...components of socialization and gender. I am investigating topics such as online socialization, impact on social life, gender roles, macrostructures, microstructures... From my experience, online gaming tends to destroy or severely damage an individual’s regular social life. Some online gamers prefer to socialize only through the game where the rules are less strict and they are free to act in a way they would not normally be in real society. Online gaming gives gamers a sense of confidence, calm and reassurance because it allows an individual to meet new people without worrying too much about the repercussions of their actions. There is a sense of ambiguity because in the game a person cannot determine who is controlling the other characters whether male or female. Gender roles are not as defined in the online world since you are allowed to choose your character’s gender or sex. This allows people to act out lives that they do not have or be a different person completely separate from the real world. The three journal articles I am using for this literature review are as follows: Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles: Young People’s Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions Dill, Karen E., and Kathryn P. Thill. "Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles: Young People's Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions." Sex Roles 57.11-12 (2007): 851-64. ProQuest. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. Consequences of Play: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Online...
Words: 1236 - Pages: 5
...Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu And William H. Meckling University of Rochester Abstract This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the ‘separation and control’ issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem. The directors of such [joint-stock] companies, however, being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected, that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frequently watch over their own. Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master’s honour, and very easily give themselves a dispensation from having it. Negligence and profusion, therefore, must always prevail, more or less, in the management of the affairs of such a company. — Adam Smith...
Words: 28422 - Pages: 114
...Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu And William H. Meckling University of Rochester Abstract This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the ‘separation and control’ issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem. The directors of such [joint-stock] companies, however, being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected, that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frequently watch over their own. Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master’s honour, and very easily give themselves a dispensation from having it. Negligence and profusion, therefore, must always prevail, more or less, in the management of the affairs of such a company. — Adam Smith...
Words: 28569 - Pages: 115
...The Beat Generation of the post-war 1950s is the Lost Generation of disillusioned rebellious young men looking for freedom and self-expression. It is a religious generation on a spiritual quest back and forth in the lands of America. A relatively small movement in terms of published literature, the Beatnik generation's literary sphere was dominated by three leading figures: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William Burroughs. The writings of these figures generally focused on the major themes of the generation itself, advocating a modern bohemian hedonism far exceeding that of any other movement of the 20th century.The most prominent and famous writer of this Beat Generation, Jack Kerouac, portrays his journeys through America in his autobiographical novel On the Road. In the book, Sal Paradise, the literary equivalent of Jack Kerouac, is a writer outsider in the search of a place under the sun. He is bored, disillusioned, and unhappy. Upon meeting his hero, Dean Moriarty, Paradise goes on a journey through the lands of America and Mexico, experimenting with drugs, sex, and alcohol, hitchhiking, stealing, sleeping under the sun, starving, yet engaging in exuberant and memorable experiences. Both friends rebel against the conformist American dream and go on the road to break with conventions and rules, with heightened expectations of what life should be and what life could actually offer. As they follow through their travels, the way they interact or exist in the different...
Words: 2379 - Pages: 10
...By LAWRENCE WRIGHT John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Read the Review TWO LIVES-- ONE PERSONALITY? A pair of identical twin girls were surrendered to an adoption agency in New York City in the late 1960s. The twins, who are known in psychological literature as Amy and Beth, might have gone through life in obscurity had they not come to the attention of Dr. Peter Neubauer, a prominent psychiatrist at New York University's Psychoanalytic Institute and a director of the Freud Archives. Neubauer believed at the time that twins posed such a burden to parents, and to themselves in the form of certain developmental hazards, that adopted twins were better off being raised separately, with no knowledge of their twinship. Neubauer also recognized the exceptional research possibilities such a separation offered. Studies of twins reared apart are one of the most powerful tools that scholars have to analyze the relative contributions of heredity and environment to the makeup of individual human natures. Identical twins are rare, however, and twins who have been separated and brought up in different families are particularly unusual. Neubauer was aware of a mere handful of studies examining twins reared apart, and in most cases the twins being studied had been separated for only part of their childhoods and were reunited at some point long before the study began. Here was an opportunity to look at twins from the moment they were separated, and to trace them through childhood, observing at each...
Words: 6661 - Pages: 27
...[pic] Fred W. Riggs: Contributions to the Study of Comparative Public Administration Howard E. McCurdy, American University [pic] In 1962, the Ford Foundation presented the Comparative administration Group (CAG), a special division of the American Society for public Administration, with one-half million dollars to study methods for improving public administration in developing countries. Public administration had passed recently through a period of widespread optimism about the power of administrative reform. Many practitioner-scholars believed that administration could be improved through the implementation of correct principles. Scarcely 25 years earlier Luther Gulick had suggested that experts were on the verge of discovering principles of administration as immutable as the laws of physics and chemistry. Scholars had rediscovered Woodrow Wilson's dictum that good administrative practices did not depend upon the type of regimen which they were practiced. The United States had achieved great success in reconstructing the economies of Europe and Asia through instruments such as the Marshall Plan. President John F. Kennedy had established the Peace Corps as a means of bringing "trained manpower" to less developed lands. With these trends to inspire them, scholars both prominent and apprentice traveled to foreign countries to share their knowledge about public administration. Many arrived in countries newly emerging from the grip of colonialism and struggling to establish...
