...The Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919 The Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919 is said to be the Mother of all Pandemics. A Pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease. It occurs when a influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world. About one third of the whole world’s population was infected by the epidemic.“All influenza A pandemics since that time have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus.” (1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 2006)The cause of the influenza links to“ avian and swine influenza were unknown.” It has been one of the world’s worst sicknesses recorded by man. There were two waves of the epidemic. The first wave of the sickness started in the spring of 1918 and was mild. The people...
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... The Spanish Flu is exponential compared to AIDS casualties (Gloria). The Spanish Flu of 1918-19 affected our world like no other disease in history. It changed the ways people sought medical help, the ways physicians treated illness, the role of medical researchers and how society, particularly medical and political leaders respond to pandemic diseases. Influenza is a unique respiratory viral disease infecting the whole respiratory tract-namely, the nose, sinuses, the throat, lungs, and even the middle ear. The disease spreads from person to person by airborne droplets produced when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Acute symptoms of influenza, including fever, headache, shivering, muscle pain, cough, and pneumonia, are the result of the virus replicating in the respiratory tract, in which infected cells die and slough off (Rosenberg). The Spanish Flu got its name from newspaper reports of that period. It was thought that the influenza infection was carried form Asia to Spain during World War I. During WWI Spain remained neutral and the government did not censor the press. Spanish papers were filled with reports of the disease, especially when King Alphonse XIII became seriously ill with the flu. In facts the origins of the flu are not certain. Although it came in three waves during 1918-19, it is also unclear why it halted in 1919. The first wave was in the spring of 1918. It was known for comparable mild intensity of symptoms and somewhat low death toll. Also...
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...similar to that seen with seasonal influenza, while comparable estimates of R0 for the 1918, 1957, and 1968 pandemics ranged from 1.4-2.0. The WHO, however, suggests that there may be a much higher secondary attack rate. ■ COMMENTARY 2. 3. 4. 5. Government Pandemic Influenza Site: http://www.PandemicFlu.gov/ U.S. Government Pandemic Influenza Site: http://www.PandemicFlu.gov/ World Health Organization http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/index.html Human/Swine A/H1N1 Influenza Origins and Evolution (Wiki) http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/groups/influenza/ http://www.thelancet.com/H1N1-flu The recognition that the initial perception of a high mortality rate was apparently spurious has led to some relaxation of concern. This may, however, be premature. While we have completed the usual influenza season in the Northern Hemisphere, the season is just beginning in the southern latitudes. Furthermore, previous pandemics have come in waves, with the second or third wave sometimes being associated with more severe disease than the original portion of the epidemic. While this was not true of the 1968 pandemic, it was true in 1957-1959 and, especially, in 1918. In fact, concern has been raised about the possible recombination of S-OIV with avian influenza, with the potential for significantly enhance virulence in a virus with a high degree of human-to-human transmissibility. ■ References: 1. Newman AP, et al. Human case of swine influenza A (H1N1) triple reassortant virus infection...
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...Foreign Affairs, July/August 2005 [pic] Summary: If an influenza pandemic struck today, borders would close, the global economy would shut down, international vaccine supplies and health-care systems would be overwhelmed, and panic would reign. To limit the fallout, the industrialized world must create a detailed response strategy involving the public and private sectors. Michael T. Osterholm is Director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, Associate Director of the Department of Homeland Security's National Center for Food Protection and Defense, and Professor at the University of Minnesota's School of Public Health. FEAR ITSELF Dating back to antiquity, influenza pandemics have posed the greatest threat of a worldwide calamity caused by infectious disease. Over the past 300 years, ten influenza pandemics have occurred among humans. The most recent came in 1957-58 and 1968-69, and although several tens of thousands of Americans died in each one, these were considered mild compared to others. The 1918-19 pandemic was not. According to recent analysis, it killed 50 to 100 million people globally. Today, with a population of 6.5 billion, more than three times that of 1918, even a "mild" pandemic could kill many millions of people. A number of recent events and factors have significantly heightened concern that a specific near-term pandemic may be imminent. It could be caused by H5N1, the avian influenza strain currently circulating in Asia. At this juncture...
