...of Habeas Corpus is derived from the Latin meaning “you have the body.” The meaning according to the U.S. Constitution is the right of any person to question their incarceration before a judge. The detainees of war are entitled to habeas corpus because the authorized use of military force does not activate the Suspension Clause, holding them indefinitely is a violation of the Due Process Clause, and it is undetermined whether the detainees are prisoners of war or citizens suspected of treason. As citizens of the United States we must consider if it is legal for the U.S. government to detain a person without Due Process or Habeas Corpus in any circumstances. The term “habeas corpus” is believed to have first appeared as early as 1305 as a concept as part of the common-law tradition at a time of Magna Carta, signed by King John, the law states “No freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or disseized, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way harmed—nor will we go upon or send upon him—save by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law.” McElroy W. (2012). This later in the seventeenth century was re-written and used to assistance by the lawyer and politician Sir Edward Coke. In 1628 he helped to draft the Petition of Right, which became a foundation of the document that is the English Constitution. Again a reinterpretation of Magna Carta had a philosophical impact on the American colonies, the agreements that were drafted during this period. Sir Coke may well have been one...
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...that they hold them. However, highly controversial and emotional issues such as abortion rights and gay right continue to cloud the overall intent of the Amendment. An Equal Rights Amendment would remove that differential assumption and shift the burden of proof to the alleged discriminator. The ERA while not creating a radical shift in most businesses, could affect industries and jobs that have been seen as traditionally male career fields including professional sports, the military and other highly physical or hazardous careers. Women would have the option to participate in these career fields and be subject to military conscription. “The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was the most highly publicized and debated constitutional amendment before the United States for most of the 1970s and early 1980s.” (Answers.com, 2009) The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) stated "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” (Alice Paul Institute n.d.) If ratified, the ERA would have become the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the Constitution. The ERA, originally drafted by Alice Paul, (National Woman's party), and was first introduced in Congress in 1923. However, no action was taken until “the National Organization for Women, founded in 1966, revived interest in it.” (Equal Rights Amendment- Further...
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...Erikson Pepa Business writing Report: Draft March 3, 2014 Lower Drinking Age Turning 18 is a big year, probably one of the biggest in our young lives. When you turn 18 a million doors open, you can change your name, get tattooed, vote, join the military, go to jail and be trialed as an adult, basically anything you can think of, except one thing and that’s buying/drinking alcohol. That’s one thing that always got my attention: why 21? If you are considered by the law an adult at 18 then you should be treated like one in all aspects of it. Everyone has their own opinion on this matter, and there have been numerous arguments for each side. As I was surfing the web, I came across an article by Matt Nagin. Nagin’s article was “Top 3 Reasons Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered to 18”. It grabbed my attention so I decided to give it a look, Nagin’s 3 top reasons were, drunk driving, binge drinking and alcohol poisoning, and violent behavior all in that order. According to the article Nagin states that there is an average of 17,000 deaths related to drunk driving. This survey was conducted in 2010. The numbers have slightly gone down (Nagin). From all the drunken driving statistics rates were the highest among 21-25 year old at 23.4% and 15.1% for 18-20 year olds, but after the age of 25 the rates decrease (Nagin). The way I see it keeping the drinking age at 21 is not really making a difference because as the statistics show most drunk drivers are over the age of...
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...refuses to abandon the old Soviet system and still maintains compulsory army conscription for all men of the ages between 18 and 27. Existing military system that conscripts every young man of the country, often against their will, is very costly, greatly disliked in the society, and creates unavoidable disorders among discontented, forced to serve men. Much has changed since the soviet times, and people’s definitely positive attitude towards the national army is no exception. Today’s population has almost evenly divided into those who are for obligatory army and those who are in opposition to it, agreeing that serving should be a matter of personal choice (Levada Center Research) Nearly every second Russian with no trouble can name a number of reasons for their negative feelings about the national army. Today there are three major problems, accumulated and deepening through time, to be faced by reformers. 1) Insufficient financing Some critics claim that all the problems in the Russian military derive from lack of government funding. Both outdated military equipment and low salaries of the military men cause grave concern. Current Russian government demonstrated that it well understands the problem. As was estimated in 2010 it now spends $58.7 billion on military maintenance which makes 4% of nation’s overall GDP. Although Russian military spending decreased 1.4%...
