...This was a tribal nation that was rich in guns and horses. For a long period of time, they were able to keep settlers off their lands. When they were finally discovered, issues arose. They were able to push against surrounding tribes, protecting their lands and peoples. The Sioux were to their east, the Nez Perce and Flatheads were to their west, the Crow were to their south and the Cree were to their north....
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...Review Quiz: Masai Women 1. What are all the different social roles that a person can be in Masai society? (breakdown by age and gender) and the responsibilities of the various roles? • Men i. (0-17) Boy: Herding, play ii. (18-29) Warrior: raid and extend boundaries of their territory, wander around but do not marry, when they go to the village girls do their errands for them iii. (30+) Elder: respectable citizen, can marry and live in elders village, can own cattle, organize elder initiation ritual, compose songs, herd if they have no sons • Women i. (0-13 to 15) Girl: do errands for warriors, live carefree life ii. (13 to 15+) Woman: can marry, entitled to pregnancy, build houses, milk cows, can “hold” cattle for her sons when they mature, raise children 2. How do the Masai mark transitions to different life stages for men and women? • For boys and girls, the circumcision ritual marks the transition from the youth stage of life into the warrior stage and mature woman stage. Boys become warriors who cannot marry but wander around raiding and extending boundaries, while girls fully mature into women who can marry, bear children and have holding rights to cattle. For men, the third elder stage is reached when a warrior reaches approximately the age of 30. After an elder initiation ritual, the warriors become full elders with the entitlements and responsibilities of that class. 3. How are marriages arranged among the Masai? When do men and women marry, and who decides...
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...Rene Alexander English 120: Rosemary Kwa Essay #2 Rite of Passage In “The Initiation of Maasai Warrior” Tepilit Ole Saitoti tells everyone her life for the massai is a series of conquest and tests involving the endurance of pain, which consist of cutting the front skin of the penis representing his responsibility and a big change from childhood to adulthood. When people read the story “The Initiation of Maasai Warrior” they start to notice how painful the rites of passage transformation between childhood to adulthood is for the Maasai people, another common culture has the similar believes is the Americans concerning the rites of passage which Naomi Wolfs explains in her story “Promiscuities: The Secret Struggle Towards Womanhood.” In both the Maasai and American cultures, both men and women go through rites of passage in order to learn responsibility and respect for family needs. When it comes to honoring your family’s name you’ll do anything to make them proud. In “The Initiation of Maasai Warrior” Tepilit Ole Saitoti tell “Ours has always been a proud family, and we would like to keep it that way. We will not tolerate unnecessary embarrassment, so you had better be ready. If you are not, tell us now so that we will not proceed.”(1) The key words in this quotation are “Tolerate” and “unnecessary” Webster’s new dictionary defines “tolerate” as the exixting presence, practice or act of without prohibition or hindrance and “unnecessary”...
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...their village while the warriors of the tribe were away and slaughtered most of the woman and children, including Tazhi. 2) Siki is heartbroken over her brother's death, but her thirst for revenge on her brother’s killer is just as great. Soon after his death, Siki decides to become a warrior, something that is frowned upon in her tribe, especially by a young man named Keste who is jealous of her skill and wishes to see her fail. Despite everyone's thoughts, Siki begins...
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...The earth is alone And I give thanks for the fullness Within the firmaments Is golden days and blossoming nights His gently hands Made I I-man, son of him Life was divided and sweet harmony come in Women & children Are we a warrior? Are we a warrior? Are we a warrior? Oh Cupiid. You stupid Let not you arrow from your bow LORD FEET is the mountains, so silent.. And filled Fountains of waters, for all of his loving creatures. He give us wisdom, and knowledge TO understand his love Do we have to have a war? Are we a warrior Lord Are we a warrior Are we a warrior OH oh Cupid, it's stupid Let not your arrow from your bow So hold it low And never let it go What cause you have a pistol in your hand LORD Is it for to shot a man down dead? Do we have to have a STORM lord? Why can't we be calm like a lamb? Lord lord above It's not only when There's a small confusion. It is a war There are other ways as well Sometime being confused Within your own head Because at times Hearts get heavier than lead Are we a warrior? Are we a warrior? Are we a warrior? Oh Cupid, it's stupid Let not you arrow from your bow So hold it low And never let go Take a look at sad children And there’s often true stories. It should be one all round glory The hour has...