Words: 3578 - Pages: 15
...Journal of Financial Economics 3 (1976) 305-360. Q North-Holland Publishing Company THEORY OF THE FIRM: MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOR, AGENCY COSTS AND OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE Michael C. JENSEN and William H. MECKLING* University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, U.S.A. Received January 1976, revised version received July 1976 This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency. the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the ‘separation and control’ issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears these costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optirnality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing tht- creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem. The directors of such [joint-stock] companies, however, being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected, that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frcqucntly watch over their own. Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master’s honour, and very easily give thcmsclvcs a dispensation from...
Words: 27266 - Pages: 110
... | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LETTER THIS IS TO ACKNOWLEDGE THANKS TO MY RESPECTED GUIDE DR IMTIYAZ SIR FOR HIS INVALUABLE GUIDANCE, HELP, ENCOURAGEMENT FOR COMPLETING MY ESSAY -01 IN SUBJECT SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY IN ITS CURRENT FORM. THANKING YOU YOURS SINCERELY (Ms RIDDHITA SHAH ) ID NUMBER :- JUPG009SP105. SUBJECT NAME:- SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY COURSE NAME:- PG DIPLOMA IS SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY NAME OF INSTITUTION:- IHMH Chapter 8 :- Development of Emotions INTRODUCTION: Emotion is the magic word that makes human life dynamic and makes him a multi-colored shell on the shore of the sea of society. Emotions connect the mental and physical activities of human beings together. The best achievements as well as the worst deeds in a man’s life are the product of different emotions at different times. Example War Of Mahabharat – emotions were the cause roots for this major war and destruction. Emotion is a very complex phenomenon. Almost all psychological phenomena...
Words: 2953 - Pages: 12
...roles, goal, method, non-verbal), and to be fully understood have to be considered in their contexts Culture: "the collective programming if the mind that DISTINGUISHES the members of one group tor category of people from another" (Hofstede 2001) Is both a process and a product; is confining (imitates groups) and facilitating (gives us a way to better understand what is happening) Cultural Symbol = physical indicators of organizational life (Rafaeli & Worline 2000) ARTIFACTS: visible/tangible, are also part of them norms, standards, customs and social convention. Norms: pattern of behaviors or communication, indicating what people should do in a specific scenario. Also expected behavior. VALUES: "a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affair over others" (Hofstede 2001) they emerge in behavior and are shared ASSUMPTION: are belief taken for granted, hard to define and to trace. They guide behavior by how members should perceive think feel and act. Section 2 An organization's culture is,...
Words: 18112 - Pages: 73
...zHISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT Major objective of treating “Management Theory and Practice” in a concise, interesting, and understandable manner will be to present management history and theory with an emphasis on the future. Most students will be applying the concepts learned here over a period of next many years. Another objective shall be to identify several areas where management concepts are applicable to the personal and professional goal-setting and also to apply the management skills to the challenge of managing the most difficult peer or subordinate – the one that may confront you in the mirror each morning in your professional career. In any treatment of a basic subject like this, there is little that the resource/anchor person can claim to be uniquely his own except his/her tacit knowledge and the presentation style. The write-ups from chapters of recommended text books for this course has also been included and are highly acknowledged. The Intellectual Heritage of Management: Organized endeavors directed by people responsible for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling activities have existed for thousands of years. The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China, for instance, are tangible evidence that projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of thousands of people, were undertaken well before modern times. The pyramids are a particularly interesting example. The construction of a single pyramid occupied more than 100,000 workers...
Words: 5595 - Pages: 23
...Networks Governance Structure in Tanzania: Literature Review and Research Issues Lettice Rutashobya Issack Allan Faculty of Commerce and Management, University of Dar es salaam P.O Box. 35046 Dar es salaam, Tanzania Tel: 255 741 323661, 255 22 2410221 Fax: 255 22 2410510 Email: Lettice@fcm.udsm.ac.tz Jan-Erik Jaensson Umea University school of Business Administration and Economics, Sweden Jan-Erik.Jaensson@fek.umu.se Abstract This paper reviews the networks and the IMP literature to inform research on the network phenomenon in small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. It is noted that while a lot of work in this area has been done in Western Industrialized countries, little by way of serious research has been undertaken in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The role of networks in enterprise development and growth in these countries remains unexplored and therefore unclear. It is argued here that research on networks needs to be contextualized if it is to gain currency. Integrating the networks and the IMP perspectives this paper identifies three crucial areas relevant for future research in Tanzania: viz, the network-performance nexus, female versus male networks and social networks. Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to provoke research on networks in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Tanzania. We integrate the networks, IMP and entrepreneurship literature to justify research in this area. In the entrepreneurship literature networks have been identified as one of...