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...such norm-creating judgements. The adoption of the Rome Statute International Criminal Court, which came into force on 1 July 2002, crystallised all these developments. This day will be a red-letter day in the history of international criminal law. On this day, a permanent international criminal court came into existence. This Court has enjoyed broad and enthusiastic support from governments and non-governmental organisations around the globe. However, not all states were happy about all provisions in the Rome Statute. One major country which refused to ratify this milestone treaty is America; an opposition which many termed as a blow dealt to the effectiveness of the Court. America sees itself as the sole remaining world super power which should be involved in promoting peace all around the world. It is of the conviction that its involvement in peace keeping processes is highly needed if they are to succeed. Scheffer, the former US Ambassador-at-large for War Crimes and Head of the US Delegation to the UN Conference remarked at a Press Conference in 1998 that the US “continues to have significant responsibility for peace and security. It is often called upon to execute a Security Council mandate.” It therefore has to protect its citizens who take part in bringing peace to the world. In recent years...
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...controversial bill. The Senate deadline was moved to October just as 12 senators signed the committee report concluding that the BBL is unconstitutional, indicating that the Senate would push for major revisions. Senator Ferdinand Marcos Jr has gone to the extent of saying he will file a new bill that is substantially different from what is being deliberated. Over at the House of Representatives, House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II admitted passing the bill now is a “cause for concern.” After the bill was passed in the committee, House members were accused of allegedly railroading its approval. Yet the BBL continues to enjoy wide support in core areas, a Social Weather Stations survey released in May showed. (READ: #AnimatED: Law should trump violence) What are the scenarios as the bill faces uncertain support in Congress, constitutional issues, and a tight timeline? 1. Congress fails to pass the BBL and a fallout among rebels follows If the House and the Senate fail to pass the BBL, the status quo would remain – the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) would stay in place and the same regional posts would be available for contention in the 2016 elections. MILF combatants would also not decommission their firearms. Although the MILF leadership has committed to stay the course of peace...
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...Nigeria, 1914-1999 49 DYNAMICS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 1914-1999 S.O. Aghalino* Abstract: This article examines the intractable problem of constitutional engineering in Nigeria. It is asserted that the drafting of constitutions is a recurring decimal in Nigeria's chequered political history. Right from the colonial period. Nigerians were barely involved in the art of constitution making while the British colonial overlords employed constitution making to consolidate their imperial strategies. Post colonial Nigerian leaders have utilised constitution drafting to ensure regime longevity. The current 1999 constitution is a product of haste because the receding military junta was in a hurry to leave the political turf. Consequently, the 1999 constitution has all the trappings of military centralisation of power resulting in de-federalisation of Nigeria and the consequent clamour and agitation for the amendment of the constitution. Introduction: The drafting of constitutions has been a recurring decimal in the political history of Nigeria. Right from the colonial period, Nigeria has witnessed incessant clamour for one form of constitution or the other. The series of constitutions that were put in place during the colonial period were geared towards consolidating British imperial strategies. The point to note about colonial constitutions is that, the Nigerian people were barely involved in the drafting process. When Nigeria was eventually de-colonised, post-colonial...
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...Examination Paper of Aviation Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper MM.100 Aviation Management Section A: Objective Type & Short Questions (30 Marks) This section consists of Multiple Choice and Short Note type Questions Answer all the questions Part one carries 1 mark each and Part two carries 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple Choices: 1. Which of the following is comes under „Air safety topic‟? a. Lightning b. Ice & snow c. Fire d. All of the above 2. JATO stands for _______ 3. Beam movement, location of beam related to airport and loser stability comes under which of the following of analyzing the hazard? a. Situational factor b. Operational factor c. Laser/bright factor d. Pilot/aircraft factor 4. Which of the following-is not the aviation standard? a. ARINC 429 b. ARIN 424 c. ARINC 653 d. ARINC 444. 5. The total weight of the passengers,: their luggage, and cargo is known as: a. Payload b. Ramp weight c. Brake release weight d. Landing weight 6. Which of the following are not the primary areas of concern? a. Eye damage b. Temporary flash blindness c. Glare & disruption d. none of these 7. STOL stands for_______ 1 IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper of Aviation Management 8. A landing by an aircraft made under factor outside the pilot‟s control such as the failure of engine, system component or weather, is known as__________ a. Hard landing b. Forced landing ...