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...Pandemic Influenza: Prevention and Preparedness Now that, the flu season has already started, knowing your risk factors, prevention, and preparedness is really important to review. Influenza, commonly know as “the flu”, is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza A or B viruses. The illness appears most frequently from late fall to early spring and attacks the body by spreading through the respiratory tract. According to Flu.gov (2012), pandemic occurs when we have global disease outbreak and is determined by how many deaths it causes and how it spreads. Possible outbreak causes nurses and health care professional to prepare possible plan of action that balances between overreacting and just the right way to go. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to outline prevention strategies and possible outbreak control. Summary of an Article The article chosen for this assignment was published in May/June 2012, in the Journal of Public Health Management and Practice (Potter et.al, 2012). The authors point out that the difference in emergency preparedness amongst states can significantly delay distribution of vaccines in case of pandemic. The study “explored the effect of variations in states’ levels of preparedness by linking the SNS (Strategic National Stockpile) to calibrated delays in emergency vaccine distribution and by comparing how the delays would affect influenza infection rated within and among states” (Potter et.al, 2012). The research also shows that...
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...The Influenza Virus Susan Helmuth Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V December 14,21014 Communicable Disease Communicable diseases have been a global problem for many years. Influenza Virus infection is an internal public health burden. This paper will include a description of influenza and the demographics involved. The health factors that contribute to the virus, the epidemiologic triage as related to the virus. The explanation of the role the community health nurse has and the organizations that addresses influenza virus. In conclusion, the community health nurse plays a major role in increasing immunization coverage, there for decreasing the communicable disease of influenza. Influenza Virus Influenza Virus also calls the Flu, is a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that appears most often in the winter months. It can cause mild to serve reactions. It is a serious infection that affects more than 60 million people in the United States a year. The cause of the Flu is by influenza virus. There are three types being discussed. Type A flu viruses are found in some animals, such as ducks, chickens, pigs and horses. The forms of A and B are responsible for the commune seasonal flu Influenza type B viruses are only found in humans. Influenza type C infection causes mild respiratory infections, and is not thought to be a cause for epidemics. A new or different influenza virus can cause influenza pandemic...
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...choose to expose their children to deadly preventable diseases because they believe that those vaccines cause autism. This makes sense because you know, autism is transmitted through things like kissing, sharing toilet seats, and getting vaccinated against diseases that could have wiped us all out except they didn’t because some kick-ass motherfucker in a lab coat put in the time to figure out how to make that un-happen. Oh wait. No, I’m sorry. Autism is that disease that only affects the gays and meateaters? Nope, sorry again, I remember now. Autism is nothing like any of those things — it’s not something you contract. Goddamn science and its insistence on peer-reviewed findings. “But, but Wakefield said”… STOP RIGHT THERE. The 1998 research paper by Andrew Wakefield which linked autism to the MMR vaccine is a load of lies. It has been confirmed by the UK Medical board that Wakefield not only abused autistic children but fabricated everything. In contrast, there has been over 92 peer reviewed studies involving over 25 million children and still no link to autism was found in any case, in all of the studies. Phew, the saga is over you say. The facts are that there is no evidence that vaccines cause autism (really, there is none), and there is solid evidence (mountains of it, in fact) that vaccines prevent deadly diseases. Come on, you say, no one would be so stupid to actually believe vaccines cause autism? Wrong again. 1 in 4 American parents believe vaccines cause autism in...
