...world. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics at yearend 2012, approximately 6,937,600 offenders were under the supervision of adult correctional systems (2013). Of this number, more than 60% of the inmates in prison are minorities however; they make up only 37% of the United States population. Considering the trends in which minorities commit crimes, such broad statistics conceal that racial disparities pervade each stage of the U.S. judicial system, from arrest to trial and sentencing. The first stage of the judicial system is the arrest made by an officer. Police are given an incredible amount of discretion to use that leads to bias and racial profiling. According to Paul Bou-Habib in his article “Racial Profiling and Background Injustice”, he states, “The main reason in favor of using racial profiling in the context of criminal investigation is that I can increase the chance of catching criminals” (para. 2). A key factor in the imbalance of the arrests on minorities in comparison to whites is that they commit more crimes at higher rates. In the article, “The Correlates of Law Enforcement Officers’ Automatic and Controlled-Race Based Responses to Criminal Suspects” by B. Michelle Peruche & E. Ashby Plant (2006) suggests that: Such responses may be influenced by stereotypic expectations. For example, it is possible that Black men are more likely to be violent and hostile may create expectations that Black people, particularly Black men, are more likely to be violent...
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...Checkpoint: Women and Minorities in Law Enforcement Response Shaketra Jones CJS/210 11/18/2011 Rick Jackson Throughout the policing of history the roles of women and minorities has been limited due to discrimination. Some roles of women and minorities throughout policing history excluded them from working many assignments, like patrol, and barred them from getting promotions. The African American police officers patrol in their community that consisted of African Americans families. As well as Hispanic police officers patrolling only in the Hispanic area. In the late 1960’s everything begin to change when the Civil Rights Act came into place. Employment discrimination suits under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act have been a major factor in increasing the number of minorities and women in policing. The women and minorities roles have changed over time. The women and minorities are allowed to patrol areas all over regardless of their skin color. They are able to rank higher in areas around the department and are equally treated fair among each other. Policewomen are able to perform the same job like the policemen. The role change has affected modern policing for the better. Everyone is able to come together as one to help out their community. Individuals are not being hired based on their race, height, gender, or they ability to perform their duties. The role change has made them diverse and equal. The comparisons are they both take the same test and train...
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...Write a 200- to 300-word response addressing the following questions: Throughout policing history, what has been the role of women and minorities? How has the role of women and minorities changed over time? How has this role change affected modern policing agencies? What comparisons can you make regarding the criteria for women police recruits and men police recruits? Throughout policing history the role of women and minorities were hired to police their own group of people and both were segregated within their departments. Both groups had to have higher qualifications than their white male counterparts did. One of the necessities for black males was a college education but both minority males and women were not allowed to be promoted farther than the rank of police officer. They seldom were considered for any special assignments unless that assignment dealt with their race and it was felt that they could be helpful for that type of case. Throughout history, policing in America is closely tied to local political shifts; therefore, the minorities and women positions were based on who was in office. Minorities and all women would be hired when local politicians felt that there was a need and they would be fired when new politicians took office. Over time, with the help of social changes and legal mandates minorities and women entered law enforcement in record numbers. Woman continues to leave their mark on the criminal justice system. Today, the attitudes...
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...Answer the below questions using critical thinking and examples. Remember to define the question before responding. Comment on a response from at least three other students. 1) Should police officers be compared to warriors? Would the title of "warrior" conflict with the rationale of COPPS? 2) In what ways might a female officer respond differently to a citizen complaint than a male officer? In certain instances would a female respond in a more appropriate way than a male officer? (Library or internet research is appropriate for this question) 3) Critics of law enforcement state many departments practice bias-based policing, formerly known as racial profiling. Are police agencies actually involved in bias policing or do police merely focus limited resources on likely lawbreakers? RESPONSE 1) When I think of a police officer I could definitely relate them to a warrior at times. I think what police officers do on a daily basis, putting their lives at risk to protect the public, problem-solving, proactive policing would be considered a "warrior" act. In regards to COPPS, meaning Community-oriented policing and problem solving, I think the reference of a "warrior" would contradict or conflict with the whole rationale and meaning the COPPS is portraying. I only say that it would conflict because when most people think of a warrior, they automatically think it is a bad person doing something bad. I am a cop for the USAF and I consider some of the stuff I do while...
