• Phylogeny = evolutionary history of a group of related organisms • Taxonomy = branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying biota into categories based on similarities and differences – Based on morphology, embryology, fossils, DNA, RNA, proteins – Taxon s. (taxa pl.) – Binomial nomenclature Taxonomic Classification • • • • • • • • Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Taxon • Binomial nomenclature • Dynamic Domains (3) • Bacteria
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Welcome to Biol 342 Molecular Biotechnology 1 Dr. Michael D.J. Lynch Biology 342 Molecular Biotechnology 1 Instructor: Dr. Michael D.J. Lynch Room: B2 - 249D e-mail: mdjlynch@uwaterloo.ca office hours: Thursdays 1:00 – 2:30 pm If you need to speak with me outside scheduled lecture time, please contact me via email to make an appointment – that way I can be sure to set aside time for you. Prerequisites: Biol 130, 239, 240, 309. Biol 241 recommended Required textbook: Glick & Pasternak
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proteins that led to the treatment of diarrhea in kids from a third world country. A transgenic animal as said before is an animal that has been genetically altered so that it will produce a specific protein. This happens by foreign DNA being inserted into the animals’ DNA which scientists use to study human diseases that the animals are not normally susceptible to. In the Transgenic article, there are two methods
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viewing. focusing knobs-moves the stage up and down for focusing. total magnification- take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X. What are the differences between a hanging drop slide vs a smear in examining a microbe? Hanging drop- often is used with dark-field illumination. A drop of culture is placed on a coverslip that is encircled with petroleum jelly. The coverslip and drop are then inverted over the well of a depression slide
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ways. Both are enclosed by plasma membranes, filled with cytoplasm, and loaded with small structures called ribosomes. Both have DNA which carries the archived instructions for operating the cell. And the similarities go far beyond the visible--physiologically they are very similar in many ways. For example, the DNA in the two cell types is precisely the same kind of DNA, and the genetic code for a prokaryotic cell is exactly the same genetic code used in eukaryotic cells. Some things which seem
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In response, these receptors work in concert with other proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes thereby controlling the development, homeostasis, and metabolism of the organism. Nuclear receptors have the ability to directly bind to DNA and regulate the expression of adjacent genes, hence these receptors are classified as transcription factors. The regulation of gene expression by nuclear receptors only happens when a ligand—a molecule which affects the receptor's behavior is present
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disulfide bond, hydrophilic/phobic interactions Nucleic acids Polymer of what? nucleotides Parts of DNA Nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group Structure 1' attached to base, 5' attached to phosphate group, 3' attached to another nucleotide, antiparallel Base types & number of H-bonds A-G: Purine - two rings C-T: Pyrimidine - one ring C-G: 3 h-bonds A-T: 2 h-bonds RNA vs DNA 2' extra OH in RNA; Single stranded; U instead of T Chemical reactions in metabolic processes Breakdown/synthesis of
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c. interaction with the environment d. flow of energy from sun to autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers e. cycling of carbon using concepts of respiration and photosynthesis (use equations) f. reproduction g. DNA and genes h. evolution - mutations, diversity, adaptive trait, natural selection, extinction i. unity and diversity of life and the usefulness of the theory of evolution in explaining both the unity and diversity of life.
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the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny
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Flagella- used for locomotion as well as a sensory tool (also present in eukaryotes) Pili- help with attaching to surfaces and the transfer of dna Eukaryotic First appeared 1.5 bya Has a nucleus contained in a nuclear membrane Many more organelles Mitochondria Mitochondria Responsible for producing energy Separate dna called, mitochondria dna, which is only passed down through the mother Eukaryotes Two types of cells in complex organisms Somatic cell (body cell) Diploid-has full
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