...prove to be a challenge. People with disabilities are given medication and regular therapy to help them improve their daily lives. For some, however, this is not enough. Service dogs are animals specifically trained to aid their disabled owners in their everyday lives. Service dogs are a common type of professional working dog and have several branches/classifications. Each classification is trained to preform specific tasks and are given different privileges/rights when it comes to public access. A service animal preforms specific tasks or provides aid in another form to their disabled owner while other professional working dogs are focused on aiding non-disabled persons (Watson par 7). It is extremely important for the...
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...While it is often debated that every lab counts, that they are always discovering new information on how to cure diseases everyday. Despite this idea, not every experiment saves a life or finds a cure, some are fatal and go wrong. There is not always a point in testing if you know you are not going to solve something while doing damage at the same time. For instance, Ryan Ballinger a student at Indiana State University reports, “I say any kind of animal testing is wrong because we have so many new inventions now. Why can't one of those inventions help us test products without using animals?” In making this comment, Ballinger is arguing that there is no need for animal testing when we are living in the 21st century and have all these inventions that could do that work instead of putting it all on animals. Ryan also points out that, “We also do not know how these medicines could affect us because some medicines affect us in different ways than animals.” What Ballinger is trying to explain is that this leads to wastefulness when we do not know if it is even going to work on humans in the first place, they are also putting lives in danger testing drugs that worked on animals but do not know the effect of humans. Lastly, a former National Cancer Institute...
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...so much of the cat I had when I was young. For the three months I spent about 30 minutes a day with Marvin. He would usually show up right around dinner time. He always knew where he could find me, and when he did, he would come over and jump into my lap and lay down. He would sit with me for a while and I would pet him and talk to him about my day. Some of the people I worked with would come by and tell me that I was crazy for touching a stray cat in the middle of Iraq. “He might have a disease,” they would say. I didn’t care what they said, Marvin was important to me. There I was in the middle of the desert in Iraq, half a world away from my family and everything familiar to me. For half an hour a day, sometimes more, that little cat allowed me to forget where I was for a while. There...
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...of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using praise, attention, pleasure or recognition. This encourages the person...
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...of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using praise, attention, pleasure or recognition. This encourages the person...
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...of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using praise, attention, pleasure or recognition. This encourages the person...
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...prove to be very dangerous to humans.(L) In the conclusion, humans and animals can never be the same because of the way our bodies function differently. Science doesn't mean humans should end lives of other creatures to gain knowledge that might not even make a difference when the experiment is over. Animal experimentation is not required to advance human medical science in modern society. Because humans respond so differently to other animals, using other animals to test on is unreliable at best, and fatally dangerous at worst, for humans.(Home) So in result, experimenting on animals really does nothing kill innocent animals who never deserved be poked and...
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...1936) was the first to study it formally. Pavlov was studying dogs digestive processes. Dogs automatically salivate when food arrives in their mouths, but after being in the experimental situation for a while, they would salivate in anticipation of the food arriving, as if they had learned to recognise the signs that the food was on its way. Pavlov took control of these signs and showed that dogs could be trained to salivate to bells, lights, and cardboard shapes instead of food. The classical conditioning process works like this: There must first of all be an innate reflex action, an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus. E.g. blinking, salivation, startle, these are the areas that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Such reflexes consist of an unconditional stimulus (UCS) which brings about an unconditional response.(UCR) The experimenter presents a neutral stimulus just before or along with the UCS. The new stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditional means dependent upon learning. The UCR occurs as before. After several pairings of the CS and UCS the CS alone will be enough to bring about the UCR. The animal now has a new conditioned reflex. The model gives us an explanation for all kinds of learned behaviour. Watson and Rayner (1920) classically conditioned an 11 month old boy called Little Albert to fear white rats. Albert was pre-tested with a white rat, a dog, a monkey, masks, cotton wool and burning newspaper. He was interested...
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...Pedophilia: Disorder or Preference? By Sonya Formhals Table of Contents Page 1: Title Page Page 2: Table of Contents Page 3: Introduction Page 4: Thesis Statement, Analysis of Thesis, and Evidence: First Point Page 6: Objection to First Evidence Point and Response to First Objection Page 7: Second Evidence point Page 8: Objection to Second Evidence Point Page 9: Response to Second Objection Page 10: Third Evidence Point Page 11: Objection to Third Evidence Point Page 12: Response to Third Objection Page 13: Conclusion Page 15: Works Cited Introduction Imagine walking into a restaurant and seeing a proposal, such a joyous occasion. As you applaud and cry out “Cheers!” you may think back to your own proposal and it may have happened. Joy and love overwhelms you and you may even tear up a little. A cause for celebration by anyone’s idea, then as you walk by you discover the bride is actually only a ten year old girl. Does this change your view on it? Do you still have those same feelings, or does something more like disgust register in your heart? Recently in the past few years there has come about requests from advocates and groups to change the classification of pedophilia. Currently it is listed as a mental disorder in the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Certain groups are of the opinion that it is not a disorder but a valid sexual preference, such as heterosexuality or homosexuality and that by denying...