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...Influenza in the Elderly Julia Ford, Debbie Garris, Lisa Harper, and Monica Jackson December 20, 2011 Mamie Williams Influenza in the Elderly The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 was responsible for the deaths of more than 50 million people worldwide and is known as a national disaster (CDC, 2011). Even with historical facts about influenza and how easily it is spread, some still refuse to receive the vaccination. Myths and misconceptions about the flu vaccine is the main reason that people refuse to take the flu vaccination. Some of the myths surrounding why people will not take the influenza vaccine include the flu shot can cause the flu, healthy people do not require the influenza vaccine, and the vaccination is a government experiment. Another myth is that working around sick people causes flu immunity. The elderly is one of many populations vulnerable to influenza. Epidemiology as it relates to influenza in the elderly is the topic of discussion for this paper. This paper will make use of the Epidemiological Triangle to explain the disease process of influenza, prevention of the disease, and evaluation of prevention. Definition and Description of Epidemiology Stanhope and Lancanster defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008, p...
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...Infectious Diseases: The Greatest Crisis of the world ____________ A Thesis Presented to The Division of The Arts and Sciences Voorhees College ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science ____________ Acknowledgements I am whole-heartily thankful to my Professors at Voorhees College for their tremendous effort in my maturilication through Voorhees College. Lastly I would like to acknowledge all of the people who had any hand in the completion of this thesis. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION * What are infectious Diseases? * Types of infectious diseases * Worldwide distribution of infectious diseases * * CHAPTER 2: THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IS THE WORLD * Top Countries * Top Diseases * CHAPTER 3: MOST DISEASES ARE PREVENTABLE * Why are statistics so high * Minorities prevalence, morbidity, and mortality * How to prevent yourself from being a statistic * Understanding the emotional burden brought upon families who suffer from infectious Diseases * * CHAPTER 4: TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE: COUNTRY TO COUNTRY * Thorough testing while entering and exiting countries * Childhood and adult Immunizations * * CHAPTER 5: FOOD BOURNE PATHOGES * How do they affect America...
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...SBI4U ISP Part II: Genetic Technology Research Paper Embryonic Stem Cell Use Abstract: Researchers discovered that embryonic stem cells could be originated from early human embryos. This discovery has raised a series of ethical and public-policy questions that are now being confronted by multiple international organizations, nations, cultures, and religious traditions. This essay surveys policies for human embryonic stem cell research in four regions of the world, reports on the recent debate at the United Nations about one type of such research, and reviews the positions that various religious traditions have adopted regarding this novel type of research. In several instances the religious traditions seem to have influenced the public-policy debates. There are many ways in which human stem cells can be used in research and the clinic. Studies of the medical use of Embyonic Stem cells will yield information about the complex events that occur during human development. A primary goal of this work is to identify how undifferentiated stem cells become the differentiated cells that form the tissues and organs. Scientists know that turning genes on and off is central to this process. Some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are due to abnormal cell division and differentiation. A more complete understanding of the genetic and molecular controls of these processes may yield information about how such diseases arise and suggest new strategies...
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...Baker College Center for Graduate Studies Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 History 6 Origin 9 The Hunter Theory 9 The Ingestion Theory 9 Polio Vaccination Theory 10 The Conspiracy Theory 10 Spread 11 Research 12 Infection 13 Prevention 13 Cure 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Abstract This library research paper will provide the reader with a history of AIDS, where and how it originated as well as the public’s common belief of how AIDS was transmitted to humans, subsequently creating an unstoppable pandemic. This article provides scientific substantiation on the spread infection and prevention of the disease as it known today. Introduction A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that spreads through human populations across a large regions such as a continent or spreads worldwide (Pandemic, 2010). Since the eighteen hundreds and early nineteen hundreds, the United States has battled many pandemics and outbreaks of various diseases that have had devastating effects on the public health during the periods they existed by causing thousands of deaths. Pandemics such as the polio pandemic which broke out in 1916 was responsible for killing 6,000 people, the great influenza of 1918 also known as the Spanish Flu was responsible for killing 50 to 100 million people in just six months (The Worst Outbreaks of Disease, n.d.). The number of people killed by this flu is staggering, however it created a nightmare in...