Words: 7048 - Pages: 29
...explores how and why people get addicted to television using a survey asking people about their viewing habits, and getting their opinions on television and television programs. It will explore topics such as why people watch television, what types of programs people watch, and how much television people watch on average. The study will define addiction through people's answers in the survey, if they think of themselves as television addicts, and what individuals want to get out of watching television (social interaction or to escape reality for a brief period.) The interviewees will add insight into the direction of the study and they will define television addiction and the level of television that will be a concern (addiction). Through the study more than half the subjects agreed that television has addicting powers, but it lacks withdrawal affects and it doesn't cause harm instantly it should be classified separately from other addictions. Through the results of the study were not conclusive. The people who thought of themselves as addicted the types of programs they watched varied along with their backgrounds. Further studies will have to be done to draw any correlations. Introduction With the amount of television stations broadcasting in the United States alone, there is no lack of programming or genre to watch. With how society views television as a norm and how individuals watch television every day it is important to understand why some individuals watch too much...
Words: 4668 - Pages: 19
...Economics 314 Coursebook, 2010 Jeffrey Parker 14 MODELS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Chapter 14 Contents A. Topics and Tools ............................................................................ 2 B. Defining Unemployment .................................................................. 3 The statistical definition ................................................................................................3 Problems with the statistical measures ............................................................................4 Natural and cyclical unemployment ...............................................................................6 C. Introduction to Theories of Unemployment........................................... 7 D. Minimum Wages and Unemployment ................................................. 10 A simple minimum-wage model .................................................................................. 10 Minimum-wage effects on skilled and unskilled labor ..................................................... 11 E. Unemployment Insurance and the Length of Job Search .......................... 13 A simple model of job search ........................................................................................ 13 Unemployment benefits and search duration ................................................................. 15 Optimal search duration ...........................................................................................
Words: 13944 - Pages: 56
...Academy of Management Review 2003, Vol. 28, No. 3, 447–465. THE CROSS-NATIONAL DIVERSITY OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: DIMENSIONS AND DETERMINANTS RUTH V. AGUILERA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign GREGORY JACKSON Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry We develop a theoretical model to describe and explain variation in corporate governance among advanced capitalist economies, identifying the social relations and institutional arrangements that shape who controls corporations, what interests corporations serve, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities among corporate stakeholders. Our “actor-centered” institutional approach explains firm-level corporate governance practices in terms of institutional factors that shape how actors’ interests are defined (“socially constructed”) and represented. Our model has strong implications for studying issues of international convergence. Corporate governance concerns “the structure of rights and responsibilities among the parties with a stake in the firm” (Aoki, 2000: 11). Yet the diversity of practices around the world nearly defies a common definition. Internationalization has sparked policy debates over the transportability of best practices and has fueled academic studies on the prospects of international convergence (Guillen, 2000; Rubach & Sebora, ´ 1998; Thomas & Waring, 1999). What the salient national differences in corporate governance are and how they should best be conceptualized remain hotly debated...
Words: 11664 - Pages: 47
...Prepared for THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PEACE, VIOLENCE, AND CONFLICT, 2nd ed., (Academic Press, expected 2008). Hate Crimes Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt Northeastern University I. Legal Distinctions II. Hate Crimes and Prejudice III. Why Treat Hate Crimes Differently? IV. Problems in Collecting Hate Crime Data V. Types of Hate Crimes VI. Organized Hate Groups VII. VIII. Are Hate Crimes on the Rise? Responses to Hate crimes IX. Conclusion GLOSSARY Defensive Hate Crimes Hate offenses aimed against particular “outsiders” who are regarded as posing a challenge to a perpetrator’s neighborhood, workplace, school, or physical wellbeing. Ethno-violence Acts of hate that do not necessarily rise to the legal standard of a crime, but contain an element of prejudice. Hate Crimes (also known as Bias Crimes) Criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the fact or perception that a victim is different from the perpetrator. Mission Hate Crimes Hate offenses committed as an act of “war” against any and all members of a particular group of people. Modern Racism victim. Prejudice A negative attitude toward individuals based on their perceived group Subtle and institutionalized forms of bigotry based on the race of the membership. Retaliatory Hate Crimes terrorism. Thrill Hate Crimes Hate offenses typically committed by youngsters who are motivated by Hate offenses designed to get even for hate crimes or acts of the desire for excitement. HATE CRIMES are criminal...
Words: 6646 - Pages: 27