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...were less interested in tribal welfare and more interested in commerce, setting up a trade route from the coast through Kenya to Uganda (which took the form of a railway at the end of the nineteenth century; Nairobi was founded as head-quarters of development midway along this railway in 1899); some explorers did try negotiating land and access rights with local tribes but these were not always favourable to the native population. Arabs also headed inland attempting to widen their trading (in particular there was a busy slave-market at Zanzibar and a large demand for ivory) and unwittingly spreading the Swahili language. Already under great pressure from foreign influence and some inter-tribal warfare, the Maasai were deeply affected when rinderpest (a cattle disease) struck their herds around 1880-1890; the reduced grazing led to more woodland which encouraged breeding of the harmful Tse tse fly. The Maasai were also hit with drought, famine, smallpox and cholera. In 1910 they were forced out of even more of their homeland which had already been bisected by the Kenya/Uganda railway, and in the early 1960's they lost yet more of their territory during the government land redistribution programmes (including the creation of the Masai Mara Game Reserve). The Importance of Cattle The Maasai are semi-nomadic pastoralists (they rear cattle and as a result sometimes have to travel searching for new...
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...student. She won eleven scholarships which allowed her to attend at the University of California at Berkeley . She initially started as a engineering major but eventually switched to English Major. While attending College she meet her husband, an aspiring actor and they moved to Hawaii where they taught for ten years. In this book uses her experiences while growing up and combines them or mixes them together stories that her mother use to tell her in which incorporates Chinese culture, history, believes and myths. The Woman Warrior In 1976 while teaching creative writing at Mid-Pacific institute, Maxine Hong Kingston published “The Woman Warrior – Memories of a Girlhood Among Ghosts “. The book gives voice to most influential women in her life who she felt, voices never been heard. (in this book Maxine Hong Kinston examines the cultural experience and struggles of Chinese-Americans, particularly the female identity of Chinese-American women. Rather than taking a rigid stance against a...
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...Indians were located in upstate New York. The men of the tribe would burn the forest so that the women could plant seeds weed and harvest the crops. There were three sisters in the vegetable family that were used the most by the Iroquois Indians, these were corn, beans, and squash. The Iroquois Indians lived in longhouses several families lived in one house. The women of the tribe were matrilineally related. They chose one older woman to organize the labor of all of the women to ensure that there was teamwork amongst them. This would make them successful as well as being fair. There was a time of European contact when 65% of the products were produced by the Iroquois women. (Johansen, 1999). The women of the tribe were valued in the community because of the labor that was performed by them, also the contributions that were made to the villages. There were many extratribal conflicts that arose and this did involve the women of the tribe. The Iroquois women were considered as cultivators, which in turn the maize was owned by them. The men were hunters, traders, and warriors, which with the contribution of the maize from the women to the warriors allowed the women to be involved in the trading war. The importance of the maize was that if the women did not like or were against a raiding activity, they were able to hold the maize from the warriors which would cause the warriors not to go.(Nowak,1979). The children of the Iroquois Indians learned at a very young age what was expected...