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...Examination Paper of Aviation Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper MM.100 Aviation Management Section A: Objective Type & Short Questions (30 Marks) This section consists of Multiple Choice and Short Note type Questions Answer all the questions Part one carries 1 mark each and Part two carries 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple Choices: 1. Which of the following is comes under „Air safety topic‟? a. Lightning b. Ice & snow c. Fire d. All of the above 2. JATO stands for _______ 3. Beam movement, location of beam related to airport and loser stability comes under which of the following of analyzing the hazard? a. Situational factor b. Operational factor c. Laser/bright factor d. Pilot/aircraft factor 4. Which of the following-is not the aviation standard? a. ARINC 429 b. ARIN 424 c. ARINC 653 d. ARINC 444. 5. The total weight of the passengers,: their luggage, and cargo is known as: a. Payload b. Ramp weight c. Brake release weight d. Landing weight 6. Which of the following are not the primary areas of concern? a. Eye damage b. Temporary flash blindness c. Glare & disruption d. none of these 7. STOL stands for_______ 1 IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper of Aviation Management 8. A landing by an aircraft made under factor outside the pilot‟s control such as the failure of engine, system component or weather, is known as__________ a. Hard landing b. Forced landing c. Water landing d. Belly landing 9. De-crab is the technique of...
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...The European Union (EU) was established in 1957 by six western European countries. Then known as the European Economic Community (EEC), its aim was to create a Common Market. During its lifetime, the EU has evolved from this Common Market towards monetary union with the establishment of a single currency, the Euro. There has also been a great deal of political integration, with an example of this being the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Currently, membership of the European Union consists of twenty five states. The last wave of admissions included many former Communist bloc countries such as Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia. The next scheduled enlargement is in 2007, when Romania and Bulgaria are scheduled to join. After this, the next state scheduled to join is Turkey, which will open negotiations with the EU in October 2005. Potential Turkish membership of the EU is in many ways a paradox. Turkey has for many years had pro-western leanings. Its strategic requirements during the Cold War led Ankara to strongly embrace NATO and rely on the west for its security guarantees. Also, the founder of modern Turkey, Kemal Ataturk founded the state on six profoundly western pillars. These were: firstly, Secularism, which effectively meant removing the direct influence of religious leaders on political decisions and education; secondly, Republicanism, organising the polity as a modern state, as opposed to the Ottoman Empire; thirdly, Populism, not accepting...
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...Schmidt-Traub Submitted to the High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda This paper reflects the views of the author and does not represent the views of the Panel. It is provided as background research for the HLP Report, one of many inputs to the process. May 2013 Draft for Discussion Sustainable Development and Planetary Boundaries Draft for Discussion Background paper for the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda Prepared by the co-chairs of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on Macroeconomics, Population Dynamics, and Planetary Boundaries: Johan Rockström Executive Director, Stockholm Resilience Centre Professor of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Jeffrey D. Sachs Director, The Earth Institute, Columbia University Director, The Sustainable Development Solutions Network Special Advisor to Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on the Millennium Development Goals with Marcus C. Öhman Associate Professor and Senior Researcher in Ecology and Environmental Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre Guido Schmidt-Traub Executive Director, The Sustainable Development Solutions Network 15 March 2013 1 Draft for Discussion The world faces a serious challenge, indeed one that is unique to our age. Developing countries rightly yearn to catch up with the living standards enjoyed in developed countries. If incomes in middle- and low-income countries were to catch up with incomes in high-income...
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...Mark Dissen 4/15/2013 Nuclear Arms Race Term Paper The Nuclear Threat During the Berlin Crisis Introduction On November 10, 1958, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev gave a speech at a Soviet-Polish meeting in Moscow that would ultimately culminate into one of the most profound crises of the Cold War. The Soviet leader accused the Western Powers of violating the 1945 Potsdam Agreement and sabotaging the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and recommended that the Federal Republic abandon, “the hope that we shall cease to support the German Democratic Republic.” (Address by Premier, 1958). Soon after, Khrushchev delivered a speech giving an ultimatum to the allies and gave them six months to demilitarize West Berlin. The Allies' subsequent refusal and the resulting tension put both the U.S.S.R. and the United States in a particularly dangerous situation. Although it is unlikely that full-out thermonuclear war would have resulted from the Berlin Crisis, there was a very real threat of a limited nuclear strike or conventional warfare to both of the superpowers until the tension over Berlin was assuaged. Although November 1958 marked the official beginning of the crisis, Berlin had been a source of contention between the US and the Soviets from the initial division of Germany after WWII (Tine, 2005). The three territorial zones in Western Germany, controlled by France, Britain, and the US, contrasted greatly with the Soviet-controlled East, which upheld socialism. Berlin itself...