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...Criminal Justice Trend Evaluation Terry Milton CJA/394 June 25, 2012 James Beeks Criminal Justice Trend Evaluation To keep up with the criminal problems in society, functions and components of the criminal justice system has to evolve in order to be able to detect and keep up with growing trends in society. New laws need to be created to help keep up with the evolution and its new trends. In this paper the evaluation of past, present, and future trends that connect to societies and the components of the criminal justice system will be discussed. It will also assess the recent and future contemporary issues that affect the criminal justice system. The purpose of this paper is to show that the criminal justice system has a major role in an ever changing society. Recent and future trends have always and will always affect the criminal justice system. New trends in technology, law, terrorism, gender and diversity will always effect the functions of the criminal justice system. Technology in the 21st century is one of the legal issues that have caused controversy. New technology devices such as hand geometry biometrics and the use of retina and iris devices have the ability to gain information not only on people’s health but also their medical history as well. When it concerns the criminal justice system, many of these new technology devices are being used to detect drugs and concealed weapons that are sneaked into prison facilities. They help prevent illegal activities...
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...Minority Inmates in American Prisons Noreen Harman ENG122: English Composition II Instructor January Pearson July 7, 2014 There is a disparate rate of minorities in the American prison system currently. I will present evidence from scholarly resources proving that the reason why the minority population is so high is due to racial profiling. The judicial system imposes stricter and longer prison terms on minorities because of their culture. Blacks are about eight times more likely to go to prison than whites, which dwarfs black-white disparities in, for example, unemployment rates (2-to -1 disparity), infant mortality (2-to -1 disparity), and out of wedlock births (3-to-1 disparity). L.J. Geo (2010). African American and Hispanic offenders were more likely than whites to be sentenced to prison, especially if they were male, young and unemployed, S. Spohn (2000). Even though there may be a high rate of minority crimes being committed, I believe the reason for having so many minorities in prison is due to the current judicial system stereo typing. In the article Rethinking Drug Courts: Restorative Justice as a Response to Racial Injustice, it talks about the rate of drug crimes committed by minority and longer sentences imposed to blacks and Hispanics. Drug court offers offenders the opportunity to not do time in prison and get court supervised treatment instead. This is beneficial to the families of minorities so they can keep working and providing...
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...April 20, 2013 Michael S. Hudson Policing Function The policing functions vary between the levels, in law enforcement. The levels include the local, state, and federal police functions. Local, state, and federal vary because each observes a variety of functions in their jurisdiction that has been assigned to them. Discussion of police functions as well their viewpoint and the possibility of future changes in laws that will influence law enforcements. The police function in various attributes to protect, and serve the people; the policing functions existent through various organizations to continue protecting, and serving the people, and the nation. The employment of racial and ethnic minority officers increased slowly but steadily as well as hiring women for the force, they are on the frontline not just handling juveniles and woman prisoners. The law enforcement functions are better with the increase of officers, this give them the help they all need. The law enforcement agencies are starting to recruit college students; this includes all the law enforcement agencies. There are many roles in which local law enforcement agencies take part in everyday (Gil, 2009). The local law enforcement agencies are in place to provide routine patrol of the communities within their jurisdictions provide emergency services, maintain records, uphold traffic enforcement laws, conduct criminal investigations, planning and analysis, maintain property, They also handle crime prevention...