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...Through research, case studies, and interviews, this paper will focus on the impact that adoption has on the adoptee, as well as the parents that adopt, and critically analyze several relevant sub-topics. Background of the Topic Adoption as a whole began as an option in the United States. Beginning as a legal device began in 1851 in Massachusetts, the first laws were passed to allow judges to reassign parental rights from one person to another. Because of the Civil War and other conflicts, there were many orphaned children without care. Charles Loring Brace, a minister who founded the Children’s Aid Society of New York in 1853 began to find homes for the orphans across the Unites States. Between 1859 and 1929, Loring placed over 200,000 orphans with adoptive parents. At the time it wasn’t certain that children were being placed in good homes, and some even speculated that some of the children were to become indentured servants. It was President Theodore Roosevelt that ultimately led the movement that examined child welfare, and focused on placing the adoptees in good homes. Even after adoption policies were implemented in several states, it was Minnesota in 1917 that first required follow-up visits to ensure the welfare of the child. Although the opinions of this first adoption movement were mixed, it laid the groundwork for the foster care system, which works closely with adoption agencies (Rowen, 2007). As a result of the orphans created by World War I and the influenza epidemic...
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...Rockwood School District Research Paper Guide Revised 2008 Table of Contents What is a Research Paper?................................................................................................................2 How to Efficiently, Effectively Conduct Research and Evaluate Sources .......................................3 What Types of Information to Collect ..............................................................................................6 How to Write Source Cards for a Research Paper ............................................................................7 How to Write Note Cards for a Research Paper .............................................................................11 How to Write a Thesis ....................................................................................................................14 How to Write an Outline ................................................................................................................15 How to Structure Writing in a Research Paper ...............................................................................16 How to Integrate Quotes .................................................................................................................17 Internal Documentation ..................................................................................................................18 Works Cited Page ..............................................................................
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...Postal Service anthrax incident B. Projected economic impact of a bioterrorist attack VI. Epidemic Outbreaks A. 1500 B.C. -- Fifth Egyptian plague B. 1600s -- "Black Bane" C. 1770 -- Haiti D. 1978-80 Human anthrax epidemic in Zimbabwe VII. Modern Causes of the Disease VIII. Current Treatments A. Historical Development of Modern Treatment Methods 1. 1877 Robert Koch 2. 1881 Louis Pasteur 3. 1937 Max Sterne 4. 1944 First use of penicillin to treat anthrax 5. 1979 Modern vaccine developed B. Treatment of Today IX. Anthrax as a Biomedical Weapon A. Modern threat B. 1916-1918 Mesopotamia and Russia. C. 1942 Anthrax Island D. 1979 Russian Town of Sverdlovsk E. 2001 Anthrax Letters Introduction Bacillus anthracis a deadly disease that kills man and beast. This paper will explore the disease from its ancient origins, ancient treatments, social effects, modern outbreaks, modern causes of the disease, and current treatments. Definitions and Symptoms...
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...12point Times New Roman font throughout. Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. Doctoral students: See the note below about formatting the title page for your program requirements. Writing Style and Mechanics Student Name Course/Number Date Instructor Name* REQUIRED TITLE PAGE INFORMATION As shown above, center the following elements on the page in this order: • Title of Paper (mixed upper and lower case letters) • Your Name (first and last name without including academic or license information such as BSN or RN) • Course Abbreviation and Number • Due Date (month, day, and year) • Instructor’s Name *Doctoral students must format the title page according to APA guidelines as follows: title, author’s name, and institution name. All lines are double-spaced throughout the entire document. Use black, 12-point Times New Roman font throughout the document. Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. The Writing Style and Mechanics paper provided by the Center for Writing Excellence represents the consensus of several deans and other key academic officials within Apollo Group. The sample paper corresponds to APA style, which is the University’s preferred style. This document may contain more than...
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