reports no previous history of chest pain or pressure. He smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 13 years but quit smoking last year. He denies a family history of heart disease. Upon initial examination he did not have jugular venous distension, no carotid bruits, normal S1 and S2 with an S3 present. No S4 or murmurs auscultated. Lung sounds clear to auscultation bilaterally, bowel sounds normal, all pulses palpable 2+/4, no edema present. Diagnostic data: BP: 165/98 mmHG HR: 96 bpm RR: 30 breaths/min Temp: 37 C SaO2: 96% with 2L/min O2 per nasal cannula Wt:100 kg A 12-lead ECG was performed in the emergency room showed: Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR) with frequent premature ventricular contractions. ST segment elevation in Leads 1, aVL, and V2 through V6 (3mm). ST segment depression in Leads III and aVF. Q waves in V2 through V4. The chest X-ray revealed slight cardiomegaly with mild congestive heart failure. An echocardiogram reveals an ejection fraction of 30% and mild mitral valve regurgitation. Mr. Smith’s...
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...Type II Diabetes in Pennsylvania 4/29/2015 Introduction Diabetes is a lifelong disease that occurs when a person’s pancreas stops or isn’t producing enough insulin and/or the body cannot use it. Insulin is needed to use the energy from food. The body makes glucose from food that is eaten and then the glucose goes into the bloodstream and circulates around the body. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells where it is used for energy, growth and repair. When people have diabetes, glucose cannot enter the cells. It builds up in the bloodstream until it reaches high levels, which is damaging to the body. High blood glucose levels can be returned to normal with such treatments as meal planning, medication, and regular physical activity. It sounds too good to be true on reversing Type II diabetes through exercise and healthy eating is true. While certain lifestyle changes are key to managing diabetes, whether you can actually turn back time so that it's like you never had diabetes is a different matter. That depends on how long you've had the condition, how severe it is, and your genes. "The term 'reversal' is used when people can go off medication but still must engage in a lifestyle program in order to stay off," (Ann Albright, 2015). Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes and can be diagnosed at any age. It is most commonly seen in adults. Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes, more than 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the U...
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...Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care. Name: Fatimah Al_Asadi Teacher name: Miss Bull Name: Fatimah Al_Asadi Teacher name: Miss Bull Aim and purpose This unit aims to enable learners to understand aspects of the anatomy and physiology of human body systems. Learners will be able to gain an overview of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a...
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...studies will also the researchers and readers to understand their study more. This will give greater information about how laughter slows down aging. According to Adams (2005) Laughter is a healing activity. Laughter operates on at least three different levels. They are the biophysical, the biochemical, and the bioenergetic levels. At the biophysical level, laughter also moves lymph and oxygenates your organs. Laughter moves lymph fluid around your body simply by the convulsions you experience during the process of laughing; so it boosts immune system function and helps clear out old, dead waste products from organs and tissues. Remember that your lymph system doesn't have a separate pump; your body needs to move around to properly circulate lymph fluid so that your immune system can carry out its natural functions. Laughter is a great way to support that. Secondly, laughter increases oxygenation of your body at both the cellular and organ level. By laughing, you intake vast amounts of oxygen in huge gulps, and you repeat this process in a sort of temporary hyperventilation session. This is the natural result of laughter, and if you watch someone laugh, you will notice these biophysical effects. People would ask why oxygen is good for the body. Oxygen is one of the primary catalysts for biological energy in the human body. Remember, we breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, so oxygen is an element of intracellular energy that's absolutely necessary to sustain human...
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...Name: _______________________________________ Date: __________________ 1. What does meditation stimulate? a. pituitary gland b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic d. adrenals 2. Which BEST defines what occurs in the fight or flight response? a. increase in intestinal movement b. increase in heart rate and blood pressure c. decrease in muscle tension d. decrease in endorphins released 3. Exercise during which the patient does not assist the therapist is called? a. coordination b. resistive c. passive d. active 4. Migraine and cluster headaches are? a. tension headaches b. vascular headaches c. traumatic d. psychogenic 5. What do you do if you are working on a client and he/she complains of pain where you are working? a. say “no pain, no gain” b. back off and continue communicating to be sure they are comfortable now c. stop the massage d. only work areas that don’t cause pain 6. if you are using a technique which requires firm pressure and it’s causing pain, You should? a. have the client qualify the pain and then modify your pressure b. explain to the client why pain is necessary c. continue with the same pressure d. terminate the session 7. What is the best position for massaging a pregnant woman? a. prone b. supine c. on her side d. postural drainage position 8. Which BEST describes the location of the Yin channels? a. anterior b. posterior c. proximal d. distal 9. Where is the center of gravity...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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