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...addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Institute for Law and Justice 1018 Duke Street Alexandria, Virginia Phone: 703-684-5300 Fax: 703-739-5533 E-Mail: ilj@ilj.org Lake County, California, Arrest Policies Project A Process Evaluation April 5, 2000 Prepared by Brenda K. Uekert, Ph.D. Prepared for Lake County, California National Institute of Justice Violence Against Women Office Introduction The Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies Program encourages jurisdictions to implement mandatory or pro-arrest policies as an effective domestic violence intervention that is part of a coordinated community response. Congress appropriated funds for the Arrest Program under the Violence Against Women Act (1994). The Program assumes that the arrest of a batterer will leverage the coercive and persuasive power of the criminal justice system to ensure victim safety and manage the behavior of abusive, violent offenders. Ensuring victim safety and offender accountability are the guiding principles underlying the Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies. The Violence Against Women Act directs that the Arrest Program funds be used to • • • • •...
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...Case Study Amanda Lisic HRM 552 June 22, 2015 Teresa Mitchell Case Study In the United States affirmative action came about in the 1960’s due to the civil rights movement trying to give equal opportunities to minority groups and women. Affirmative action has been a debate since it began, on one side it gives minorities and women more opportunities in life however the policy is considered to be outdated. In the case of “State of Texas v. Hopwood” the affirmative action policy needed to be updated and corrected. Case Summary In the case of “State of Texas v. Hopwood” the Districts Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit made a decision concerning the affirmative action program at the School of Law of the University of Texas. This law initially enacted in response to a history of the school discriminating against African Americans and Mexican Americans in the enrollment process. Court Ruling The court ruled that there was no need for the school to continue with this practice even to correct the perceived racial imbalance in the school. For admissions the school would not be able to include race in the processes going forward. What the decision means The court decision meant that the school would have to choose incoming students into the school based on their value and not on their race. Public Universities have had to change their admission practices concerning race and eliminate them. In order to increase diversification in the school separate programs needed to be...
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...Function of Punishment: * According to Durkheim the function of punishment is not to remove crime but to ‘heal the wounds done to collective sentiment’. * Without Punishment – collective sentiments would lose their force and strength * Crime and punishment are both inevitable and functional. Function of Punishment: * According to Durkheim the function of punishment is not to remove crime but to ‘heal the wounds done to collective sentiment’. * Without Punishment – collective sentiments would lose their force and strength * Crime and punishment are both inevitable and functional. Crime is Inevitable: * Durkheim argued that crime in an inevitable and normal aspect of social life. * Crime is present in all types of society; indeed the crime rate is higher in more advanced, industrialized countries. * It is inevitable because not every member of society can be equally committed to the collective sentiments (shared values and beliefs). Crime is Inevitable: * Durkheim argued that crime in an inevitable and normal aspect of social life. * Crime is present in all types of society; indeed the crime rate is higher in more advanced, industrialized countries. * It is inevitable because not every member of society can be equally committed to the collective sentiments (shared values and beliefs). Crime is Functional: * Durkheim argues that it only becomes dysfunctional when it is rate is unusually low or high. ...
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...the sake of peaceful human interaction and existence. Since the beginning of history, the public's attitude towards police has been mostly negative. Due to failed community policing attempts, the misuse of police authority, and the media negatively influencing both cultural groups painting a lousy picture on both spectrums, this has been a constant battle worldwide. Through effective neighborhood policing and learning to trust the police, America could be a sharpened more secure place to live. First, because of failed community policing attempts in America, there has been a constant battle for the people and the police to view each other as equals and overcome the differences we share. Community policing is the newest terminology for law enforcement. It is a federally funded initiative built on the premise that everyone should be working together to reduce the fear of crime. The major obstacle with this has always been getting the police and communities to stray from the way that we have always done things to accepting new and innovative ideas. According to the Oakland Police Department, there are three essential elements for a successful community policing program: “a mutual respect and partnership between the police and community, a new approach to identify the problem...