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...goes by the name “ Hawkeye”. Major Duncan Heyward, of the British Army, has arrived in Albany. He has been sent to serve under Colonel Munro, the commander of Fort William Henry. Heyward has also been given the assignment of escorting the colonel’s two daughters, Cora and Alice, to the fort to join their father. He is a family friend, and in love with Cora, and proposes to her before they leave. She does not give him an answer. Major Heyward, the two women, and a troop of British soldiers march through the rugged countryside for the fort. They are led by a single guide, Magua, a warrior of the Huron tribe. Unexpectedly, Magua leads the party into an ambush, where all are killed except Heyward and the women. The fight, however, is interrupted by the arrival of Chingachgook and his sons, who kill the enemy warriors, but Magua escape. The major and the women are now stranded and the Mohicans and Hawkeye agree to accompany them the rest of the way. During this journey, Cora begins to form a bond with Hawkeye, and Heyward notices. When they arrive near the fort, they find it under siege by the French. They enter the fort during the attack, and are greeted by Colonel Munro, asking Major Heyward about reinforcements. The colonel admits to Heyward and the others that the fort is about to fall. While there, Cora and Hawkeye share a passionate kiss. Heyward begins to suspect Cora’s attraction to Hawkeye, and erupts in jealousy. In response,...
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...Batek: Traditional Tattoos Batek: Traditional Tattoos and Identities in Contemporary Kalinga, North Luzon Philippines Analyn Ikin V. Salvador-Amores ABSTRACT In the early 16th century, traditional tattooing is widespread in the Philippines, but very little is known or written about the practice. Sources for the study of traditional tattoos in Northern Luzon are very inadequate and merely make vague statements on the function and symbolic meaning of tattoos, as well as the relationship between the practice and culture as a whole. The statements likewise reveal a distinctly ethnocentric deportment. Until today, tattooing and tattoo designs in the Cordilleras are best understood within the context of headhunting. Headhunting was the only known reason for tattooing, and, to this day, no one knows exactly what tattoos signify. This paper provides insights into the roles and functions of the tattoos, and how the tattoos (batek) become cultural symbols of the intricate rituals brought about by community regimens of the Ilubo, Kalinga. No longer practiced, the batek of the Ilubo is a visually powerful rendering of symmetry and unity of designs. Batek now serve as an archive of culture for the group. Keywords: Tattoo, rites of passage, body adornment, identity, Kalinga INTRODUCTION My anthropological interest in body ornamentation, specifically in traditional tattoos, began in 1990. I met an old Bontoc woman who sold balatinao (red rice) in one of the old market stalls in...
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...epic poem The Iliad by Homer, warrior culture is based on gaining loot, glory, and respect. Loot is what the warriors receive after winning or killing someone in war, glory is gained by heroic deeds and actions done in combat, and respect is the guideline that the warriors have to follow in war, and when a honorable act is done, the warrior receives respect. Warriors in The Iliad have ambitions to obtain these three components in order to improve their reputations. Loot, glory, and respect are the currencies that the warriors strive to gain to enhance their prestige. Loot creates controversy when it is being divided amongst the soldiers after a raid because loot is not always spread fairly. Loot is basically money in this epic. For example, an army raids a enemy territory and whatever they find in it is loot. People argue over loot, like Agamemnon and Achilles, the best fighter in the kingdom. Achilles accuses Agamemnon of taking more of the loot for himself and giving a minimal amount to Achilles and the rest of the soldiers. Achilles is very distraught because he believes that especially...
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...Iliad. Everyone undergoes the effects of war and battle. The women stand and watch helplessly as their loved ones fight, and live knowing they may never come back. The role of what a ‘man’ or ‘women’ is or should be also causes suffering because of the decisions they must take on. The warriors understand that whichever decision they make to continue in battle or desert, their honor and integrity is at stake and that dilemma causes suffering Although, each person I mention seems to somewhat understand what fate lies ahead of them or of their loved ones, they realize the suffering they will have to eventually go through. As a warrior Achilles has witnessed much death but this war has him questioning why labor through it all? Achilles does not believe in this war initially. He knows the war is over power and ego of a man who could not keep his wife, and doesn’t understand why many men must be dragged into personal affairs and get their hands dirty will the Kings stand back and watch their people and country die. Achilles identity is based on being a proud fighter and he weeping to his mother is a great concern. The humiliation he experiences with Agamemnon, the fact that he lost his war prize and could not defend what was his, affects Achilles pride as well. Achilles, in a time of vulnerability goes to his mother and asks for her guidance after his integrity is compromised. Thetis son Achilles is the revered warrior in the Achaean army, but is also born to live a life of suffering...