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...of Knowledge, The Power of Thought © Current News | Introduction | Colloidal Silver | Chemtrails | Sylphs | Emerging Diseases | Forbidden Cures |Ozone | Immunity Boosting | Nutrition | The CIA Mind-Body Connection | Ozone | Bioelectrification | Story on Drugs | Vaccine Dangers | Cancer | Newsletter | New World Order | NWO News | Pam Schuffert James Casbolt | Phil Schneider | Al Bielek | Trevor James Constable | Mind Control | Brice Taylor | Ted Gunderson | The Relfes | Free Energy || Montalk Dr. Robert Bitzer | T. Lobsang Rampa | Ruth Drown | ZS Livingstone | David Brandt | Red Elk | Phil Ledoux | Gary Wade | BBB | The Draft | Veterans Awaken Tone Gen | Depleted Uranium | Discussion | Dowsing | Police & Tasers | Rev. Sun Myung Moon | British Israel | The End Times | Amy Goodman Gatekeeper 'Peak Oil' | Amitakh Stanford | Military Draft | Rosie's Predictions | Project Blue Beam | Otto Skorzeny | Insights on Aliens | Cell Towers | Cell Phone Dangers CPS/DCF Tyranny | Adrenal Burnout | The Women Warriors | Orgone Adventures | Dr. John Coleman | Railroading Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald | Henry Makow Bush Family & Nazis | Holistic Dentists | Metal Free Dentistry | Water Supply Sabotage | Dr. Hulda Clark Books | Planet X Sequel | 'Undocumented Immigrants' War on Terror | Tavistock | U.S. Concentration Camps | FEMA | Aliens Are Coming! | Guiding Principles | Global Warming | Gang Stalking | Monoatomic Gold Spiritualsim | Hope | Healing Thought Forms | Vanquish Fear...
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...community governance is essential not only for the practice of good governance but also of economic growth and development. For this reason most of the developed countries of the world, irrespective of their political or economic systems, have a robust system of local or community governance. This also explains why many developing and former communist states have made solid efforts to enhance the capacities of their systems of local governance since the third wave of democratic revolution swept through the world in the 1980s and 1990s and the results have been quite impressive. Africa may be the only exception to this general principle even though there have been some progress as well in some countries. Unfortunately, Zimbabwe has not been part of the good news as far as the effort to enhance the capacity of local governance is concerned. It is ironic that over time, the resilient institutions of local governance that were inherited at independence have deteriorated over time-both in the cities or in the rural areas. It is even further ironic that though community organs were crucial during nationalist struggles in the countries in which political independence involved military engagement between occupying powers and nationalist forces, the story of local governance has been lack-luster in these countries in Africa (Mozambique, Uganda, Angola, Ethiopia) once the nationalist party emerged victorious. Local government, a statutory not a constitutional issue in many British influenced...
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...of Arms. It is neither definitive nor authoritative, but a starting point with which to begin discussion. It will be refined throughout calendar year 2010 based on feedback from across our professional community. All members of the profession and those who support the profession are encouraged to engage in this dialog. Distribution: Distribution is unlimited. Yet, the material in this draft is under development. It can be referenced, but not referenced or cited as official Army policy or doctrine. Feedback and Participation: Comments on this White Paper should be sent to the Center for the Army Profession and Ethic (CAPE), Combined Arms Center, TRADOC. To get engaged in this review of the Profession of Arms, visit the CAPE website at https://www.us.army.mil/suite/page/611545 and click on the Campaign link. The website will also provide links to professional forums and blogs on the Battle Command Knowledge System to partricipate in this discussion. Authorized for distribution 8 December 2010: Martin E. Dempsey General, U.S. Army Commanding General Table of Contents Introduction: Why we Need a Campaign to Understand the Profession of Arms and the Professional Soldier Section 1 – The Army as a Profession of Arms What does it mean to be a...
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