stimulates the production of cortisol, which is a vital stress hormone, by the adrenal glands. Adrenal glands are the small glands that sit on top of the kidneys.Cortisol has a number of functions. It promotes normal metabolism, maintains blood sugar levels and blood pressure, provides resistance to stress and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. It also plays a part in regulation of fluid balance in the body.When we’re under stress, cortisol is produced largely. The second secretion is prolactin. Prolactin
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which includes capillaries, vessels, cells, organs, ducts, lymph nodes and valves which all contribute to linking different structures together in order to transport excess fluid from the body tissues to the bloodstream and permeate pathogens from the blood (2, 3). Figure 2. Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels form a major element of the lymphatic system and are extensively distributed in most areas of the body excluding the central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, eyeball and avascular tissues
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Lepirudin, a generic name for Refludan, is a direct thrombin inhibitor. Lepirudin is a hirudin that is derived from the salivary glands of Hirudo medicinalis, which is a medicinal leech that had anticoagulant effects. Hirudin was described and named by John Berry Haycraft in 1884. Hirudin is very stable under extreme pH and at high temperature and it is soluble in water but not in alcohol or acetone. It is produced from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae through recombinant biotechnology and as a
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The structure and function of the respiratory system is vital in terms of keeping one’s body healthy. Arguably, the respiratory system is one of the more important systems in the human body, because it allows breathing (the process of inhalation and expiration) to happen, thereby allowing bodily functions to happen. Although one doesn’t think about breathing to often; breathing in some circumstances is normally unconscious effort, it’s a joint accomplishment between the structures of various organs
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What is hemophilia? Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder where your blood doesn’t clot normally, which is also hereditary. Hemophilia occurs because certain clotting factors are missing from the blood or they simply do not work. This disorder can cause bleeding for a long time from a simple cut or wound. Spontaneous internal bleeding also can occur in the joints and in the muscles. Hemophilia mostly affects males more than females, this is not to say that it is not seen or uncommon in of females
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If the acid base becomes imbalanced, illness can occur, two types of illness are metabolic alkalosis and acidosis. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when the body has too little acid, resulting pH levels in the body becoming too high. It affects the kidney’s ability to maintain the acid base balance and usually happens due to excessive vomiting or an overactive adrenal gland. It is treated by giving the body the electrolytes it needs along with water. Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body has too much
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Aortic Dissection An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which the inner layer of the aorta, the large blood vessel dividing off the heart, tears. Blood flows through the tear, producing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate (dissect). If the blood-filled channel breaks through the outside aortic wall, aortic dissection is often deadly (mayoclinic.org, 2014). Aortic dissection is very uncommon and usually happens in males in their 60’s and 70’s. Aortic dissection is sometimes
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is characterized as the decrease in performance of one (for the most part the left ventricle) or both (left and right) ventricles during diastole. Diastole is the cardiac cycle phase during which the heart is relaxing and filling with approaching blood that is being returned from the body through the inferior (IVC) and superior (SVC) venae cavae to the right atrium and from lungs through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. In diastolic failure, if the patient has symptoms, there is a pathologic cause
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history on hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. After one hour, his blood pressure and urine output decrease. There is no sign of ischaemia(restriction in blood supply to tissues causing shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism) shown by his ECG. However, his haemodynamic profiling show that he is experiencing tachycardia with pulse rate 105 beat per minute. He was given dopamine to increase his blood pressure to normal level. The clinician however switch dopamine to dobutamine
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Ventricular Septal Defect, Pediatric A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in a child's heart. The hole is in the wall (septum) between the bottom chambers of the heart (ventricles). A VSD can change the normal flow of blood in the body. A VSD is often found during a routine exam in the first couple of months of your child's life. The size and location of the hole will determine whether your child has any symptoms. Small VSDs may not cause symptoms and may go away on their own. Some larger
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