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...Domestic Violence and Homelessness Among Women: Some of the Causes and Remedies Joel Nwoke Capella University School of Social Work Netto, Pawson and Sharp (2009). Preventing Homelessness due to Domestic Violence: Providing a Safe Space or Closing the Door to New Possibilities? This study looks into the impact of prevention-centered homelessness policy responses to domestic violence, with reference to the 'Sanctuary' model. This model supports women facing homelessness due to domestic violence to remain in their current residence, protected against attack from outside the home. The model provides greater autonomy to some women in these circumstances, it is not appropriate for all the women because increase emphasis on Sanctuary schemes could make it difficult for women who might prefer to move. Despite the considerable benefit, Sanctuary schemes appear to operate on the assumption that women will take responsibility for ensuring their continuing safety, by calling the police when they feel threatened with violence despite the enhanced security at houses. In the interim, the scale of homelessness related to domestic violence and the need to tackle the root causes of domestic violence calls for alternative policy responses in supporting victims of domestic violence through more effective action in dealing with perpetrators. Roschelle, A.R (2008). Welfare Indignities: Homeless Women, Domestic Violence, and Welfare Reform in San Francisco. This research study examines...
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...Policing in United States Benjamin Quek CJA 344 University of Phoenix Community policing is essential if law enforcement is to face the challenge of promoting greater racial harmony as the future grows nearer. Community policing also prevents the police from being misused and taken advantage of as they have been in the past (Trojanowicz, 1991). Community policing contributes to the developing and improving the racial development in obvious and subtle ways (Trojanowicz, 1991). Community policing changes the possible relationship between police and residents. Community policing can provide and develop a relationship of one with respect and truth (Trojanowicz, 1991). Community Policing takes a different role to crime, drugs, and disorder, one that can augment and enhance traditional tactics, such as rapid response and undercover operations (Trojanowicz, 1991). Community policing allows direct contact with the people to the community. It gives the average citizen by allowing him or her to join as partners with the police in efforts to make his or her communities better and safer places in which to live and work. This builds a more trustworthy partnership between the citizens, community police, and police. Community officers have a stronger relationship with the citizens of their area since they have that face to face factor every day. Community police are also there to listen to the needs of people within their communities. Communities police can give the police...
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...The responsibility of law enforcement is to protect and serve the community as well as make sure the law is obeyed by all citizens. In many instances, civil order is implemented by specialized units. The objective of this assignment is to discuss how the United States handles issues relating to civil order control. In addition, this paper will compare and contrast procedures utilized by other countries. Functions of civil order in the United States are outlined by enforcing the laws of the land, protecting the civil rights of citizens and protect federal property (Feaver, Hikotani, & Narine, 2005). By enforcing the laws, the United States assume the responsibility keeping order in the world. Keeping order assist in the protection of the civil rights of citizens and federal property. Examples of organizations created to implement civil order in the United States are the U.S Department of Homeland Securities and the National Guard. The purpose of the U.S. Department of Homeland Securities is to protect the country the various threats. In response to the 9/11 attacks on U.S. soil, this department was created to respond to terrorist attack, human attacks and natural disasters. Some of the department jobs include aviation, border security, emergency response, cybersecurity and chemical inspections (Homeland Security, 2011). It main is to provide safety for the American people on American soil. The purpose of the National Guard is to supply defense for the United States...
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...America’s Justice System: Justice for All? ENG122 English Composition II Instructor: August 26, 2013 America’s Judicial System: Justice for All? Law enforcement can be an admirable job for anyone who takes this position seriously. It is a job that has its rewards. Conflict comes to light when the differences of opinions regarding the disparities in the judicial system on all levels of law enforcement. Even though there are many whites that do not agree with the facts, the statistics show that African Americans and Hispanics are incarcerated at a much higher rate than whites. The judicial system in the United States has shown favoritism and bias towards white defendants, especially the wealthier white defendants for hundreds of years. There are racial disparities that burden our judicial system with the appearance and often the reality of unfairness. Visit any criminal trial in America today and you will see that the judge, the prosecutor, the court stenographer, the clerk, the bailiff, other various court personnel, the defense attorneys, and more often, the jurors are all white. One excellent example of these disparities would be in the recent “George Zimmerman” trial in Sanford, Florida a town who has allegedly had a history of racial violence and judicial disparities in and out of the court room (Maur, 2010). There are questions often asked, is there justice for “all” in our criminal courts and judicial system, and what is racial disparity? Some...
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