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...Athens and Sparta existed from 2000 B.C. to 404 B.C. Sparta came around when the helots were conquered in a village that was named Sparta which became their capital. Athens were sea traders and were big on trade, which might have been a reason why their city-state came about. Sparta was located in a village down in a valley. They were a rigid and highly militarized society. Their location may have helped explain why Sparta developed different from Athens. Athens was an attic peninsula that was built inland. Their city-state was built around the rocky hill of Acropolis. Sparta was ruled by two kinds. One king led the army, while the other took care of the matters at home. The Council of Elders were made up of 28 male citizens over 60. They were usually wealthy and high in power. They proposed laws and served as a criminal court. An assembly consisted of all male citizens over 30 voted on those laws proposed by the Council of Elders to accept or reject them. The helots in Sparta hated the Spartans and what they did, because they had no say and were treated as a low class. Athens was a democracy ruled by Cleisthenes. What he first did was divide Athen’s citizens into 10 tribes. Then each tribe chose 50 men. And those men formed what we call the Council of Five Hundred. The members served for one year and couldn’t be chosen more than twice. They proposed laws to the assembly, but the assembly had the final word. The court became more democratic also. Jurors were citizens chosen by...
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...Resource Links Wounded Warrior Resource Center The Wounded Warrior Resource Center Web site (WWRC) is a Department of Defense Web site which provides wounded Service Members, their families, and caregivers with information they need on military facilities, health care services, and benefits. It supports access to the Wounded Warrior Resource Call Center and trained specialists who are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by phone at 1-800-342-9647 or by e-mail at wwrc@militaryonesource.com. Advocacy/Support - Disabled American Veterans* www.dav.org The DAV’s 1.2 million members provide grassroots advocacy and services in communities nationwide. From educating lawmakers and the public about important issues to supporting services and legislation to help disabled veterans — the DAV is there to promote its message of hope to all who have served and sacrificed. Advocacy/Support - National Veterans Foundation* www.nvf.org Our Mission: to serve the crisis management, information and referral needs of all U.S. Veterans and their families through: * Management and operation of the nation’s only toll-free helpline for all veterans and their families. * Public awareness programs that shine a consistent spotlight on the needs of America’s veterans. * Outreach services that provide veterans and families in need with food, clothing, transportation, employment, and other essential resources. Advocacy/Support - Salute Inc.* www.saluteinc.org SALUTE, Inc. is a...
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...Is the Story of Mulan an inspirational tale to women or a subtle reminder by Disney about a woman’s place in society? One could say that they Disney princesses are all the same – Cinderella, Ariel, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty- they’re all tall, skinny, undeniably beautiful with their long flowing hair and fabulous gowns. They all play the damsel in distress, completely helpless to fend for themselves in the real world. They all await their happily ever after with the handsome prince charming. Mulan however, is different – or at least upon first glance appears to be. In the film, this young woman plays two opposing roles. On one hand, Mulan is the clumsy young woman, considered such an unfit bride that even the matchmaker considers there to be no hope for her “You are a disgrace, you may look like a bride but you will never bring your family honour...” On the other hand, she also plays Ping, the fearless young soldier who was loved by all, who grew from strength to strength and pretty much singlehandedly saved China from the invasion of the Huns. In order for Mulan to save her father from conscription she must give up her female self to pose as a man and join the army. This however, as far as Mulan is concerned, isn’t such a huge loss as she feels she really doesn’t fit in as a traditional Chinese woman. In the opening song she lists all that she is expected to be as a woman, as the perfect Chinese woman – quiet...
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