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...P1 The behaviourist perspective focuses solely on observing human behaviour; behaviourist psychologists believe that new born babies are born with a ‘clean slate’ – that we adopt our means for behaviour by learning. Pavlov was a behavioural psychologist and he was conducting an experiment on how the production of saliva helps dogs to digest food. However, Pavlov found that his dog would sometimes salivate before his food arrived. This lead him to realise that the dog had learnt to associate his food with other stimulus; for example reaching for the dog food or picking up his bowl. Pavlov then began to ring a bell whenever the dog would receive food, and eventually found that the dog would produce saliva whenever the bell was rung. This is known as classical conditioning, which Pavlov applied to humans. This is when a stimulus creates a new response which is learned by association. To begin with, Pavlov’s dog innately reacted to receiving food by producing saliva; here, the food is an unconditioned stimuli and the saliva produced is an unconditioned response. However, when another stimulus (the neutral stimuli) such as the bell, is added to the unconditioned stimuli, this also creates the unconditioned response. With consistency the new stimulus will create the conditioned response; therefore producing saliva when the bell is rung. Here, the bell has become a conditioned stimuli and the salivating has become a conditioned response. American psychologist Watson conducted an experiment...
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...nervous and panicky almost daily. She is 31 years old. Leanne described her home situation as “less than ideal.” She separated from her husband two years ago and found herself barely able to meet her financial obligations of the mortgage that was onceshared and the other household bills. She noted that she was laid off about 18 months ago fromher former job and was unemployed for one year. During this time she returned to school for a Master’s degree. Leanne’s financial crisis deepened with the layoff and she was forced to sell her home and move in with her boyfriend about three months ago. She found a new job in her fieldabout six months ago, but she is making less money than she was even receiving fromunemployment benefits. Leanne describes the living arrangement as difficult. Her boyfriend’s chronically ill bestfriend also lives in the house. Leanne states that the house is too small to accommodate her belongings and she is storing things in her camper in the backyard. She misses her old housewhich was bigger and had a nice yard. She also misses her dogs that live with her ex-husband. She stated that she feels like she is “walking on eggshells” around her boyfriend all of the time because the living arrangement is only supposed to last until she finishes her Master’s degree next summer. She said that she feels like a long-term houseguest and that her presence is an intrusion. She said that her boyfriend’s actions sometimes confirm this feeling. Leanne’s job, in addition...
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...parents always telling me how unruly of a child I was. I was described as a ball of hell fire, who spat at the rules like they didn't apply to me. I was diagnosed With every hyperactive disorder the doctors had, Bipolar, ADD, ADHD. I felt like I wasn't wanted by my family. It was emptying and caused me to lash out more. Instead of just giving me attention they just shoved medication onto me. When I wasn't drugged out I was making sure my hatred for my parents was well heard. Some of the medication I was on made me feel like I was outside of my body watching someone else live my life. I never interacted with other children because my intelligence dwindled. I was always in a fog, It took more energy to communicate with others than any kid should have to. It was like trying to swim through high tide just trying to talk to others. My mind strained, my muscles ached, all tastes and smells were dulled down. I stopped enjoying food and stopped eating. I lost interest in sports, especially since I could barely pull myself out of bed in the morning, let around use physical energy to kick a ball around. No one noticed what was happening because we had just recently moved to a new town. I had no friends and it was really hard to make friends when it hurt to communicate. I thought I was at rock bottom. Happiness seemed out of reach. My family started to catch on to what was happening with me. They thought the solution...
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...Albert Bandura – Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory is also called observational learning. This learning is proving that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct Albert Bandura says that people learn from 3 different strategies and they are; Observation, Imitation and modelling; a saying for this is ‘monkey see, monkey do’ because ‘children see’ and ‘children do’. This saying explains everything in 4 simple words. Bandura’s social learning theory explains human behaviour in cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences. Everyone and everything around us has an impact on how we all behave. Bandura particularly focused on how aggression progresses in children. Bandura says that childrens behaviour is influenced and learned by observing whats going on around them in the environment that they are in. Children also observe the way people behave around others and are influenced by them in good ways and bad ways, this is shown by the bobo doll experiment. Children are especially influenced by the role models in this society, at first they will observe everything they do such as their behaviour and further down the line they will start to copy what they do and reinact it themselves. Sometimes this could be a good thing sometime this could be a bad thing. He also looks at how we are affected by the rewards and punishments...
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...University of San Francisco USF Scholarship Repository Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Projects Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2009 The Experience of African American Hospice Patient/Family with Board Certified Music Therapy as a Component of their Plan of Care Elizabeth Joy Gifford University of San Francisco, lgiffman1@aol.com Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.usfca.edu/dnp Part of the Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Gifford, Elizabeth Joy, "The Experience of African American Hospice Patient/Family with Board Certified Music Therapy as a Component of their Plan of Care" (2009). Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Projects. Paper 14. This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at USF Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Projects by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact zjlu@usfca.edu. COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2 Section I: Introduction Statement of the Problem Although 60% of African Americans in the United States have stated that they would want hospice care when they are dying (AARP, 2003), they only comprise 8% of all hospice enrollees (NHPCO, 2007), despite the fact that they represent 13% of the total population in this country (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). In fact, hospice care in this nation has always been underutilized by African Americans (Connor, Elwert, Spence,...
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...Chapter 1 SIGMUND FREUD AN INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud, pioneer of Psychoanalysis, was born on 6th May 1856 in Freiberg to a middle class family. He was born as the eldest child to his father’s second wife. When Freud was four years old, his family shifted and settled in Vienna. Although Freud’s ambition from childhood was a career in law, he decided to enter the field of medicine. In 1873, at the age of seventeen, Freud enrolled in the university as a medical student. During his days in the university, he did his research on the Central Nervous System under the guidance of German physician `Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke’. Freud received his medical degree in 1881and later in 1883 he began to work in Vienna General Hospital. Freud spent three years working in various departments of the hospital and in 1885 he left his post at the hospital to join the University of Vienna as a lecturer in Neuropathology. Following his appointment as a lecturer, he got the opportunity to work under French neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases...
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